Theoretical interpretations of elite change in East Central Europe

Comparative Sociology

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 215-247

  Bozóki, András ^a  

^a CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION; ELITE POLITICS; POLITICAL CHANGE; POLITICAL IDEOLOGY; THEORETICAL STUDY;

(CENTRAL); (EAST); EUROPE;

EID: 0037955465     PISSN: 15691322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/156913303100418762     Document Type: Article

References (188)

1. ÁGH, ATTILA 1992 "From Nomenclatura to Clientura." Budapest Papers on Democratic Transition. Budapest: BKE.
2. BABACHINAITE, G., J. NOVAGROCKIENÉ, A. RAULICKYTE & G. VALICKAS 1998 Lietuvos valdziu elito teisines samones ir savimones ypatumai (The Peculiarities of Legal Identity of Lithuanian Power Elites). Vilnius: Eugrimas.
3. BACHRACH, PETER 1969 The Theory of Democratic Elitism: A Critique. Boston: Little, Brown; London: University of London Press.
4. BACHRACH, PETER, ED. 1971 Political Elites in a Democracy. New York: Atherton Press.
5. BAKUNIN, MIKHAIL n.d. A Criticism of State Socialism. London: Cienfuegos Press.
6. BÁRDI, NÁNDOR & ZOLTÁN KANTOR 2001 "Az RMDSZ a romániai kormányban, 1996-2000" (The DAHR in the Romanian Government, 1996-2000). Régió 4.
7. BAYLIS, THOMAS A. 1994 "Plus Ca Change? Transformation and Continuity Among East European Elites." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27(3): 315-328.
8. BAYLIS, THOMAS A. 1998 "Elite Change After Communism: Eastern Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia." East European Politics and Societies 12(2), Spring, 265-299.
9. BELL, DANIEL 1975 Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York: Basic Books.
10. BELL, DANIEL 1980 "The New Class: The Muddled Concept" in D. Bell: The Winding Passage: Essays and Sociological Journeys, 1960-1980. New York: Basic Books, 144-164.
11. BEST, HEINRICH & ULRICKE BECKER, EDS. 1997 Elites in Transition: Elite Research in Central and Eastern Europe. Opladen: Leske + Budrich.
12. VON BEYME, KLAUS 1993 "Regime Transition and Recruitment of Elites in Eastern Europe." Governance 6(3), July, 409-425.
13. BOTTOMORE, TOM B. 1964 Elites and Society. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
14. BOURDIEU, PIERRE 1983 "Forms of Capital" in John G. Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Press, 241-258.
15. BOZÓKI, ANDRÁS 1994 "Intellectuals and Democratization in Hungary" in Chris Rootes and Howard Davis (eds.), A New Europe? Social Change and Political Transformation. London: UCL Press, 149-175.
16. BOZÓKI, ANDRÁS 1996a "Democrats against Democracy? The Charter Movement in Hungary" in Philip Lawrence and Mathias Döbler (eds.), Knowledge and Power: The Changing Role of European Intellectuals. Aldershot: Avebury Press, 88-120.
17. BOZÓKI, ANDRÁS 1996b "Intellectuals in a New Democracy: The Democratic Charter in Hungary." East European Politics and Society 10(2), Spring, 173-213.
18. BOZÓKI, ANDRÁS, ISTVÁN JAVORNICZKY & ISTVÁN STUMPF 1998 Magyar politikusok arcképcsarnoka (Profiles of Hungarian Politicians). Budapest: Századvég.
19. BOZÓKI, ANDRÁS, ED. 1999 Intellectuals and Politics in Central Europe. Budapest-New York: Central European University Press.
20. BOZÓKI, ANDRÁS, ED. 2002 The Roundtable Talks of 1989: The Genesis of Hungarian Democracy. Budapest-New York: Central European University Press.
21. BÖRÖCZ, JÓZSEF & ÁKOS RÓNA-TAS 1995 "Formation of New Economic Elites: Hungary, Poland and Russia." Theory and Society 24(5), 751-781.
22. BÖRÖCZ, JÓZSEF & CALEB SOUTHWORTH 1996 "Decomposing the Intellectuals' Class Power: Conversion of Cultural Capital to Income." Social Forces 74(3), 797-821.
