Optimal diving under the risk of predation

Journal of Theoretical Biology

Volumn 223, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 79-92

  Heithaus, Michael R ^a,b,c   Frid, Alejandro ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b CENTER FOR SHARK RESEARCH   (United States)

^c National Geographic Television   (United States)

Author keywords

Diving behavior; Foraging behavior; Habitat use; Predation risk; Tradeoffs

Indexed keywords

DIVING BEHAVIOR; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; HABITAT USE; PREDATION RISK; TIME ALLOCATION;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ARTICLE; CALORIC INTAKE; DEATH; DIVING; FORAGING; MODEL; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PREDATION; PREDATOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK;

EID: 0038023189     PISSN: 00225193     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5193(03)00073-0     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Abrahams M.V., Dill L.M. A determination of the energetic equivalence of the risk of predation. Ecology. 70:1989;999-1007.
2. Ainley D.G., Strong C.S., Huber H.R., Lewis T.J., Morrell S.H. Predation by sharks on pinnipeds at the Farallon Islands. Fish. Bull. US. 78:1981;941-945.
3. Beauchamp G., Guillemette M., Ydenberg R.C. Prey selection while diving by common eiders, Somateria Mollissima. Anim. Behav. 44:1992;417-426.
4. Boyd I.L. The behavioural and physiological ecology of diving. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12:1997;213-217.
5. Boyd I.L., Arnould J.P.Y., Barton T., Croxall J.P. Foraging behaviour of Antarctic fur seals during periods of contrasting prey abundance. J. Anim. Ecol. 63:1994;703-713.
6. Brown J.S., Laundré J.W., Gurung M. The ecology of fear. optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions J. Mamm. 80:1999;385-399.
7. Carbone C., Houston A.I. Patterns in the diving behaviour of the pochard, Aythya ferina. a test of an optimality model Anim. Behav. 48:1994;457-465.
8. Carbone C., Houston A.I. The optimal allocation of time over the dive cycle. an approach based on aerobic and anaerobic respiration Anim. Behav. 51:1996;1247-1255.
9. Chappell M.A., Shoemaker V.H., Janes N.N., Bucher T.L., Maloney S.K. Diving behavior during foraging in breeding adélie penguins. Ecology. 74:1992;1204-1215.
10. Clark C.W., Mangel C. Dynamic State Variable Models in Ecology. 2000;Oxford University Press, New York.
11. Croxall J.P., Briggs D.R., Kato A., Naito Y., Watanuki Y., Williams T.D. Diving pattern and performance in the macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus. J. Zool. (London). 230:1993;31-48.
12. Davoren G.K., Burger A.E. Differences in prey selection and behaviour during self-feeding and chick provisioning in rhinoceros auklets. Anim. Behav. 58:1999;853-863.
13. Dekker D., Bogaert L. Over-ocean hunting by peregrine falcons in British Columbia. J. Raptor. Res. 41:1997;381-383.
14. Ebert D.A. Diet of the sixgill shark Hexanchus griseus off Southern Africa. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 14:1994;213-218.
15. Fedak M.A., Pullen M.P., Kanwisher J. Circulatory responses of seals to periodic breathing. heart rate and breathing during exercise and diving in the laboratory and open sea Can. J. Zool. 66:1988;53-60.
16. Frid, A., Dill, L.M., 2002. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Cons. Ecol. 6, http://www.consecol.org/Journal/vol6/iss1/art11/print.pdf .
17. Gilliam J.F., Fraser D.F. Habitat selection under predation hazard. test of a model with foraging minnows Ecology. 68:1987;1856-1862.
18. Glen F., Broderick A.C., Godley B.J., Metcalfe J.D., Hays G.C. Dive angles for a green turtle (Chelonia mydas). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 81:2001;683-686.
19. Grand T.C., Dill L.M. The energetic equivalence of cover to juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). ideal free distribution theory applied Behav. Ecol. 8:1997;437-447.
20. Hamilton I.M., Heithaus M.R. The effects of temporal variation in predation risk on anti-predator behaviour. an empirical test using marine snails Proc. R. Soc. London B. 268:2001;2585-2588.
21. Heithaus M.R. Predator-prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti). a review J. Zool. (London). 253:2001;53-68.
