The role of gender and immersion in communication and second language orientations

Language Learning

Volumn 53, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2003, Pages 65-96

  Baker, Susan C ^a   MacIntyre, Peter D ^a  

^a CAPE BRETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038007107     PISSN: 00238333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0023-8333.00224     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Bardwick, J. M. (1971). Psychology of women: A study of biocultural conflicts. New York: Harper & Row.
2. Beatty, M. J. (1987). Communication apprehension as a determinant of avoidance, withdrawal, and performance anxiety. Communication Quarterly, 35, 202-217.
3. Borgatta, E. F., & Bales, R. F. (1953). Interaction of individuals in reconstituted groups. Sociometry, 16, 302-320.
4. Bowd, A., McDougall, D., & Yewchuk, C. (1994). Educational psychology for Canadian teachers. Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company.
5. Burgoon, J. K. (1976). The unwillingness-to-communicate scale: Development and validation. Communication Monographs, 43, 60-69.
6. Chapple, E. D., & Arensberg, C. M. (1940). Measuring human relations: An introduction to the study of the interaction of individuals. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 22, 3-147.
7. Clément, R. (1980). Ethnicity, contact and communicative competence in a second language. In H. Giles, W. P. Robinson, & P. Smith (Eds.), Language: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 147-154). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
8. Clément, R., Gardner, R. C., & Smythe, P. C. (1977). Motivational variables in second language acquisition: A study of Francophones learning English. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 123-133.
9. Clément, R., Gardner, R. C., & Smythe, P. C. (1980). Social and individual factors in second language acquisition. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 12, 293-302.
10. Clément, R., & Kruidenier, B. G. (1983). Orientations on second language acquisition: 1. The effects of ethnicity, milieu, and their target language on their emergence. Language Learning, 33, 273-291.
11. Dörnyei, Z. (1990). Conceptualising motivation in foreign-language learning. Language Learning, 40, 45-78.
12. Dörnyei, Z. (1998). Motivation in second and foreign language learning. Language Teaching, 31, 117-135.
13. Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
14. Gardner, R. C. (1996). Motivation and second language acquisition: Perspectives. Journal of the CAAL, 18, 19-42.
15. Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1959). Motivational variables in second language acquisition. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 13, 266-272.
16. Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
17. Gardner, R. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1993). On measurement of affective variables in second language learning. Language Learning, 43, 157-194.
18. Gardner, R. C., Smythe, P. C., Clément, R., & Gliksman, L. (1976). Second language acquisition: A social psychological perspective. Canadian Modern Language Review, 32, 198-213.
19. Gardner, R. C., Smythe, P. C., & Lalonde, R. N. (1984). The nature and replicability of factors in second language acquisition (Research Bulletin no. 605). London: University of Western Ontario.
20. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
21. Goldman-Eisler, F. (1951). The measurement of time sequences in conversational behavior. British Journal of Psychology, 42, 355-362.
22. Harley, B. (1990). The development of second language proficiency. New York: Cambridge University Press.
23. Hines, S. C., & Barraclough, R. A. (1995). Communicating in a foreign language: Its effects on perceived motivation, knowledge, and communication ability. Communication Research Reports, 12, 241-247.
24. Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. (1979). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
25. MacIntyre, P. D. (1994). Variables underlying willingness to communicate: A causal analysis. Communication Research Reports, 11, 135-142.
26. MacIntyre, P. D. (1995). On seeing the forest and the trees: A rejoinder to Sparks and Ganschow. Modern Language Journal, 79, 245-248.
27. MacIntyre, P. D., Babin, P. A., & Clément, R. (1999). Willingness to communicate: Antecedents and consequences. Communication Quarterly, 47, 215-239.
28. MacIntyre, P. D., & Charos, C. (1996). Personality, attitudes, and affect as predictors of second language communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 15, 3-26.
29. MacIntyre, P. D., & Clément, R. (1996, August). A model of willingness to communicate in a second language: The concept, its antecedents and implications. Paper presented at the World Congress of Applied Linguistics (AILA), Jyväskylä, Finland.
30. MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82, 545-562.
31. MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991). Methods and results in the study of anxiety in language learning: A review of the literature. Language Learning, 41, 85-117.
32. MacIntyre, P. D., Noels, K. A., & Clément, R. (1997). Biases in self-ratings of second language proficiency: The role of language anxiety. Language Learning, 47(2), 265-287.
33. McCroskey, J. C. (1970). Measures of communication bound anxiety. Speech Monographs, 37, 269-277.
34. McCroskey, J. C. (1977). Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research. Human Communication Research, 4, 78-96.
35. McCroskey, J. C. (1984). The communication apprehension perspective. In J. A. Daly & J. C. McCroskey (Eds.), Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (pp. 13-38). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
36. McCroskey, J. C. (1992). Reliability and validity of the willingness to communicate scale. Communication Quarterly, 40, 16-25.
37. McCroskey, J. C., & Baer, J. E. (1985, November). Willingness to communicate: The construct and its measurement. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Speech Communication Association, Denver, CO.
38. McCroskey, J. C., & Daly, J. A. (1987). Personality and interpersonal communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
39. McCroskey, J. C., & McCroskey, L. L. (1986, May). Predictors of willingness to communicate: Implications for screening and remediation. Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association, Chicago.
40. McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1982). Communication apprehension and shyness: Conceptual and operational distinctions. Central States Speech Journal, 33, 458-468.
41. McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1987). Willingness to communicate. In J. C. McCroskey & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Personal and interpersonal communication (pp. 129-156). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
42. McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1990). Willingness to communicate: Differing cultural perspectives. Southern Communication Journal, 56, 72-77.
43. McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1991). Willingness to communicate: A cognitive perspective. In M. Booth-Butterfield (Ed.), Communication, cognition and anxiety (pp. 19-37). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
44. McCroskey, J. C., Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, L. L. (1987). Correlates of self-perceived communication competence. Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Communication Association, Montreal, Canada.
45. Mortensen, D. C., Arnston, P. H., & Lustig, M. (1977). The measurement of verbal predispositions: Scale development and application. Human Communication Research, 3, 146-158.
46. Motley, M. T. (1991). Public speaking anxiety qua performance anxiety: A revised model and an alternative therapy. In M. Booth-Butterfield (Ed.), Communication, cognition, and anxiety (pp. 85-104). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
47. Oxford, R. (1996). Where are we regarding language learning motivation? Modern Language Journal, 78, 512-514.
48. Oxford, R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework. Modern Language Journal, 78, 12-28.
49. Phillips, G. M. (1968). Reticence: Pathology of the normal speaker. Speech Monographs, 35, 39-49.
50. Phillips, G. M. (1977). Rhetoritherapy versus the medical model: Dealing with reticence. Communication Education, 26, 34-43.
51. Sellers, D. E., & Stacks, D. W. (1991). Toward a hemispheric processing approach to communication competence. In M. Booth-Butterfield (Ed.), Communication, cognition and anxiety (pp. 45-59). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
52. Tittle, C. K. (1986). Gender research and education. American Psychologist, 41, 1161-1168.