23. BROKL, LUBOMIR, ZDENKA MANSFELDOVA & Z. KROUPA 1993 Political Elites. Background study, East Central Europe. Prague: Institute of Sociology.
24. BRUCAN, SILVIU 1996 Stalpii noi puteri (The Pillars of Power). Bucharest: Nemira.
25. BRUCE-BIGGS, B., ED. 1981 The New Class? New York: McGraw-Hill.
26. BRUSZT, LÁSZLÓ & DAVID STARK 1992 "Remaking the Political Field in Hungary: From the Politics of Confrontation to the Politics of Competition" in Ivo Banac (ed.), Eastern Europe in Revolution. Ithaca-London: Cornell University Press, 13-55.
27. BURNHAM, JAMES 1941 The Managerial Revolution. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
28. BURTON, MICHAEL G. & JOHN HIGLEY 1987a "Invitation to Elite Theory" in G. William Domhoff and Thomas R. Dye (eds.), Power Elites and Organizations. Newbury Park: Sage, 219-238.
29. BURTON, MICHAEL G. & JOHN HIGLEY 1987b "Elite Settlements." American Sociological Review 52, June, 295-307.
30. BUTORA, MARTIN, GRIGORIJ MESEZNIKOV, ZORA BÚTOROVA & SHARON FISHER, EDS. 1999 The 1998 Parliamentary Elections and Democratic Rebirth of Slovakia. Bratislava: Institute of Public Affairs.
31. COLOMER, JOSEP M. & MARGOT PASCUAL 1994 "The Polish Games of Transition." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27(3), 275-294.
32. COLOMER, JOSEP M. 2000 Strategic Transitions: Game Theory and Democratization. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
33. CULIC, IRINA 1999 "The Strategies of Intellectuals: Romania under Communist Rule in Comparative Perspective" in András Bozóki (ed.), Intellectuals and Politics in Central Europe. Budapest-New York: Central European University Press.
34. CULIC, IRINA 2001 Elita politica si democratizare in Romania (Political Elite and Democratization in Romania). Ph.D. thesis, Cluj-Napoca: Babes-Bolyai University.
35. DAINOV, EVGENI 1999 Elitat i Promianata v Bulgaria (The Elite and the Change in Bulgaria). Sofia: Open Society Press.
36. DIAMOND, LARRY, JUAN J. LINZ & SEYMOUR M. LIPSET 1995 Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
37. DJILAS, MILOVAN 1966 The New Class. London: Unwin.
38. DOGAN, MATTEI & JOHN HIGLEY, EDS. 1998 Elites, Crises, and the Origins of Regimes. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
39. DOGAN, MATTEI & JOHN HIGLEY 1998 "Elites, Crises, and Regimes in Comparative Analysis" in Mattei Dogan and John Higley (eds.), Elites, Crises, and the Origins of Regimes. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 3-27.
40. DOMHOFF, G. WILLIAM & THOMAS R. DYE, EDS. 1987 Power Elites and Organizations. Newbury Park: Sage.
41. ETZIONI-HALÉVY, EVA, ED. 1997 Classes and Elites in Democracy and Democratization. New York: Garland.
42. ETZIONI-HALÉVY, EVA 1990 "The Relative Autonomy of Elites: The Absorption of Protest and Social Progress in Western Democracies" in Jeffrey Alexander and Piotr Sztompka (eds.), Rethinking Progress. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 202-225.
43. EYAL, GIL & ELEANOR TOWNSLEY 1995 "The Social Composition of the Communist Nomenklatura: A Comparison of Russia, Poland, and Hungary." Theory and Society 24(5), October, 723-750.
44. EYAL, GIL, IVÁN SZELÉNYI & ELEANOR TOWNSLEY 1997 "The Theory of Post-Communist Managerialism." New Left Review 222, March-April, 60-92.
45. EYAL, GIL, IVÁN SZELÉNYI & ELEANOR TOWNSLEY 1998 Making Capitalism Without Capitalists: The New Ruling Elites in Eastern Europe. London: Verso.
46. FIELD, G. LOWELL & JOHN HIGLEY 1980 Elitism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
47. FIELD, G. LOWELL, JOHN HIGLEY & MICHAEL G. BURTON 1990 "A New Elite Framework for Political Sociology." Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales 28(88), 149-182.
