Nodal staging of colorectal carcinomas and sentinel nodes

Journal of Clinical Pathology

Volumn 56, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 327-335

  Cserni, G ^a  

^a BÁCS KISKUN COUNTY TEACHING HOSPITAL   (Hungary)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL DRAINAGE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER STAGING; CLINICAL FEATURE; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; PATHOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE; TUMOR; TUMOR BIOPSY; TUMOR VOLUME;

COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY;

EID: 0037994269     PISSN: 00219746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.5.327     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Dukes CE. The classification of cancer of the rectum. J Pathol Bacteriol 1932;35:323-32.
2. Grinell RS. The spread of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1950;3:641-52.
3. Wood DA, Robbins GF, Zippin C, et al. Staging of cancer of the colon and cancer of the rectum. Cancer 1979;43:961-8.
4. Gabriel WB, Dukes C, Bussey HJR. Lymphatic spread in cancer of the rectum. Br J Surg 1935;23:395-413.
5. Kirklin JW, Dockerty MB, Waugh JM. The role of the retroperitoneal reflection in the prognosis of carcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1949;88:326-31.
6. Astler VR, Coller FA. The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg 1954;139:846-51.
7. Turnbull RB Jr, Kyle K, Watson FR, et al. Cancer of the colon: the influences of the no-touch isolation technique on survival rates. Ann Surg 1967;166:420-7.
8. Gunderson LL, Sosin H. Areas of failure found at reoperation (second or symptomatic look) following "curative surgery" for adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Cancer 1974;34:1278-92.
9. Pihl E, Hughes ESR, McDermott FT, et al. Carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid: cancer specific long-term survival. A series of 1061 cases treated by one surgeon. Cancer 1980;45:2902-7.
10. Davis NC, Newland RC. Terminology and classification of colorectal adenocarcinoma: the Australian clinico-pathological staging system. Aust N Z J Surg 1983;53:211-21.
11. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Prolongation of the disease-free survival in surgically treated rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1985;312:1465-72.
12. Newland RC, Chapuis PH, Smyth EJ. The prognostic value of substaging colorectal carcinoma. A prospective study of 1117 cases with standardized pathology. Cancer 1987;60:852-7.
13. Cohen AM, Shank B, Friedman MA. Colorectal cancer. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer-principles and practice of oncology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1989:895-964.
14. Hermanek P, Sobin LH, eds. UICC TNM classification of malignant tumours, 4th ed. New York: Springer Verlag, 1987.
15. Hyder JW, Talbott TM, Maycroft TC. A critical review of chemical lymph node clearance and staging of colon and rectal cancer at Ferguson Hospital, 1977 to 1982. Dis Colon Rectum 1990;33:923-5.
16. Greene FL, Page DL, Morrow M, et al, eds. AJCC cancer staging manual, 6th ed. New York: Springer, 2002.
17. Sobin LH, Wittekind Ch, eds. UICC TNM classification of malignant tumours, 6th ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
18. Kyriakos M. The president's cancer, the Dukes classification, and confusion. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985;109:1063-6.
19. Sobin LH, Wittekind Ch, eds. UICC TNM classification of malignant tumours, 5th ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997.
20. Fleming ID, Cooper JS, Henson DE, et al, eds. AJCC cancer staging manual, 5th ed. Philadelphia/New York: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997.
21. Greene FL, Sobin LH. The TNM system: our language for cancer care. J Surg Oncol 2002;80:119-20.
22. The Royal College of Pathologists Working Group on Cancer Services. Minimum data set for colorectal cancer histopathology reports. London: Royal College of Pathologists, 1998.
23. Goldstein NS, Turner JR. Pericolonic tumour deposits in patients with T3N+M0 colon adenocarcinomas: markers of reduced disease free survival and intra-abdominal metastases and their implications for TNM classification. Cancer 2000;88:2228-38.
24. Compton C, Fielding LP, Burgart LJ, et al. Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. College of American Pathologists consensus statement 1999. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000;124:979-94.
25. Steele G, Jr, Tepper J, Motwani BT, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. In: Holland JF, Frei E III, Bast RC, et al, eds. Cancer medicine, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1993:1493-522.
26. Gennari L, Doci R, Rossetti C. Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2000;47:310-14.
27. Hermanek P. Pathology of colorectal cancer. In: Bleiberg H, Rougier P, Wilke, HJ, eds. Management of colorectal cancer. London: Martin Dunitz, 1998:35-54.
28. Coller FA, Kay EB, MacIntyre RS. Regional lymphatic metastases of carcinoma of the colon. Ann Surg 1941;114:56-67.
29. Maurel J, Launoy G, Grosclaude P, et al. Lymph node harvest reporting in patients with carcinoma of the large bowel. A French population-based study. Cancer 1998;82:1482-6.
