메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 175-200

Is there a future for elephants in West Africa?

Author keywords

African elephant; Conservation; Loxodonta africana; West Africa

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION STATUS; ELEPHANT; MAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS;

EID: 0033457864     PISSN: 03051838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00044.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (33)

References (141)
  • 1
    • 0025586776 scopus 로고
    • On the annual and seasonal patterns of rainfall fluctuations in sub-Saharan West Africa
    • Adejuwon, J.O., Balogun, E.E. & Adejuwon, S.A. (1990) On the annual and seasonal patterns of rainfall fluctuations in sub-Saharan West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 10, 839-848.
    • (1990) International Journal of Climatology , vol.10 , pp. 839-848
    • Adejuwon, J.O.1    Balogun, E.E.2    Adejuwon, S.A.3
  • 4
    • 0342509497 scopus 로고
    • The ivory trade in Africa: An historical overview
    • (Ed. by D.H. Ross), Fowler Museum of Cultural History, Los Angeles
    • Alpers, E.A. (1992) The ivory trade in Africa: an historical overview. In: Elephant: the Animal and its Ivory in African Culture (Ed. by D.H. Ross), pp. 349-363. Fowler Museum of Cultural History, Los Angeles.
    • (1992) Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture , pp. 349-363
    • Alpers, E.A.1
  • 6
    • 0021091089 scopus 로고
    • The elephant problem in Ruaha national park, Tanzania
    • Barnes, R.F.W. (1983) The elephant problem in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. Biological Conservation, 26, 127-148.
    • (1983) Biological Conservation , vol.26 , pp. 127-148
    • Barnes, R.F.W.1
  • 7
    • 0025596140 scopus 로고
    • Deforestation trends in tropical Africa
    • Barnes, R.F.W. (1990) Deforestation trends in tropical Africa. African Journal of Ecology, 28, 161-173.
    • (1990) African Journal of Ecology , vol.28 , pp. 161-173
    • Barnes, R.F.W.1
  • 10
    • 0001677607 scopus 로고
    • Timber, cocoa, and crop-raiding elephants: A preliminary study from southern Ghana
    • Barnes, R.F.W., Azika, S. & Asamoah-Boateng, B. (1995) Timber, cocoa, and crop-raiding elephants: a preliminary study from southern Ghana. Pachyderm, 19, 33-37.
    • (1995) Pachyderm , vol.19 , pp. 33-37
    • Barnes, R.F.W.1    Azika, S.2    Asamoah-Boateng, B.3
  • 11
    • 0026305442 scopus 로고
    • Man determines the distribution of elephants in the rain forests of northeastern Gabon
    • Barnes, R.F.W., Barnes, K.L., Alers, M.P.T. & Blom, A. (1991) Man determines the distribution of elephants in the rain forests of northeastern Gabon. African Journal of Ecology, 29, 54-63.
    • (1991) African Journal of Ecology , vol.29 , pp. 54-63
    • Barnes, R.F.W.1    Barnes, K.L.2    Alers, M.P.T.3    Blom, A.4
  • 13
    • 0026330201 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the Ruaha elephant population caused by poaching
    • Barnes, R.F.W. & Kapela, E.B. (1991) Changes in the Ruaha elephant population caused by poaching. African Journal of Ecology, 29, 289-294.
    • (1991) African Journal of Ecology , vol.29 , pp. 289-294
    • Barnes, R.F.W.1    Kapela, E.B.2
  • 14
    • 0030619302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ecological perspective on human densities in the central African forests
    • Barnes, R.F.W. & Lahm, S.A. (1997) An ecological perspective on human densities in the central African forests. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 245-260.
    • (1997) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.34 , pp. 245-260
    • Barnes, R.F.W.1    Lahm, S.A.2
  • 15
    • 0001594024 scopus 로고
    • The effect of soil nutrient availability on community structure in African ecosystems
    • (Ed. by B.J. Huntley & B.H. Walker), Springer, Berlin
    • Bell, R.H.V. (1982) The effect of soil nutrient availability on community structure in African ecosystems. In: Ecology of Tropical Savannas (Ed. by B.J. Huntley & B.H. Walker), pp. 193-216. Springer, Berlin.