48. FINOCCHIARO, MAURICE A. 1999 Beyond Right and Left: Democratic Elitism in Mosca and Gramsci. New Haven: Yale University Press.
49. FODOR, ÉVA, EDMUND WNUK-LIPINSKI & NATASHA YERSHOVA 1995 "The New Political and Cultural Elite." Theory and Society 24(5), October, 783-800.
50. FOUCAULT, MICHEL 1983 "The Subject and Power" in Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow (eds.), Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 208-226.
51. FRENTZEL-ZAGÓRSKA, JANINA 1993 "The Road to a Democratic Political System in Post-Communist Eastern Europe" in J. Frentzel-Zagórska (ed.), From a One-Party State to Democracy. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 165-193.
52. FRENTZEL-ZAGÓRSKA, JANINA & JACEK WASILEWSKI, EDS. 2000 The Second Generation of Democratic Elites in Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw: ISP PAN.
53. GOULD, JOHN A. & SONA SZOMOLÁNYI 2000 "Slovakia: Elite Disunity and Convergence" in John Higley and György Lengyel (eds.), Elites After State Socialism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 47-69.
54. GOULDNER, ALVIN 1979 The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class. New York: The Continuum Publishing Corporation.
55. HANKISS, ELEMÉR 1990 East European Alternatives. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
56. HANKISS, ELEMÉR 1991 "Reforms and the Conversion of Power" in Peter R. Weilemann, Georg Brunner, and Rudolf L. Tökés (eds.), Upheaval against the Plan: Eastern Europe on the Eve of the Storm. Oxford: Berg, 27-39.
57. HANLEY, ERIC, PETR MATÉJÚ, KLÁRA VLACHOVÁ & JINDRICH KREJCI 1996 The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe. Prague: Sociologícky ústav, AV CR (Working papers 96:3).
58. HIGLEY, JOHN & MICHAEL, G. BURTON 1989 "The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns." American Sociological Review 54, 17-32.
59. HIGLEY, JOHN & MICHAEL, G. BURTON 1998 "Elite Settlements and the Taming of Politics." Government and Opposition 33(1), Winter, 98-115.
60. HIGLEY, JOHN & RICHARD GUNTHER 1992 Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
61. HIGLEY, JOHN & JAN PAKULSKI 1992 "Revolution and Elite Transformation in Eastern Europe." Australian Journal of Political Science 27, 104-119.
62. HIGLEY, JOHN & JAN PAKULSKI 2000a "Elite Power Games and Democratic Politics in Central and Eastern Europe" in Michel Dobry (ed.), Democratic and Capitalist Transitions in Eastern Europe: Lessons for the Social Sciences. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 109-129.
63. HIGLEY, JOHN & JAN PAKULSKI 2000b "Elite Theory versus Marxism: The Twentieth Century Verdict" in John Higley and György Lengyel (eds.), Elites After State Socialism. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 229-241.
64. HIGLEY, JOHN, JAN PAKULSKI & WLODZIMIERZ WESOLOWSKI, EDS. 1998 Post-Communist Elites and Democracy in Eastern Europe. London: Macmillan.
65. HIGLEY, JOHN & GYÖRGY LENGYEL 2000 "Elite Configurations after State Socialism" in J. Higley and Gy. Lengyel (eds.), Elites After State Socialism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1-21.
66. HUNTINGTON, SAMUEL P. 1984 "Will More Countries Be Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly 99, 193-218.
67. HUNTINGTON, SAMUEL P. 1989 "The Modest Meaning of Democracy" in Robert A. Pastor (ed.), Democracy in the Americas: Stopping the Pendulum. New York-London: Holmes & Meier, 11-28.
68. HUNTINGTON, SAMUEL P. 1991 The Third Wave: Democratization in Late Twentieth Century. Norman: Oklahoma University Press.
69. HUSZÁR, TIBOR 1997 "Elite Research in Hungary, 1985-1994" in Heinrich Best and Ulrike Becker (eds.), Elites in Transition: Elite Research in Central and Eastern Europe. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 41-59.
70. JANUSAUSKIENE, DIANA 2002 Political Elites and Democratization in Post-Communist Lithuania. Ph.D. thesis, Graduate School for Social Research, Institute for Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw.