30. Wong JH, Severino R, Honnebier MB, et al. Number of nodes examined and staging accuracy in colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:2896-900.
31. Scott KWM, Grace RH. Detection of lymph node metastases in colorectal carcinoma before and after fat clearance. Br J Surg 1989;76:1165-7.
32. Crucitti F, Doglietto GB, Bellatone R, et al. Accurate specimen preparation and examination is mandatory to detect lymph nodes and avoid understaging in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 1992;51:153-8.
33. Kaiserling E. Newly-formed lymph nodes in the submucosa in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Lymphology 2001;34:22-9.
34. Cserni G, Tarján M, Bori R. Distance of lymph nodes from the tumour, an important feature in colorectal cancer specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001;125:246-9.
35. Heald RJ, Ryall RDH. Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet 1986;i:1479-82.
36. Reynolds JV, Joyce WP, Dolan J, et al. Pathological evidence in support of total mesorectal excision in the management of rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1996;83:1112-15.
37. Goldstein NS, Sanford W, Coffey M, et al. Lymph node recovery from colorectal resection specimens removed for adenocarcinoma. Trends over time and a recommendation for a minimum number of lymph nodes to be recovered. Am J Clin Pathol 1996;106:209-16.
38. Cserni G, Vajda K, Tarján M, et al. Nodal staging of colorectal carcinomas from quantitative and qualitative aspects. Can lymphatic mapping help staging? Pathol Oncol Res 1999;5:291-6.
39. Goldstein NS. Lymph node recoveries from 2427 pT3 colorectal resection specimens spanning 45 years. Recommendations for a minimum number of recovered lymph nodes based on predictive probabilities. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:179-89.
40. Jass JR, Morson BC. Reporting colorectal cancer. J Clin Pathol 1987;40:1016-23.
41. Herrera-Ornelas L, Justiniano J, Castillo N, et al. Metastases in small nodes from colon cancer. Arch Surg 1987;122:1253-6.
42. Koren R, Siegal A, Klein B, et al. Lymph node-revealing solution: simple new method for detecting minute lymph nodes in colon carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:407-10.
43. Scott KWM, Grace RH, Gibbons P. Five-year follow-up study of the fat clearance technique in colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rect 1994;37:126-8.
44. Poller DN Method of specimen fixation and pathological dissection of colorectal cancer influences retrieval of lymph nodes and tumour nodal stage. Eur J Surg Oncol 2000;26:758-62.
45. Hernanz F, Revuelta S, Redondo C, et al. Colorectal adenocarcinoma: quality of the assessment of lymph node metastases. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:373-6.
46. Caplin S, Cerottini J-P, Bosman FT, et al. For patients with Dukes' B (TNM stage II) colorectal carcinoma, examination of six or fewer lymph nodes is related to poor prognosis. Cancer 1998;83:666-72.
47. Mainprize KS, Kulacoglu H, Hewavisinthe J, et al. How many lymph nodes to stage colorectal carcinomas? J Clin Pathol 1998;51:165-6.
48. Cserni G. The influence of nodal size on the staging of colorectal carcinomas. J Clin Pathol 2002;55:386-90.
49. Cianchi F, Palomba A, Boddi V, et al. Lymph node recovery from colorectal tumor specimens: recommendation for a minimum number of lymph nodes to be examined. World J Surg 2002;26:384-9.
50. Tepper JE, O'Connell J, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Impact of numbers of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:157-63.
51. Cserni G, Vinh-Hung V, Burzykowski T. Is there a minimum number of lymph nodes that should be histologically assessed for a reliable nodal staging of T3N0M0 colorectal carcinomas? J Surg Oncol 2002;81:63-69.
52. Frankel K. Minimum number of lymph nodes to be recovered from colorectal resection specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 1997;107:494.
53. Bush ST. Minimum number of lymph nodes to be recovered from colorectal resection specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 1997;107:494.
54. Goldstein NS. Minimum number of lymph nodes to be recovered from colorectal resection specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 1997;107:494-5.
55. Sobin LH, Greene FL. TNM classification: clarification of number of regional lymph nodes for pN0. Cancer 2001;92:452.
56. Prandi M, Lionetto R, Bini A, et al. Prognostic evaluation of stage B colon cancer patients is improved by an adequate lymphadenectomy: results of a secondary analysis of a large scale adjuvant trial. Ann Surg 2002;235:458-63.
57. Mönig SP, Baldus SE, Zirbes TK, et al. Lymph node size and metastatic infiltration in colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 1999;6:579-81.
58. Kotanagi H, Fukuoka T, Shibato Y, et al. The size of regional lymph nodes does not correlate with the presence or absence of metastasis in lymph nodes in rectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 1993;54:252-4.
59. Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Maamoun S, Weber TK, et al. Clinical significance of colorectal cancer: metastases in lymph nodes < 5 mm in size. Ann Surg Oncol 1996;3:124-30.