    • (1982) Ecology of Tropical Savannas , pp. 193-216
    • Bell, R.H.V.1
  • 16
    • 0343379134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current elephant conservation problems in Borno State, Nigeria
    • Bita, B.B. (1997) Current elephant conservation problems in Borno State, Nigeria. Pachyderm, 23, 19-23.
    • (1997) Pachyderm , vol.23 , pp. 19-23
    • Bita, B.B.1
  • 17
    • 0003692597 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Boateng, E.A. (1970) A Geography of Ghana. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (1970) A Geography of Ghana
    • Boateng, E.A.1
  • 18
    • 84914907325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghana: Physical and social geography
    • Europa Publications, London
    • Boateng, E.A. (1997) Ghana: physical and social geography. In: Africa South of the Sahara 1998, 27th edn, p.488. Europa Publications, London.
    • (1997) Africa South of the Sahara 1998, 27th Edn , pp. 488
    • Boateng, E.A.1
  • 20
    • 0031744264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research on african elephants (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach 1797): A bibliography
    • Bossen, B. (1998) Research on African elephants (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach 1797): a bibliography. African Journal of Ecology, 36, 371-376.
    • (1998) African Journal of Ecology , vol.36 , pp. 371-376
    • Bossen, B.1
  • 21
    • 0342943758 scopus 로고
    • Past and present status of the elephant in Uganda
    • Brooks, A.C. & Buss, I.O. (1962) Past and present status of the elephant in Uganda. Journal of Wildlife Management, 26, 38-50.
    • (1962) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.26 , pp. 38-50
    • Brooks, A.C.1    Buss, I.O.2
  • 22
    • 33646108897 scopus 로고
    • Increased intercommunication and epidemic disease in early colonial Ashanti
    • (Ed. by G.W. Hartwig & K.D. Patterson), Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina
    • Brown, J.W. (1978) Increased intercommunication and epidemic disease in early colonial Ashanti. In: Disease in African History: an Introductory Survey and Case Studies (Ed. by G.W. Hartwig & K.D. Patterson), pp. 180-206. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.
    • (1978) Disease in African History: An Introductory Survey and Case Studies , pp. 180-206
    • Brown, J.W.1
  • 27
    • 0028179911 scopus 로고
    • Directions in conservation biology
    • Caughley, G. (1994) Directions in conservation biology. Journal of Animal Ecology, 63, 215-244.
    • (1994) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 215-244
    • Caughley, G.1
  • 28
    • 0004050291 scopus 로고
    • The Zimbabwean Success Wisdom Foundation, Harare
    • Child, G. (1995) Wildlife and People. The Zimbabwean Success Wisdom Foundation, Harare.
    • (1995) Wildlife and People
    • Child, G.1
  • 29
    • 0028996049 scopus 로고
    • West Africa's last giraffes: The conflict between development and conservation
    • Ciofolo, I. (1995) West Africa's last giraffes: the conflict between development and conservation. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 11, 577-588.
    • (1995) Journal of Tropical Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 577-588
    • Ciofolo, I.1
  • 32
    • 0344964403 scopus 로고
    • Elephant translocation: The Malaysian approach
    • June 1993 (Ed. by J.C. Daniel & H.S. Datye), Bombay Natural History Society/ Oxford University Press, Bombay
    • Daim, M.S. (1995) Elephant translocation: the Malaysian approach. In: A Week with Elephants: Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Conservation of Asian Elephant, June 1993 (Ed. by J.C. Daniel & H.S. Datye), pp. 243-248. Bombay Natural History Society/ Oxford University Press, Bombay.
    • (1995) A Week with Elephants: Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Conservation of Asian Elephant , pp. 243-248
    • Daim, M.S.1
  • 33
    • 0343379128 scopus 로고
    • Nigeria's elephants: Characterizing pachyderm problems in West Africa
    • Dougherty, N. (1994) Nigeria's elephants: characterizing pachyderm problems in West Africa. Swara, 17 (2), 25-27.
    • (1994) Swara , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 25-27
    • Dougherty, N.1
  • 35
    • 0343379127 scopus 로고
    • Elephants hit by African arms race
    • Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1983) Elephants hit by African arms race. Pachyderm, 2, 11-13.