71. KABAKCHIEVA, PETYA & DUHOMIR MINEV 1996 Prechobim: eliti i strategii (The Transition: Elites and Strategies). Sofia: Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridki Press.
72. KABAKCHIEVA, PETYA 2001 Grazddanskoto obchestvo srechu druzhavata Bulgarskata situacia (Civil Society Against the State: The Bulgarian Case). Sofia: Lyk.
73. KAMINSKI, ANTONI Z. & JOANNA KURCZEWSKA 1994 "Main Actors of Transformation: The Nomadic Elites" in Eric Allardt and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski (eds.), The General Outlines of Transformation. Warsaw: IfiS PAN Publishing.
74. KAMINSKI, ANTONI Z. & JOANNA KURCZEWSKA 1995 "Strategies of Post-Communist Transformations: Elites as Institution-Builders" in Bruno Grancelli (ed.), Social Change and Modernization: Lessons from Eastern Europe. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 131-152.
75. KARASIMEONOV, GEORGI 1995 "Differentiation Postponed: Party Pluralism in Bulgaria" in Gordon Wightman (ed.), Party Formation in Eastern Europe. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 154-178.
76. KELDER, JAAN & INDREK MUSTIMETS, EDS. 1993 Keda mi valisime (Whom Did We Elect). Tartu: Liivimaa Lombard.
77. KENNEDY, MICHAEL D. 1991 Professionals, Power and Solidarity in Poland: A Critical Sociology of Soviet-type Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
78. KIRCH, MARIKA, AKSEL KIRCH, REIN RUUTSO, TARMO TUISK & MAIT TALTS 1998 "The Elites of Estonia and Other Baltic States on Their Way to the European Union" in Antje Herrberg (ed.), Which Identity for Which Europe. Aalborg: Aalborg University Press, 19-36.
79. KONRAD, GEORGE [GYÖRGY] & IVAN SZELÉNYI 1979 The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
80. KONRAD, GEORGE [GYÖRGY] & IVAN SZELÉNYI 1991 "Intellectuals and Domination in Post-Communist Societies" in Pierre Bourdieu and James S. Coleman (eds.), Social Theory in Changing Society. Boulder: Westview, 337-361.
81. KOSTOVA, DOBRINKA 2000 "Bulgaria: Economic Elite Change During the 1990s" in John Higley & György Lengyel (eds.), Elites After State Socialism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 199-207.
82. KÖRÖSÉNYI, ANDRÁS 1996 "Nómenklatúra és vallás" (Nomenclature and Religion). Századvég, Summer, 67-93.
83. KÖRÖSÉNYI, ANDRÁS 1999 Politics and Government in Hungary. Budapest-New York: Central European University Press.
84. KRISTOL, IRVING 1978 Two Cheers for Capitalism. New York: Basic Books.
85. KRISTOL, IRVING 1983 Reflections of a Neoconservative. New York: Basic Books.
86. KRUPAVICIUS, ALGIS 1996 "Models of Post-Communist Political Elites in Central Europe and the Baltics: Comparative Analysis." Budapest Papers on Democratic Transition, #158.
87. KRZEMINSKI, IRENEUSZ 1995 "Styles of Political Thinking in Polish Intellectual Elites." Polish Sociological Review 2, 125-137.
88. KUSÁ, ZUZANA 1993 "Prvá republika v autobiografickych rozprávaniach potomkov slovenskej predprevratovej inteligencie" (The First Republic in the Autobiographical Narratives of the Descendants of Slovak Revivalist Intelligentsia). Sociologicky casopis 29(1), Prague: Ceské akademie vied, 43-57.
89. KUSÁ, ZUZANA 1997 "Elite Research in the Slovak Republic" in Heinrich Best and Ulrike Becker (eds.), Elites in Transition: Elite Research in Central and Eastern Europe. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 77-89.
90. LENGYEL, GYÖRGY 1989 Vállalkozók, bankárok, kereskedök (Entrepreneurs, Bankers and Businesspeople). Budapest: Magvetö.
91. LENGYEL, GYÖRGY 1998 "The Hungarian Economic Elite in the First Half of the 1990s" in John Higley, Jan Pakulski, and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski (eds.), Postcommunist Elites and Democracy in Eastern Europe. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 203-212.
92. LENGYEL, GYÖRGY & ATTILA BARTHA 2000 "Bankers and Managers After State Socialism" in John Higley and György Lengyel (eds.), Elites After State Socialism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 163-177.