60. Bjelovic M, Kalezic V, Petrovic M, et al. Correlation of macroscopic and histological characteristics in the regional lymph nodes of patients with rectal and sigmoidal adenocarcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1998;45:433-8.
61. Joosten JJA, Strobbe LJA, Wauters CAP, et al. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and the sentinel node concept in colorectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1999;86:482-6.
62. Tsoulias GJ, Wood TF, Morton DL, et al. Lymphatic mapping and focused analysis of sentinel lymph nodes upstage gastrointestinal neoplasms. Arch Surg 2000;135:926-32.
63. Bilchik AJ, Saha S, Wiese D, et al. Molecular staging of early colon cancer on the basis of sentinel node analysis: a multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1128-36.
64. Gould EA, Winship T, Philbin PH, et al. Observations on a "sentinel node" in cancer of the parotid. Cancer 1960;13:77-8.
65. Cabanas RM. An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma. Cancer 1977;39:456-66.
66. Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong J et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 1992;127:392-9.
67. Krag DN, Weaver DL, Alex JC, et al. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg Oncol 1993;2:335-40.
68. Giuliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM, et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg 1994;220:391-8.
69. Bilchik AJ, Giuliano AE, Essner R et al. Universal application of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy in solid neoplasms. Cancer J Sci Am 1998;4:351-8.
70. Zervos EE, Burak WE, Jr. Lymphatic mapping in solid neoplasms: state of the art. Cancer Control 2002;9:189-202.
71. Cserni G. Axillary staging of breast cancer and the sentinel node. J Clin Pathol 2000;53:733-41.
72. Borgstein PJ, Pijpers R, Comans EF, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: guidelines and pitfalls of lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe detection. J Am Coll Surg 1998;186:275-3.
73. Cserni G, Pap Szekeres J. Internal mammary lymph nodes and sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. Surg Oncol 2001;10:25-33.
74. Cserni G. Metastases in axillary sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer as detected by intensive histopathological work up. J Clin Pathol 1999;52:922-4.
75. Van Diest PJ. Histopathologic workup of sentinel lymph nodes: how much is enough? J Clin Pathol 1999;52:871-3.
76. Cserni G. Complete step sectioning of axillary sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. Analysis of two different step sectioning and immunohistochemistry protocols in 246 patients. J Clin Pathol 2002;55:926-31.
77. Cserni G. The potential therapeutic effect of sentinel lymphadenectomy. Eur J Surg Oncol 2002;28:689-691.
78. Statius Muller MG, Borgstein P, Pijpers R, et al. Reliability of the sentinel node procedure in melanoma patients: analysis of failures after long-term follow-up. Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:461-8.
79. Statius Muller MG, van Leeuwen PA, de Lange-De Klerk ES, et al. The sentinel lymph node status is an important factor for predicting clinical outcome in patients with stage I or II cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 2001;91:2401-8
80. Kollias J, Gill PG, Chatterton BE, et al. Reliability of sentinel node status in predicting axillary lymph node involvement in breast cancer. Med J Aust 1999;171:461-5.
81. Jansen L, Doting MHE, Rutgers EJTh, et al. Clinical relevance of sentinel lymph nodes outside the axilla in patients with breast cancer. Br J Surg 2000;87:920-5.
82. McMasters KM, Wong SL, Tuttle TM, et al. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy for breast cancer does not improve the ability to identify axillary sentinel lymph nodes. Ann Surg 2000;231:724-31.
83. Thompson JF, Uren RF, Shaw HM, et al. Location of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with cutaneous melanoma: new insights into lymphatic anatomy. J Am Coll Surg 1999;189:195-204.
84. Saha S, Wiese D, Badin J, et al. Technical details of sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer and its impact on staging. Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:120-4.
85. Wiese DA, Saha S, Badin J, et al. Pathologic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in colorectal carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000;124:1759-63.
86. Bilchik AJ, Nora D, Tollenaar RA, et al. Ultrastaging of early colon cancer using lymphatic mapping and molecular analysis. Eur J Cancer 2002;38:977-85.
87. Malassagne B, Valleur P, Serra J, et al. Relationship of apical lymph node involvement to survival in resected colon carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:645-53.
88. Wright CM, Dent OF, Barker M, et al. Prognostic significance of extensive microsatellite instability in sporadic clinicopathologic stage C colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2000;87:1197-202.
89. Yamamoto Y, Takahashi K, Yasuno M, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of skipping lymph node metastases in patients with colorectal cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1998;28:378-82.
90. Merrie AE, van Rij AM, Phillips LV, et al. Diagnostic use of the sentinel node in colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:410-17.
91. Sterk P, Keller L, Jochins H, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy in patients with primary rectal cancer: the role of total mesorectal excision for primary rectal cancer - a lymphoscintigraphic study. Int J Colorectal Dis 2002;17:137-42.