    • (1983) Pachyderm , vol.2 , pp. 11-13
    • Douglas-Hamilton, I.1
  • 36
    • 84976128318 scopus 로고
    • African elephants: Population trends and their causes
    • Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1987) African elephants: population trends and their causes. Oryx, 21, 11-24.
    • (1987) Oryx , vol.21 , pp. 11-24
    • Douglas-Hamilton, I.1
  • 37
    • 14444273399 scopus 로고
    • Overview of status and trends of the African elephant
    • (Ed. by S. Cobb). Ivory Trade Review Group, Oxford, UK
    • Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1989) Overview of status and trends of the African elephant. In: The Ivory Trade and the Future of the African Elephant (Ed. by S. Cobb). Ivory Trade Review Group, Oxford, UK.
    • (1989) The Ivory Trade and the Future of the African Elephant
    • Douglas-Hamilton, I.1
  • 40
    • 0006116806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposed project to assist the conservation of the western giant eland in Senegal and Mali, West Africa
    • East, R., Chardonnet, B. & Shurter, S. (1997) Proposed project to assist the conservation of the western giant eland in Senegal and Mali, West Africa, Gnusletter, 16, 26-28.
    • (1997) Gnusletter , vol.16 , pp. 26-28
    • East, R.1    Chardonnet, B.2    Shurter, S.3
  • 42
    • 0031832390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering the extent of deforestation in twentieth century West Africa
    • Fairhead, J. & Leach, M. (1998) Reconsidering the extent of deforestation in twentieth century West Africa. Unasylva, 49, 38-46.
    • (1998) Unasylva , vol.49 , pp. 38-46
    • Fairhead, J.1    Leach, M.2
  • 45
    • 0026351723 scopus 로고
    • A population survey of forest elephants Loxodonta africana cyclotis in northern Congo
    • Fay, J.M. & Agnagna, M. (1991) A population survey of forest elephants Loxodonta africana cyclotis in northern Congo. African Journal of Ecology, 29, 177-187.
    • (1991) African Journal of Ecology , vol.29 , pp. 177-187
    • Fay, J.M.1    Agnagna, M.2
  • 46
    • 84892052234 scopus 로고
    • Forestry Development Authority, Monrovia, Liberia
    • FDA (1991) Elephant Conservation Plan: Liberia. Forestry Development Authority, Monrovia, Liberia.
    • (1991) Elephant Conservation Plan: Liberia
  • 47
    • 0343379122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comoé national park
    • Fischer, F. (1997) Comoé National Park. Gnusletter, 16, 30-32.
    • (1997) Gnusletter , vol.16 , pp. 30-32
    • Fischer, F.1
  • 48
    • 0343814760 scopus 로고
    • Intra-African ivory trade study: An assessment of ivory coast's ivory trade
    • Doc. 7.22 Annex 1. CITES Secretariat, Lausanne, Switzerland
    • Friedlein, T.J. & Hykle, D.J. (1989) Intra-African ivory trade study: an assessment of Ivory Coast's ivory trade. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of the Parties, Doc. 7.22 Annex 1. CITES Secretariat, Lausanne, Switzerland.
    • (1989) Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of the Parties
    • Friedlein, T.J.1    Hykle, D.J.2
  • 49
    • 0006081057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sampling rapidly dwindling chimpanzee populations
    • Gagneux, P. (1997) Sampling rapidly dwindling chimpanzee populations. Pan Africa News, 4, 12-14.
    • (1997) Pan Africa News , vol.4 , pp. 12-14
    • Gagneux, P.1
  • 50
    • 0343379120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Africa's elephants: One species or two?
    • Georgiadis, N. (1996) Africa's elephants: one species or two? African Wildlife Update, 5 (6), 5.
    • (1996) African Wildlife Update , vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp. 5
    • Georgiadis, N.1
  • 52
    • 0029546634 scopus 로고
    • Transforming rural hunters into conservationists: An assessment of community-based wildlife management programs in Africa
    • Gibson, C.C. & Marks, S.A. (1995) Transforming rural hunters into conservationists: an assessment of community-based wildlife management programs in Africa. World Development, 23, 941-957.
