Elite change after communism: Eastern Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia

East European Politics and Societies

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 265-298

  Baylis, Thomas A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032335548     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0888325498012002004     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. See Robert Putnam, The Comparative Study of Political Elites (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976), chap. 7.
2. For a discussion of the interaction between the transformation of political institutions and changes in elites, see Thomas A. Baylis, "Elites, Institutions, and Political Change in East Central Europe," in John Higley, Jan Pakulski, and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski, eds., Postcommunist Elites and Democracy in East Central Europe (London: Macmillan, 1998, 107-130); John Higley, Judith Kullberg, and Jan Pakulski, "Elites, Institutions, and Regimes in East-Central Europe." (Paper delivered at the Fifth World Congress of the International Council for Central and East European Studies, Warsaw, Poland, 6-11 August 1995.)
3. For a discussion of the interaction between the transformation of political institutions and changes in elites, see Thomas A. Baylis, "Elites, Institutions, and Political Change in East Central Europe," in John Higley, Jan Pakulski, and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski, eds., Postcommunist Elites and Democracy in East Central Europe (London: Macmillan, 1998, 107-130); John Higley, Judith Kullberg, and Jan Pakulski, "Elites, Institutions, and Regimes in East-Central Europe." (Paper delivered at the Fifth World Congress of the International Council for Central and East European Studies, Warsaw, Poland, 6-11 August 1995.)
4. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
5. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
6. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
7. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
8. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
9. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
10. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
11. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
12. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
13. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
14. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
15. While research on East German, Czech, and Slovak elites has lagged behind that on elites in Poland and Hungary, a number of studies are now appearing. Several of these have focused on members of Parliament or on the new economic elite; none, to my knowledge, have singled out the top levels of the executive. On East Germany, see Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites"; and Dieter Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience: The Rise of a New Political Class in East Germany," in Attila Agh, ed., The Emergence of East Central European Parliaments (Budapest: Centre of Democracy Studies, 1994), 222-36; Hans-Ulrich Derlien and Stefan Lock, "Eine neue politische Elite? Rekruitierung und Karrieren der Abgeordneten in den fünf neuen Landtagen," [A New Political Elite? Recruitment and Careers of Representatives in the Five New State Parliaments] Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 25:1 (1994): 61-94; Hans-Ulrich Derlien, "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation in Eastern Germany," (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the German Studies Association, Chicago, 21-24 September 1995); Jennifer A. Yoder, "The Formation of New Political Elites in Eastern Germany: Implications for Democratization." (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 26-28 October 1995); and Wilhelm Bürklin, "Einstellungen und Wertorientierungen ost-und west-deutscher Eliten 1995," [Attitudes and Value Orientations of East and West German Elites 1995] in Oscar W. Gabriel, ed., Politische Einstellungen und politisches Verhalten im Transformationsprozess (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1996). On the former Czechoslovakia, see Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites." (Paper delivered at the Twenty-second Annual Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994); Georges Mink and Jean-Charles Szurek, "Agir ou subir: les nomenklaturas polonaise et tchèque face á la grande mutation économique (1988-1993)," [To Act or To Suffer: Polish and Czech Nomenklaturas Faced with the Great Economic Transformation (1988-1993).] Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest 4 (December 1994): 47-63; Eleanora Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei (Teil I)," [Political Elites in the Former Czechoslovakia (Part I)] Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 60 (1995); E. Hanley, P. Matěju, K. Vlachová, and J. Krejči, "The Making of Post-Communist Elites in Eastern Europe." (Working Paper 96:3, Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1996); and Pavel Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes in the Czech Republic." (Paper presented at the Conference on "Social and Political Changes in Central Europe," Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Prague, May 1996). The Hanley, et al., study and, in part, the Machonin paper are based on data collected as part of the East European elites project led by Iván Szelényi. See Iván Szelényi and Szonja Szelényi, "Circulation or Reproduction of Elites During the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe," Theory and Society 24 (October 1995): 615-638.
16. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
17. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
18. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
19. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
20. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
21. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
22. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
23. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who
24. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
25. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
26. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
27. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
28. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
29. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
30. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
31. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
32. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
33. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
34. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
35. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
36. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
37. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
38. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
39. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
40. Sources of biographical information I have used include Handbuch der Bun desregierung, 12. Wahlperiode, 3. Erg. Lfg., November 1993; Munzinger-Archiv/Internationales Biographische Archiv, various issues 1991-94; Informationen (Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 27 April 1990, 12-18; ibid., 8 August 1990, 4-7; ibid., 7 December 1990, 15-24; ibid., 21 December 1990, 13-15; Landtag Brandenburg: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch) (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Landtag von Sachsen-Anhalt: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1992); Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 1. Wahlperiode, 1990-1994 (Volkshandbuch), 2nd ed. (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1991); Thüringer Landtag: Handbuch 1. Wahlperiode (Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1991); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1994/1995 (München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994); Handbuch des Bundesrates für das Geschäftsjahr 1995/1996 (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995); Amtliches Handbuch des deutschen Bundestages, 13. Wahlperiode (Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt, 1995); Kdo je Kdo, 91-92: Česká Republika/Federální Orgány ČSFR (Prague: Nakladatelstvi Kdo je Kdo, 1991); Kdo je Kdo v České Republice 94/95 (Prague: Molrý Jezdek, 1994); Kto je Kto Na Slovensku 1991 (Bratislava: Konzorcium ENCYKLOPEDIA, 1991); Report on Eastern Europe, various issues, 1990-91; RFE/RL Research Report, various issues, 1992-94; Transition, various issues, 1995; "CSTK Profiles New Czech Government Members," FBIS Daily Report - Eastern Europe, 7 July 1992, 18-21; International Who's Who 1993-94 (London: Europa Publications Ltd., 1993); International Who's Who 1995-96 (London: Europa Publications, 1995); Who's Who in the World 1996 (New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who, 1995); International Yearbook Statesman's Who's Who 1993/94 (East Grinstead: Reed Information Services, 1993); Who's Who in Germany 1992 (Essen: Who's Who the international red series Verlag, 1992); and materials from archives of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Munich and Open Media Research Institute, Prague; information provided by the governments of Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-West Pomerania.
41. I have not, however, included members of the preelection Čalfa government in Czechoslovakia or the Modrow government in the GDR, since both were mixtures of old and new elites, the product of roundtable discussions between communists and the opposition in the wake of the Fall upheavals.
42. I have not done so in the case of the East German coalition government led by de Maizière, which broke up in mid-August 1990. At that time, the departing SPD ministers were largely replaced by state secretaries on an "acting" basis, or their positions were assumed by other ministers, for the brief period remaining before unification on 3 October 1990. See "Das Ende der grossen Koalition in der DDR," [The End of the Grand Coalition in the GDR] Informationen, 31 August, 1990, 4-7. My data for the East German states and Slovakia includes the new governments formed after the 1994 elections, but no changes since then; my data for the Czech government includes changes prior to, but not after, the 1996 elections.
43. See Zdenka Mansfeldová, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elite." (Paper delivered at the second annual joint sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research, Madrid, Spain, 17-22 April 1994, 7-10.)
44. See Henry Krisch, "Delegitimation of the Old Regime: Reforming and Transforming Ideas in the Last Years of the GDR," in M. Donald Hancock and Helga A. Welsh, eds., German Unification: Processes and Outcomes (Boulder: Westview, 1994), 56-61.
45. The closest analogy in the GDR may have been the ruling party's own think tank, the Akademie der Gesellschaftswissenschaften, where the deputy director Rolf Reissig and others explored alternative models of socialism in the regime's last years.
46. See Jiři Musil, ed., The End of Czechoslovakia (Budapest: Central European University Press, 1995).
47. Petr Pithart, "Towards a Shared Freedom, 1968-89," in ibid., 201.
48. See Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der Ex-Tschechoslowakei," 18-19.
49. See Thomas A. Baylis, "Leadership Change in Eastern Germany: From Colonization to Integration?" in Peter H. Merkl, ed., The Federal Republic at 45 (New York: New York University Press, 1995), 243-62.
50. See "Staatssekretäre in den neuen Bundesländer Sachsen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und Brandenburg," [State Secretaries in the New Federal States Saxony, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, and Brandenburg] Informationen (Bundesministerium für innerdeutsche Beziehungen), 1 January 1991, 13-16.
51. "Oder ein Brillantring," [Or a Diamond Ring] Der Spiegel, 29 November 1993, 26-28; "Sprung aus der Hose," [Jumping out of One's Trousers.] ibid., 6 December 1993, 27-29.
52. "Oder ein Brillantring," [Or a Diamond Ring] Der Spiegel, 29 November 1993, 26-28; "Sprung aus der Hose," [Jumping out of One's Trousers.] ibid., 6 December 1993, 27-29.
53. This became 14-11 in 1995 after the resignation of Heinz Eggert as Saxon interior minister and his replacement by a West German.
54. See Derlien, "Elite Circulation."
55. There is, however, an interesting earlier historical parallel in the deployment of thousands of Czech officials and teachers in Slovakia after state unification in 1918. See Zdeněk Suda, "Slovakia in Czech National Consciousness," in Musil, The End of Czechoslovakia, 114.
56. See Szelényi and Szelényi, and several of the other sources cited in note 5; also John Higley, Judith Kullberg, and Jan Pakulski, "The Persistence of Postcommunist Elites," Journal of Democracy 7 (April 1996): 133-147.
57. It has been cogently argued that the simple distinction between former members of the Communist party and nonmembers is far less significant than other indicators of an individual's posture toward and behavior under the former regime. Membership often did not mean uncritical support of the regime, and nonmembership was not a reliable indicator of nonsupport, much less of opposition. I nevertheless use the distinction here because of the importance it has taken on in the eyes of many in the countries concerned as well as in the eyes of outside observers. See, however, Ivailo Znepoliski, "La mythologie de l'adhérent et du non-adhérent au parti communiste," [The Mythology of the Member and Non-Member of the Communist Party] Les Temps Modernes 51 (January-February 1996): 58-77.