93. LINZ, JUAN J. & ALFRED STEPAN 1996 Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
94. LIPSET, SEYMOUR M. 1991 "Comments" in Pierre Bourdieu and James S. Coleman (eds.), Social Theory in a Changing Society. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
95. MACH, BOGDAN & WLODZIMIERZ WESOLOWSKI 2000 "Poland: The Political Elite's Transformational Correctness" in John Higley and György Lengyel (eds.), Elites After State Socialism. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 87-102.
96. MACHAJSKI, JAN WACLAW 1905 Le Socialisme des Intellectuels. Paris: Seuil.
97. MACHONIN, PAVEL & MILAN TUCEK 2000 "Czech Republic: New Elites and Social Change" in John Higley and György Lengyel (eds.), Elites After State Socialism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 25-45.
98. MALIKOVA, LUDMILLA & J. CHAPMAN 1995 "Rekrutácia miestnych politickych elit na Slovensku" (Recruitment of Local Political Elites in Slovakia) in Locálna moc v transformacnom procese. Bratislava: Nova, 17.
99. MANN, MICHAEL 1986 "Societies as Organized Power Networks" in Michael Mann: The Sources of Social Power I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-33.
100. MASIULIS, KESTUTIS 1997 Lietovos elitas: Ekonomines vertybes, politines orientacijos, prognozes (Lithuanian Elite: Economic Preferences, Political Orientations, Prognosis). Vilnius: Pradai.
101. MATÉJÚ, PETR & NELSON LIM 1995 "Who Has Gotten Ahead after the Fall of Communism? The Case of the Czech Republic." Czech Sociological Review 3(2), 117-136.
102. MATÉJÚ, PETR 1997 "Elite Research in the Czech Republic: A Report on Major Research Projects" in Heinrich Best and Ulrike Becker (eds.), Elites in Transition: Elite Research in Central and Eastern Europe. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 61-76.
103. MATONYTE, IRMINA 2001a Posovietinio elito labirintai (Labyrinths of the Post-Soviet Elite). Vilnius: Knygiai.
104. MATONYTE, IRMINA 2001b "Value Evaluation of the Lithuanian Leaders of the Post-Soviet Economy, 1999-2000." Filosofija-Sociologija 8(2).
105. MICHELS, ROBERT 1962 [1915] Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York: Free Press.
106. MILLS, CHARLES W. 1956 The Power Elite, New York: Oxford University Press.
107. MIRGHESIU, FLORIN 1998 Elitele Politice si Modernitatea Románeascá (Political Elites and the Romanian Modernity). Bucharest: Nemira.
108. MORAWSKI, WITOLD 1994 "Polscy kierownicy. Miedzy nomenklatura a menedzeryzmem" (Polish Managers: Between Nomenclature and Managerism) in W. Morawski (ed.), Zmierzch socjalizmu panstwowego (The Decline of State Socialism). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 196-213.
109. MOSCA, GAETANO 1939 The Ruling Class. New York: McGraw-Hill.
110. MUNGIU-PIPPIDI, ALINA 1999 "Romanian Political Intellectuals before and after the revolution" in András Bozóki (ed.), Intellectuals and Politics in Central Europe. Budapest-New York: Central European University Press, 73-99.
111. NYIRÖ, ANDRÁS ET AL. 1989 Segédkönyu a Politikai Bizottság tanulmányozásához (A Guide for the Study of the Politbureau). Budapest: Aula.
112. NYIRÖ, ANDRÁS 1992 "The Leading Bodies of the Party in the Mirror of their Resolutions." Journal of Communist Studies 8(3), September, 62-75.
113. O'DONNELL, GUILLERMO & PHILIPPE C. SCHMITTER 1986 Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusion about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
114. OFFE, CLAUS 1997 Varieties of Transition. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.
115. PAKULSKI, JAN & MALCOLM WATERS 1995 "The Reshaping and Dissolution of Social Class in Advanced Society." Theory and Society 25(5), October, 667-691.
116. PAKULSKI, JAN & MALCOLM WATERS 1996 The Death of Class. Los Angeles: Sage.
117. PALECKI, KRZYSZTOF, ED. 1992 Elity polityczne w Polsce (Political Elites in Poland). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszalek.