    • (1995) World Development , vol.23 , pp. 941-957
    • Gibson, C.C.1    Marks, S.A.2
  • 53
  • 54
    • 0042816118 scopus 로고
    • Africana Publishing Corporation, New York
    • von Gnielinski, S. (1983) Liberia in Maps. Africana Publishing Corporation, New York.
    • (1983) Liberia in Maps
    • Von Gnielinski, S.1
  • 55
    • 0343379119 scopus 로고
    • Elephants of the Pendjari-Singou-Mekrou region, West Africa
    • Green, A.A. (1988) Elephants of the Pendjari-Singou-Mekrou region, West Africa. Mammalia, 52, 557-565.
    • (1988) Mammalia , vol.52 , pp. 557-565
    • Green, A.A.1
  • 57
    • 4244188351 scopus 로고
    • Les Editions Jeune Afrique, Paris
    • Gù-Konu, Y.E. (1981) Atlas du Togo. Les Editions Jeune Afrique, Paris.
    • (1981) Atlas du Togo
    • Gù-Konu, Y.E.1
  • 60
    • 0026364444 scopus 로고
    • Zimbabwe's wildlife conservation regime: Rural farmers and the state
    • Hill, K.A. (1991) Zimbabwe's wildlife conservation regime: rural farmers and the state. Human Ecology, 19, 19-34.
    • (1991) Human Ecology , vol.19 , pp. 19-34
    • Hill, K.A.1
  • 61
    • 0008928025 scopus 로고
    • Options for the control of elephants in conflict with people
    • Hoare, R. (1995) Options for the control of elephants in conflict with people. Pachyderm, 19, 54-63.
    • (1995) Pachyderm , vol.19 , pp. 54-63
    • Hoare, R.1
  • 62
    • 0027070080 scopus 로고
    • Rainfall changes in Africa: 1931-60 to 1961-90
    • Hulme, M. (1992) Rainfall changes in Africa: 1931-60 to 1961-90. International Journal of Climatology, 12, 685-699.
    • (1992) International Journal of Climatology , vol.12 , pp. 685-699
    • Hulme, M.1
  • 63
    • 0001437436 scopus 로고
    • River blindness in Nangodi, northern Ghana: A hypothesis of cyclical advance and retreat
    • Hunter, J.M. (1966) River blindness in Nangodi, northern Ghana: a hypothesis of cyclical advance and retreat. Geographical Review, 56, 405-413.
    • (1966) Geographical Review , vol.56 , pp. 405-413
    • Hunter, J.M.1
  • 67
    • 0030617466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elephant poaching and law enforcement in the central Luangwa Valley, Zambia
    • Jachmann, H. & Billiouw, M. (1997) Elephant poaching and law enforcement in the central Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 233-244.
    • (1997) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.34 , pp. 233-244
    • Jachmann, H.1    Billiouw, M.2
  • 69
    • 0002064276 scopus 로고
    • Human-elephant conflict: The challenge ahead
    • Kangwana, K. (1995) Human-elephant conflict: the challenge ahead. Pachyderm, 19, 11-14.
    • (1995) Pachyderm , vol.19 , pp. 11-14
    • Kangwana, K.1
  • 71
    • 0024164592 scopus 로고
    • Genetics and demography in biological conservation
    • Lande, R. (1988) Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science, 241, 1455-1460.
    • (1988) Science , vol.241 , pp. 1455-1460
    • Lande, R.1
  • 72
    • 0343379115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical and social geography
    • Europa Publications, London
    • Langlands, B.W. (1997) Physical and social geography. In: Africa South of the Sahara, 27th edn, p. 1078. Europa Publications, London.
    • (1997) Africa South of the Sahara, 27th Edn , pp. 1078
    • Langlands, B.W.1
  • 75
    • 0343379114 scopus 로고
    • The cost of conserving elephants
    • Leader-Williams, N. (1993) The cost of conserving elephants. Pachyderm, 17, 30-34.