22. Heithaus M.R. Shark attacks on bottlenose dolphins (tursiops aduncus) in Shark Bay, Western Australia. attack rate, bite scar frequencies, and attack seasonality Mar. Mamm. Sci. 17:2001;526-539.
23. Heithaus M.R., Dill L.M. Food availability and predation risk influence bottlenose dolphin habitat use. Ecology. 83:2002;480-491.
24. Heithaus M.R., Frid A., Dill L.M. Shark-inflicted injury frequencies, escape ability, and habitat use of green and loggerhead turtles. Mar. Biol. 140:2002;229-236.
25. Heithaus M.R., Dill L.M., Marshall G.J., Buhleier B.M. Habitat use and foraging behavior of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in a seagrass ecosystem. Mar. Biol. 140:2002;237-248.
26. Houston A.I., Carbone C. The optimal allocation of time during the diving cycle. Behav. Ecol. 3:1992;255-265.
27. Janik V.M., Thompson P.M. Changes in surfacing patterns of bottlenose dolphins in response to boat traffic. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 12:1996;597-602.
28. Jefferson T.A., Stacey P.J., Baird R.W. A review of killer whale interactions with other marine mammals. predation to co-existence Mamm. Rev. 21:1991;151-180.
29. Jodice P.G.R., Collopy M.W. Diving and foraging patterns of marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus). testing predictions from optimal breathing models Can. J. Zool. 77:1999;1409-1418.
30. Kramer D.L. The behavioral ecology of air breathing by aquatic animals. Can. J. Zool. 66:1988;89-94.
31. Kramer D.L., Graham J.B. Synchronous air breathing, a social component of respiration in fishes. Copeia. 1976:1976;689-697.
32. Kramer D.L., Manley D., Bourgeois R. The effect of respiratory mode and oxygen concentration on the risk of aerial predation in fishes. Can. J. Zool. 61:1983;653-665.
33. Le Boeuf B.J., Crocker D.E. Diving behavior of elephant seals. implications for predator avoidance Klimley A.P., Ainley A.D. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. 1996;193-205 Academic Press, New York.
34. Le Boeuf B.J., Reidman M., Keyes R.S. White shark predation on pinnipeds in California coastal waters. Fish. Bull. US. 80:1982;891-895.
35. Lima S.L. Stress and decision making under risk of predation. recent developments from behavioral, reproductive, and ecological perspectives Adv. Stud. Behav. 37:1998;215-290.
36. Lima S.L., Dill L.M. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation. a review and prospectus Can. J. Zool. 68:1990;619-640.
37. McNamara J.M., Houston A.I. State-dependent ideal free distributions. Evol. Ecol. 4:1990;298-311.
38. Mori Y. Optimal choice of foraging depth in divers. J. Zool. (London). 245:1998;279-283.
39. Mori Y. The optimal patch use in divers. optimal time budget and the number of dive cycles during a bout J. theor. Biol. 190:1998;187-199.
40. Mori Y. The optimal allocation of time and respiratory metabolism over the dive cycle. Behav. Ecol. 10:1999;155-160.
41. Schenkeveld L.E., Ydenberg R.C. Synchronous diving by surf scoter flocks. Can. J. Zool. 63:1985;2516-2519.
42. Simpfendorfer C.A., Goodreid A.B., McAuley R.B. Size, sex, and geographic variation in the diet of the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) in Western Australian waters. Environ. Biol. Fish. 61:2001;37-46.
43. Strong W.R. Shape discrimination and visual predatory tactics in white sharks. Klimley A.P., Ainley A.D. Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. 1996;229-240 Academic Press, New York.
44. Thompson D., Fedak M.A. How long should a dive last? A simple model of foraging decisions by breath-hold divers in a patchy environment. Anim. Behav. 61:2001;287-296.
45. Thompson D., Hammond P.S., Nocholas K.S., Fedak M.A. Movements, diving, and foraging behaviour of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). J. Zool. (London). 224:1991;223-232.
46. Wilson R.P., Hustler K., Ryan P.G., Burger A.E., Nöldeke E.C. Diving birds in cold water. do Archimedes and Boyle determine energetic costs? Am. Nat. 140:1992;179-200.
47. Wilson R.P., Culik B.M., Peters G., Bannasch R. Diving behaviour of gentoo penguins, Pygoscelis papua. factors keeping dive profiles in shape Mar. Biol. 126:1996;153-162.
48. Ydenberg R.C., Clark C.W. Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis during diving by western grebes. an optimal foraging approach J. theor. Biol. 139:1989;437-449.