118. PANKOW, IRENA 1994 "Responsibility of New Elites: From the Solidarity Movement to Parliament Building" in Attila Ágh (ed.), The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments: The First Steps. Budapest: HCDS, 211-222.
119. PANKOW, IRENA 1998 "A Self-Portrait of the Polish Political Elite" in John Higley, Jan Pakulski, and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski (eds.), Postcommunist Elites and Democracy in Eastern Europe. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 188-202.
120. PARETO, VILFREDO 1935 The Mind and Society: A Treatise in General Sociology. New York: Dover.
121. PARETO, VILFREDO 1968 The Rise and Fall of the Elites: An Application of Theoretical Sociology. Totowa, N.J.: Bedminster Press.
122. PASTI, VLADIMIR 1995 Románia in tranzitie: cadera in viitor (Romania in Transition). Bucharest: Nemira.
123. PHILIPS, KEVIN 1975 Mediacracy. Garden City: Doubleday.
124. PLESU, ANDREI 1996 Chipuri si másti ale tranzitiei (Faces and Masks of Transition). Bucharest: Humanitas.
125. PLICHTOVÁ, JANA & ELENA BROZMANOVA 1994 "Demokracja na Slovensku z pohl'adu starostov" (Democracy in Slovakia from the View of Mayors). Sociológia 26(6).
126. POGGI, GIANFRANCO 2001 Forms of Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.
127. PRZEWORSKI, ADAM 1991 Democracy and the Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
128. PRZEWORSKI, ADAM 1992 "The Games of Transition" in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell and J. Samuel Valenzuela (eds.), Issues in Democratic Consolidation. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 105-152.
129. PUTNAM, ROBERT D. 1976 The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
130. RÓNA-TAS, ÁKOS 1991 "The Selected and the Elected: The Making of the New Parliamentary Elite in Hungary." East European Politics and Societies 5(3), Fall, 357-393.
131. RÓNA-TAS, ÁKOS 1994 "The First Shall Be Last? Entrepreneurship and Communist Cadres in the Transition." American Journal of Sociology 100(1), 40-69.
132. RÓNA-TAS, ÁKOS & JÓZSEF BÖRÖCZ 1995 "Small Leap Forward: Emergencve of the New Economic Elites." Theory and Society 24(5), 751-781.
133. SCHMITTER, PHILIPPE C. 1995 "Transitology: The Science or the Art of Democratization?" in Joseph S. Tulchin (ed.), The Consolidation of Democracy in Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 11-41.
134. SCHUMPETER, JOSEPH A. 1942 Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper & Bros.
135. SHLAPENTOKH, VLADIMIR, CHRISTOPHER VANDERPOOL & BORIS DOKTOROV, EDS. 1999 The New Elite in Post-Communist Eastern Europe. College Station: Texas AandM University Press.
136. SKOCPOL, THEDA 1979 States and Social Revolutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
137. STANISZKIS, JADWIGA 1991 The Dynamics of the Breakthrough in Eastern Europe: The Polish Experience. Berkeley: University of California Press.
138. STARK, DAVID 1996 "Recombinant Property in East European Capitalism." American Journal of Sociology 101(4), 993-1027.
139. STEEN, ANTON 1994 Recirculation and Expulsion: The New Elites in the Baltic States. Oslo: University of Oslo Press.
140. STEEN, ANTON 1996 "Consolidation and Competence: Research on the Politics of Recruiting Political Elites in the Baltic States." Journal of Baltic Studies 27(2), 28-45.
141. STEEN, ANTON 1997a Between Past and Future: Elites, Democracy and the State in Post-Communist Countries: A Comparison of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Aldershot: Ashgate.
142. STEEN, ANTON 1997b "The New Elites in the Baltic States: Recirculation and Change." Scandinavian Political Studies 20, 91-112.
143. STEEN, ANTON 1997c "The Baltic States after the Change of the Regime" in Heinrich Best and Ulrike Becker (eds.), Elites in Transition: Elite Research in Central and Eastern Europe. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 149-170.
144. STEFAN, LAURENTIU 2001 "Political Elite Recruitment and Party Development in Post-Communist Romania." Paper prepared for ECPR First General Conference, Canterbury, U.K. September 6-8.