    • (1993) Pachyderm , vol.17 , pp. 30-34
    • Leader-Williams, N.1
  • 76
    • 0000833563 scopus 로고
    • Allocation of resources for conservation
    • Leader-Williams, N. & Albon, S. (1988) Allocation of resources for conservation. Nature, 336, 533-535.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.336 , pp. 533-535
    • Leader-Williams, N.1    Albon, S.2
  • 77
    • 0031967416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildlife snaring - an indicator of community response to a community-based conservation project
    • Lewis, D.M. & Phiri, A. (1998) Wildlife snaring - an indicator of community response to a community-based conservation project. Oryx, 32, 111-121.
    • (1998) Oryx , vol.32 , pp. 111-121
    • Lewis, D.M.1    Phiri, A.2
  • 78
    • 0028551227 scopus 로고
    • Parks, politics, and pluralism: The demise of national parks in Togo
    • Lowry, A. & Donahue, T.P. (1994) parks, politics, and pluralism: the demise of national parks in Togo. Society and Natural Resources, 7, 321-329.
    • (1994) Society and Natural Resources , vol.7 , pp. 321-329
    • Lowry, A.1    Donahue, T.P.2
  • 79
    • 0343814752 scopus 로고
    • The volume of raw ivory entering international trade from African producing countries from 1979 to 1988
    • (Ed. by S. Cobb). Ivory Trade Review Group, Oxford, UK
    • Luxmoore, R., Caldwell, J. & Hithersay, L. (1989) The volume of raw ivory entering international trade from African producing countries from 1979 to 1988. In: The Ivory Trade and the Future of the African Elephant (Ed. by S. Cobb). Ivory Trade Review Group, Oxford, UK.
    • (1989) The Ivory Trade and the Future of the African Elephant
    • Luxmoore, R.1    Caldwell, J.2    Hithersay, L.3
  • 82
    • 0342509480 scopus 로고
    • From bottleneck to metapopulation: Recovery of the tule elk in California
    • (Ed. by D.R. McCullough). Island Press, Washington DC
    • McCullough, D.R., Fischer, J.K. & Ballou, J.D. (1995) From bottleneck to metapopulation: recovery of the tule elk in California. In: Metapopulations and Willdife Conservation (Ed. by D.R. McCullough). Island Press, Washington DC.
    • (1995) Metapopulations and Willdife Conservation
    • McCullough, D.R.1    Fischer, J.K.2    Ballou, J.D.3
  • 84
    • 84976027958 scopus 로고
    • Sixty coups in thirty years - further evidence regarding African military coups d'état
    • McGowan, P. (1986) Sixty coups in thirty years - further evidence regarding African military coups d'état. Journal of Modern African Studies, 24, 539-546.
    • (1986) Journal of Modern African Studies , vol.24 , pp. 539-546
    • McGowan, P.1
  • 85
    • 0000346590 scopus 로고
    • Recherches sur la biologie de nutriton et les habitats preferés de l'éléphant de forêt Loxodonta africana cyclotis matschie, 1900
    • Merz, G. (1981) Recherches sur la biologie de nutriton et les habitats preferés de l'éléphant de forêt Loxodonta africana cyclotis Matschie, 1900. Mammalia, 45, 299-312.
    • (1981) Mammalia , vol.45 , pp. 299-312
    • Merz, G.1
  • 86
    • 0022856930 scopus 로고
    • Counting elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in tropical rain forests with particular reference to the Tai national park, ivory coast
    • Merz, G. (1986) Counting elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in tropical rain forests with particular reference to the Tai National Park, Ivory Coast. African Journal of Ecology, 24, 61-68.
    • (1986) African Journal of Ecology , vol.24 , pp. 61-68
    • Merz, G.1
  • 87
    • 0008054468 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and status of the forest elephant in the ivory coast, west Africa
    • Merz, G. & Hoppe-Dominik, B. (1991) Distribution and status of the forest elephant in the Ivory Coast, west Africa. Pachyderm, 14, 22-24.
    • (1991) Pachyderm , vol.14 , pp. 22-24
    • Merz, G.1    Hoppe-Dominik, B.2
  • 88
    • 0342860530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The status of ivory stocks in Africa 1990-96
    • Milliken, T. (1997) The status of ivory stocks in Africa 1990-96. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 16, 93-106.