92. Saha S, Nora D, Wong JH, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal carcinoma: a review. Surg Clin North Am 2000;80:1811-19.
93. Thörn M. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy: is the method applicable to patients with colorectal and gastric cancer? Eur J Surg 2000;166:755-8.
94. Evangelista W, Sattoli MA, Malossi A, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer: a feasibility study. Tumori 2002;88:37-40.
95. Tsoulias GJ, Wood TF, Spirt M, et al. A novel lymphatic mapping technique to improve localization and staging of early colon cancer during laparoscopic colectomy. Am Surg 2002;68:561-5.
96. Bendavid Y, Latulippe JF, Younan RJ, et al. Phase I study on sentinel lymph node mapping in colon cancer: a preliminary report. J Surg Oncol 2002;79:81-5.
97. Waters GS, Geisinger KR, Garske DD, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping for carcinoma of the colon: a pilot study. Am Surg 2000;66:943-6.
98. Wong JH, Steineman S, Calderia C, et al. Ex vivo sentinel node mapping in carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg 2001;233:515-21.
99. Fitzgerald TL, Khalifa MA, Al Zahrani M, et al. Ex vivo sentinel lymph node biopsy in colorectal cancer: a feasibility study. J Surg Oncol 2002;80:27-33.
100. Esser S, Reilly WT, Riley LB, et al. The role of sentinel lymph node mapping in staging of colon and rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:850-6.
101. Kitagawa Y, Fujii H, Mukai M, et al. The role of the sentinel lymph node in gastrointestinal cancer. Surg Clin North Am 2000;80:1799-809.
102. Feig BW, Curley S, Lucci A, et al. A caution regarding lymphatic mapping in patients with colon cancer. Am J Surg 2001;182:707-12.
103. Paramo JC, Summerall J, Poppiti R, et al. Validation of sentinel node mapping in patients with colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2002;9:550-4.
104. Wiese DA, Saha S. Evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in colorectal carcinoma. Reply. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001;125:999.
105. Kitagawa Y, Kitajima M. Gastrointestinal cancer and sentinel node navigation surgery. J Surg Oncol 2002;79:188-93.
106. Kitagawa Y, Ohgami M, Fujii H, et al. Laparoscopic detection of sentinel lymph nodes in gastrointestinal cancer: a novel and minimally invasive approach. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:86-9.
107. Kesthgar MRS, Amin A, I Taylor. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and the sentinel node concept in colorectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1999;86:1225-6.
108. van Wyk Q, Hosie KB, Balsitis M. Histopathological detection of lymph node metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2000;53:685-7.
109. Jeffers MD, O'Dowd GM, Mulcahy H, et al. The prognostic significance of immunohistochemically detected lymph node micrometastases in colorectal carcinoma. J Pathol 1994;172:183-7.
110. Oberg A, Stenling R, Tavelin B, et al. Are lymph node micrometastases of any clinical significance in Dukes stages A and B colorectal cancer? Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41:1244-9.
111. Choi HJ, Choi YY, Hong SH. Incidence and prognostic implications of isolated tumor cells in lymph nodes from patients with Dukes B colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:750-6.
112. Clarke G, Ryan E, O'Keane JC, et al. The detection of cytokeratins in lymph nodes of Dukes B colorectal cancer subjects predicts a poor outcome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;12:549-52.
113. Liefers GJ, Cleton-Jansen AM, van de Velde CJH, et al. Micrometastasis and survival in stage II colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1998;339:223-8.
114. Rosenberg R, Hoos A, Mueller J, et al. Prognostic significance of cytokeratin-20 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in lymph nodes of node-negative colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1049-55.
115. Broll R, Schauer V, Schimmelpenning H, et al. Prognostic relevance of occult tumor cells in lymph nodes of colorectal carcinomas: an immunohistochemical study. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:1456-71.
116. Nakanishi Y, Ochiai A, Yamauchi Y, et al. Clinical implications of lymph node micrometastasis in patients with colorectal cancers. A case control study. Oncology 1999;57:276-80.
117. Noura S, Yamamoto H, Miyake Y, et al. Immunohistochemical assessment of localization and frequency of micrometastases in lymph nodes of colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:759-67.
118. Yun K, Merrie AEH, Gunn J, et al. Keratin 20 is a specific marker of submicroscopic lymph node metastases in colorectal cancer: validation by K-ras mutations. J Pathol 2000;191:21-6.
119. Vlems FA, Diepstra JHS, Cornelissen IMHA, et al. Limitations of cytokeratin 20 RT-PCR to detect disseminated tumour cells in blood and bone marrow of patients with colorectal cancer: expression in controls and downregulation in tumour tissue. Mol Pathol 2002;55:156-63.