145. SZALAI, ERZSÉBET 1990 Gazdaság és hatalom (Economy and Power). Budapest: Aula.
146. SZALAI, ERZSÉBET 1994 "The Power Structure in Hungary After the Political Transition" in Christopher G.A. Bryant and Edmund Mokrzycki (eds.), The New Great Transformation? Change and Continuity in East Central Europe. London: Routledge.
147. SZALAI, ERZSÉBET 1995 "The Metamorphosis of the Elites" in Béla K. Király and András Bozóki (eds.), Lawful Revolution in Hungary, 1989-94. Boulder: Social Science Monographs, 159-174.
148. SZALAI, ERZSÉBET 2000 Szereppróba (Role Play). Budapest: Századvég.
149. SZCZERBIAK, ALEKS 1998 Bureaucrats and Professionals: The Party-Machine in Post-Communist Poland.
150. SZELÉNYI, IVÁN & BILL MARTIN 1988 "Three Waves of New Class Theories." Theory and Society 17(5), 645-667.
151. SZELÉNYI, IVÁN 1988 Socialist Entrepreneurs: Embourgeoisement in Rural Hungary. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
152. SZELÉNYI, IVÁN & SZONJA SZELÉNYI 1995 "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe." Theory and Society 24(5), October, 615-638.
153. SZELÉNYI, IVAN, DON TREIMAN & EDMUND WNUK-LIPINSKI, EDS. 1995 Elity w Polsce, w Rosji in na Wegrzech: Wymiana czy reprodukcja? (Elites in Poland, Russia, and Hungary: Change or Reproduction?). Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN.
154. SZELENYI SZONJA, IVAÁN SZELENYI & IMRE KOVÁCH 1995 "The Making of the Hungarian Postcommunist Elite: Circulation in Politics, Reproduction in the Economy." Theory and Society 24(5), October, 697-722.
155. SZOMOLÁNYI, SONA 1994a "Formovanie politickych elit" (The Formation of Political Elites) in Slovensko v 90. Rokoch - kroky európskemu spolocenstvu. Bratislava: Institute for Sociology.
156. SZOMOLÁNYI, SONA 1994b "Old Elites in the New Slovak State and Their Current Transformation" in S. Szomolányi and G. Meseznikov (eds.), The Slovak Path of Transition - to Democracy? Bratislava: Slovak Political Science Association, 63-82.
157. TANASE, STELIAN 1996 Revolution ca esec: Elite si socieate (Revolution as Failure: Elites and Society). Bucharest: Nemira.
158. TARKMEEL, ANNELI 2000 "The Elite Issue and Democratic Development: The Case of the Baltic States" in Hans-Peter Svege and Riku Kinnunen (eds.), Transformation of Economic and Political Systems in the Baltic Sea Region. Tartu: Nordic Council of Ministers and EuroFaculty, 253-269.
159. TARAS, RAYMOND C., ED. 1992 Handbook of Political Science on the USSR and Eastern Europe. Westport: Greenwood Press.
160. TIBIL, GHEORGHE 1995 "Conflictul elitelor si instabilitatea politicá in evolutia moderná si contemporaná a Romániei" (The Conflict of Elites and Political Instability in the Modern and Contemporary Evolution of Romania). Polis 3, 85-112.
161. TIKIDJIEV, N., S. KOLEVA, Z. ZLATKOV, M. KELIAN & D. KOSTOVA 1998 Social Stratification and Inequalities. Sofia: Sofia University.
162. TISMANEANU, VLADIMIR 1998 Fantasies of Salvation: Democracy, Nationalism and Myth in Post-Communist Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
163. TONEVA, ZDRAVKA 1997 "Research on Economic and Political Elites in Bulgaria in the period 1990-1995" in Heinrich Best and Ulrike Becker (eds.), Elites in Transition: Elite Research in Central and Eastern Europe. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 91-106.
164. TOOMAL, JAAN 1999 Valitud ja valitsenud: Eesti parlamentaarsete ja muude esinduskogude ningvalitsuse isikkooseis aastail 1917-1999 (The Elected and the Rulers: The Personal Composition of Estonian Parliaments and Other Assemblies Between 1917 and 1999). Tallinn: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu.
165. TÖKES, RUDOLF L. 1990 "Hungary's New Political Elites: Adaptation and Change, 1989-90." Problems of Communism 39, November-December, 44-65.