    • (1997) TRAFFIC Bulletin , vol.16 , pp. 93-106
    • Milliken, T.1
  • 91
    • 0342943744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Questionnaire reply to African Elephant Specialist Group
    • Mshelbwala, J. (1998) Questionnaire reply to African Elephant Specialist Group.
    • (1998)
    • Mshelbwala, J.1
  • 92
    • 0343814742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Questionnaire reply to African Elephant Specialist Group
    • Niagaté, B. (1998) Questionnaire reply to African Elephant Specialist Group.
    • (1998)
    • Niagaté, B.1
  • 93
    • 0027869189 scopus 로고
    • An overview of African rainfall fluctuations of the last decade
    • Nicholson, S.E. (1993) An overview of African rainfall fluctuations of the last decade. Journal of Climate, 6, 1463-1466.
    • (1993) Journal of Climate , vol.6 , pp. 1463-1466
    • Nicholson, S.E.1
  • 95
    • 0012061188 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the effectiveness of an oleo-resin capsicum aerosol as a repellent against wild elephants in Zimbabwe
    • Osborn, F.V. & Rasmussen, L.E.L. (1995) Evidence for the effectiveness of an oleo-resin capsicum aerosol as a repellent against wild elephants in Zimbabwe. Pachyderm, 20, 55-64.
    • (1995) Pachyderm , vol.20 , pp. 55-64
    • Osborn, F.V.1    Rasmussen, L.E.L.2
  • 97
    • 0343379104 scopus 로고
    • Unpublished report to U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
    • Parker, I.S.C. (1979) The Ivory Trade. Unpublished report to U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
    • (1979) The Ivory Trade
    • Parker, I.S.C.1
  • 99
    • 84949356722 scopus 로고
    • Elephant decline (part I): Downward trends in African elephant distribution and numbers
    • Parker, I.S.C. & Graham, A.D. (1989a) Elephant decline (Part I): downward trends in African elephant distribution and numbers. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 34, 287-305.
    • (1989) International Journal of Environmental Studies , vol.34 , pp. 287-305
    • Parker, I.S.C.1    Graham, A.D.2
  • 100
    • 34247496388 scopus 로고
    • Elephant decline (part II): Downward trends in African elephant distribution and numbers
    • Parker, I.S.C. & Graham, A.D. (1989b) Elephant decline (Part II): downward trends in African elephant distribution and numbers. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 35, 13-26.
    • (1989) International Journal of Environmental Studies , vol.35 , pp. 13-26
    • Parker, I.S.C.1    Graham, A.D.2
  • 103
    • 0003570053 scopus 로고
    • The disease factor: An introductory overview
    • (Ed. by G.W. Hartwig & K.D. Patterson), Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina
    • Patterson, K.D. & Hartwig, G.W. (1978) The disease factor: an introductory overview. In: Disease in African History: an Introductory Survey and Case Studies (Ed. by G.W. Hartwig & K.D. Patterson), pp. 3-24. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.
    • (1978) Disease in African History: An Introductory Survey and Case Studies , pp. 3-24
    • Patterson, K.D.1    Hartwig, G.W.2
  • 104
    • 0342901912 scopus 로고
    • Wildlife as a crop
    • Pitman, D. (1991) Wildlife as a crop. Nature et Faune, 7 (4), 20-26.
    • (1991) Nature et Faune , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 20-26
    • Pitman, D.1
  • 105
  • 106
    • 0343772794 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of the African elephant (Loxodonta a. Africana) in Niger, West Africa
    • Poché, R.M. (1974) Ecology of the African elephant (Loxodonta a. africana) in Niger, West Africa. Mammalia, 38, 567-580.
    • (1974) Mammalia , vol.38 , pp. 567-580
    • Poché, R.M.1
  • 107
    • 0342901910 scopus 로고
    • The last Sahelian elephants
    • Pringle, R.M. & Diakite, N. (1992) The last Sahelian elephants. Swara, 15 (5), 24-26.
    • (1992) Swara , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 24-26
    • Pringle, R.M.1    Diakite, N.2
  • 108
    • 0343772791 scopus 로고
    • Imagining elephants: An overview
    • (Ed. by D.H. Ross), Fowler Museum of Cultural History, Los Angeles
    • Ross, D.H. (1992) Imagining elephants: an overview. In: Elephant: the Animal and its Ivory in African Culture (Ed. by D.H. Ross), pp. 1-39. Fowler Museum of Cultural History, Los Angeles.
    • (1992) Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture , pp. 1-39
    • Ross, D.H.1
  • 109
    • 0026393892 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and status of elephants in West Africa
    • Roth, H.H. & Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1991) Distribution and status of elephants in West Africa. Mammalia, 55, 489-527.
    • (1991) Mammalia , vol.55 , pp. 489-527
    • Roth, H.H.1    Douglas-Hamilton, I.2
  • 110
    • 0343336947 scopus 로고
    • Répartition et statut des grandes espèces de mammifères en côte d'ivoire. II. Les éléphants
    • Roth, H.H., Merz, G. & Steinhauer, B. (1984) Répartition et statut des grandes espèces de mammifères en Côte d'Ivoire. II. Les éléphants. Mammalia, 48, 210-226.
    • (1984) Mammalia , vol.48 , pp. 210-226
    • Roth, H.H.1    Merz, G.2    Steinhauer, B.3
  • 114
    • 0006123819 scopus 로고
    • Conservation of large mammals in the Republic of Mali
    • Sayer, J.A. (1977) Conservation of large mammals in the Republic of Mali. Biological Conservation, 12, 245-262.
    • (1977) Biological Conservation , vol.12 , pp. 245-262
    • Sayer, J.A.1
  • 115
    • 0020450871 scopus 로고
    • The pattern of the decline of the korrigum Damaliscus lunatus in West Africa
    • Sayer, J.A. (1982) The pattern of the decline of the korrigum Damaliscus lunatus in West Africa. Biological Conservation, 23, 95-110.
    • (1982) Biological Conservation , vol.23 , pp. 95-110
    • Sayer, J.A.1
  • 116
    • 0006047027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mhorr gazelle
    • Schulman, M. (1997) Mhorr gazelle. Gnusletter, 16, 32.
    • (1997) Gnusletter , vol.16 , pp. 32
    • Schulman, M.1
  • 117
    • 26744478722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Questionnaire reply to African Elephant Specialist Group
    • Sébogo, L. (1998) Questionnaire reply to African Elephant Specialist Group.
    • (1998)
    • Sébogo, L.1
  • 118
    • 0000905848 scopus 로고
    • Minimum population sizes for species conservation
    • Shaffer, M.L. (1981) Minimum population sizes for species conservation. Bioscience, 31, 131-134.
    • (1981) Bioscience , vol.31 , pp. 131-134
    • Shaffer, M.L.1
  • 119
    • 0030618363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The African elephant: Conservation and CITES
    • Sharp, R. (1997) The African elephant: conservation and CITES. Oryx, 31, 111-119.
    • (1997) Oryx , vol.31 , pp. 111-119
    • Sharp, R.1
  • 120
    • 0021088613 scopus 로고
    • Density and seasonal movements of forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis, Matschie) in Bia national park, Ghana
    • Short, J. (1983) Density and seasonal movements of forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis, Matschie) in Bia National Park, Ghana. African Journal of Ecology, 21, 175-184.
    • (1983) African Journal of Ecology , vol.21 , pp. 175-184
    • Short, J.1
  • 121
    • 0342767097 scopus 로고
    • Des éléphants et des hommes. Etude de cas: Les populations d'éléphants e'Alfakoara (nordest du bénin)
    • Sournia, G. (1993) Des éléphants et des hommes. Etude de cas: les populations d'éléphants d'Alfakoara (nordest du Bénin). Pachyderm, 17, 59-63.
    • (1993) Pachyderm , vol.17 , pp. 59-63
    • Sournia, G.1
  • 122
    • 84995267361 scopus 로고
    • A review of ivory exploitation and elephant population trends in Africa
    • Spinage, C.A. (1973) A review of ivory exploitation and elephant population trends in Africa. African Journal of Ecology, 11, 281-289.