166. TÖKES, RUDOLF L. 1996 Hungary's Negotiated Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
167. TÖKES, RUDOLF L. 2000 "Hungary: Elites and the Use and Abuse of Democratic Institutions" in John Higley and György Lengyel (eds.), Elites After State Socialism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 71-85.
168. TROTSKY, LEON 1964 The Basic Writings of Trotsky. Edited by Irwing Howe. London: Secker and Warburg.
169. TUCKER, AVIEZER 1999 "The Politics of Conviction: The Rise and Fall of Czech Intellectual-Politicians" in András Bozóki (ed.), Intellectuals and Politics in Central Europe. Budapest-New York: CEU Press, 185-205.
170. WASILEWSKI, JACEK 1989 "Elityzm Redivivus?" (Elitism Revived?). Studia Socjologiczne, No. 3, 79-107.
171. WASILEWSKI, JACEK 1990 "The Patterns of Bureaucratic Elite Recruitment in Poland in the Seventies and Eighties." Soviet Studies 42, 743-757.
172. WASILEWSKI, JACEK 1993 "Towards New Political Elites in Poland?" in Jacques Coenen-Huther and Brunon Synak (eds.), Post-Communist Poland: From Totalitarianism to Democracy. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 29-50.
173. WASILEWSKI, JACEK 1994 Konsolidacja elit politycznych w Polsce, 1991-93 (Consolidation of Political Elites in Poland, 1991-93). Warsaw: Instytut Studiow Politecznych PAN.
174. WASILEWSKI, JACEK 1995 "The Forming of a New Elite: How Much Nomenklatura is Left?" Polish Sociological Review, No. 2, 113-123.
175. WASILEWSKI, JACEK 1997 "Elite Research in Poland, 1989-1995" in Heinrich Best and Ulrike Becker (eds.), Elites in Transition: Elite Research in Central and Eastern Europe. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 13-39.
176. WASILEWSKI, JACEK 1998a "Hungary, Poland, and Russia: The Fate of Nomenklatura Elites" in Mattei Dogan and John Higley (eds.), Elites, Crises and the Origins of Regimes. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 147-167.
177. WASILEWSKI, JACEK 1998b "Elite Circulation and Consolidation of Democracy in Poland" in John Higley, Jan Pakulski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski (eds.), Post-Communist Elites and Democracy in Eastern Europe. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 163-187.
178. WASILEWSKI, JACEK 2001 "Three Elites of the Central-East European Democratization" in Radoslaw Markowski and Edmund Wnuk-Lipinski (eds.), Transformative Paths in Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 133-142.
179. WASILEWSKI, JACEK & EDMUND WNUK-LIPINSKI 1995 "Poland: Winding Road from the Communist to the Post-Solidarity Elite." Theory and Society 24(5), October, 669-696.
180. WEBER, MAX 1960 [1915-21], Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
181. WESOLOWSKI, WLODZIMIERZ 1992 "The Role of Political Elites in transition from Communism to Democracy: The Case of Poland." Sisyphus 8(2), 77-100.
182. WESOLOWSKI, WLODZIMIERZ 2001 "Change and Continuity: Four Polish Parliaments, 1989-2001." Central European Political Science Review 2(4), Summer, 25-50.
183. WESOLOWSKI, WLODZIMIERZ & IRENA PANKÓW, EDS. 1995 Swiat elity politycznej (The World of the Political Elite). Warsaw: IFiS PAN.
184. WESOLOWSKI, WLODZIMIERZ & BARBARA POST, EDS. 1998 Polityka i Sejm. Formowanie sie elity politycznej (Politics and the Parliament: The Formation of the Political Elite). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe.
185. WIATR, JERZY 1987 "Political Leadership in Poland in Light of Sociological Research." Polish Sociological Bulletin 2, 69-81.
186. WNUK-LIPINSKI, EDMUND, ED. 1995 After Communism: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Radical Social Change. Warsaw: Institute for Political Studies, PAN.
187. WRIGHT, ERIK O. 1996 "The Continuing Relevance of Class Analysis. Comments." Theory and Society 25(5), October, 693-716.
188. ZUBEK, VOYTEK 1991 "The Polish Communist Elite and the Petty Entrepreneurs." East European Quarterly 25(3), 339-362.