    • (1973) African Journal of Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 281-289
    • Spinage, C.A.1
  • 123
    • 0343336939 scopus 로고
    • The elephants of Burkina Faso, West Africa
    • Spinage, C.A. (1985) The elephants of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Pachyderm, 5, 2-5.
    • (1985) Pachyderm , vol.5 , pp. 2-5
    • Spinage, C.A.1
  • 124
    • 0004200388 scopus 로고
    • T. & A.D. Poyser, London
    • Spinage, C. (1994) Elephants. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
    • (1994) Elephants
    • Spinage, C.1
  • 125
  • 126
    • 0343265758 scopus 로고
    • The distribution and number of forest dwelling elephants in extreme southeastern Cameroun
    • Stromayer, K.A.K. & Ekobo, A. (1992) The distribution and number of forest dwelling elephants in extreme southeastern Cameroun. Pachyderm, 15, 9-14.
    • (1992) Pachyderm , vol.15 , pp. 9-14
    • Stromayer, K.A.K.1    Ekobo, A.2
  • 127
    • 0001914810 scopus 로고
    • The biodiversity crisis in southwestern Ghana
    • Struhsaker, T.T. & Oates, J.F. (1995) The biodiversity crisis in southwestern Ghana. African Primates, 1, 5-6.
    • (1995) African Primates , vol.1 , pp. 5-6
    • Struhsaker, T.T.1    Oates, J.F.2
  • 128
    • 0342467599 scopus 로고
    • Minimum viable populations for elephant conservation
    • Sukumar, R. (1993) Minimum viable populations for elephant conservation. Gajah, 11, 48-52.
    • (1993) Gajah , vol.11 , pp. 48-52
    • Sukumar, R.1
  • 129
    • 0027836685 scopus 로고
    • Les problèmes sociaux dans les reserves de faune et de flore au Togo
    • Tanzidani, T.K.T. (1993) Les problèmes sociaux dans les reserves de faune et de flore au Togo. Cahiers D'outre-Mer, 46, 61-74.
    • (1993) Cahiers d'Outre-Mer , vol.46 , pp. 61-74
    • Tanzidani, T.K.T.1
  • 130
    • 0008931071 scopus 로고
    • Elephant management in Nyaminyami district, Zimbabwe: Turning a liability into an asset
    • Taylor, R.D. (1993) Elephant management in Nyaminyami district, Zimbabwe: turning a liability into an asset. Pachyderm. 17, 19-29.
    • (1993) Pachyderm. , vol.17 , pp. 19-29
    • Taylor, R.D.1
  • 132
    • 0342467601 scopus 로고
    • Unpublished report, African Elephant Specialist Group, Nairobi
    • Thouless, C. (1993) Elephant distribution in Nigeria. Unpublished report, African Elephant Specialist Group, Nairobi.
    • (1993) Elephant Distribution in Nigeria
    • Thouless, C.1
  • 133
    • 0342467600 scopus 로고
    • Forests of Ghana - a diminishing asset
    • (Ed. by V.H. Sutlive, N. Altshuler & M.D. Zamura), Studies in Third World Societies, Publication no. 13. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia
    • Twum-Barima, K. (1981) Forests of Ghana - a diminishing asset. In: Where Have All the Flowers Gone? -Deforestation in the Third World (Ed. by V.H. Sutlive, N. Altshuler & M.D. Zamura), Studies in Third World Societies, Publication no. 13. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.
    • (1981) Where Have All the Flowers Gone? -Deforestation in the Third World
    • Twum-Barima, K.1
  • 134
    • 0343336938 scopus 로고
    • Senegal's disappearing elephants
    • Verschuren, J. (1981) Senegal's disappearing elephants. Oryx, 16, 118-119.
    • (1981) Oryx , vol.16 , pp. 118-119
    • Verschuren, J.1
  • 140
    • 85041151828 scopus 로고
    • Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
    • World Bank (1995) World Tables 1995. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
    • (1995) World Tables 1995
  • 141
    • 0003666933 scopus 로고
    • World Resources Institute, Washington DC
    • WRI (1994) World Resources 1994-95. World Resources Institute, Washington DC.
    • (1994) World Resources 1994-95


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.