58. SeeTissy Bruns, "Der Himmel muss warten," [Heaven Must Wait.] Wochenpost, 1 February 1996, 8-9.
59. Handbuch des Bundesrates 1994/1995, 454.
60. See "Schlechte Poesie," [Bad Poetry.] Der Spiegel, 8 August 1994, 23-25; and "Falsche Freunde," [False Friends.] ibid., 15 August 1994, 20-22.
61. See "Schlechte Poesie," [Bad Poetry.] Der Spiegel, 8 August 1994, 23-25; and "Falsche Freunde," [False Friends.] ibid., 15 August 1994, 20-22.
62. See Ben Webb, "The Prague Spring Takes a Fall," New Statesman and Society, 27 August 1993, 18ff.
63. Both Dlouhý and Dyba, it should be remarked, were open advocates of economic reform prior to the Velvet Revolution.
64. See Webb, "The Prague Spring."
65. See Zora Butorova and Martin Butora, "A Democratic Road for Slovakia?" Uncaptive Minds 6 (Summer 1993): 58.
66. See Andrew Nagorski, The Birth of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 89.
67. See Samuel Abraham, "Early Elections in Slovakia: A State of Deadlock," Government and Opposition 30 (Winter 1995): 96.
68. See Ute Schmidt, "Von der Blockpartei zur Volkspartei? Die Ost-CDU im Umbruch 1989-1994," [From Bloc Party to People's Party? The East German CDU in Upheaval 1989-1994.] German Studies Review 20 (February 1997): 125-128.
69. See Michaela W. Richter, "Exiting the GDR: Political Movements and Parties Between Democratization and Westernization," in Hancock and Welsh, 93-137; and Jan Wielgohs and Marianne Schulz, "Von der 'friedlichen Revolution' in die politische Normalität," [From the 'Peaceful Revolution' to Political Normality] in Hans Joas and Martin Kohli, eds., Der Zusammenbruch der DDR (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1993), 222-45.
70. See Michaela W. Richter, "Exiting the GDR: Political Movements and Parties Between Democratization and Westernization," in Hancock and Welsh, 93-137; and Jan Wielgohs and Marianne Schulz, "Von der 'friedlichen Revolution' in die politische Normalität," [From the 'Peaceful Revolution' to Political Normality] in Hans Joas and Martin Kohli, eds., Der Zusammenbruch der DDR (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1993), 222-45.
71. It would be misleading to characterize Public Against Violence as the Slovak counterpart to Civic Forum, since longtime dissidents appear to have played a smaller role in it and former communists a larger one. See Schneider, "Politische Eliten in der ExTschechoslowakei," 25-28.
72. See Stephen Kinzer, "Skinheads? Preaching Appears to Work," New York Times, 5 May 1994; and Georg Paul Hefty, "Absturz vom vorläufigen Höhepunkt," [Downfall from Temporary High Point] Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11 July 1995, 4.
73. See Stephen Kinzer, "Skinheads? Preaching Appears to Work," New York Times, 5 May 1994; and Georg Paul Hefty, "Absturz vom vorläufigen Höhepunkt," [Downfall from Temporary High Point] Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11 July 1995, 4.
74. Although he was not a longtime dissident, Kňažko signed the Charter 77 petition "Just a Few Sentences" in the summer of 1989, called for the release of political prisoners, and gave up his title of "Distinguished Artist" as a protest against the harassment that followed. See Karl-Peter Schwarz, "Das Ende ist ein neuer Anfang," [The End is a New Beginning] Der Tagesspiegel (Berlin), 19 August 1992.
75. See Thomas A. Baylis, "Plus ça Change," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27 (September 1994): 315-328; Jens Reich, "After the Resignation of the East German Intelligentsia: A Time for Clowning," German Politics and Society (Fall 1992): 88-92. On the "grey zone," see Webb, "The Prague Spring;" Mansfeldova, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites," fn. 19.
76. See Thomas A. Baylis, "Plus ça Change," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27 (September 1994): 315-328; Jens Reich, "After the Resignation of the East German Intelligentsia: A Time for Clowning," German Politics and Society (Fall 1992): 88-92. On the "grey zone," see Webb, "The Prague Spring;" Mansfeldova, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites," fn. 19.
77. See Thomas A. Baylis, "Plus ça Change," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27 (September 1994): 315-328; Jens Reich, "After the Resignation of the East German Intelligentsia: A Time for Clowning," German Politics and Society (Fall 1992): 88-92. On the "grey zone," see Webb, "The Prague Spring;" Mansfeldova, "The Emerging New Czech Political Elites," fn. 19.
78. See, e.g., Carol Skalnik Leff, The Czech and Slovak Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1997), 83-91. See also the interesting discussion of the difficulty that "value elites" such as the East European opposition have in "translating the integrity of personal lifestyles into pragmatic, political action," in Ilja Srubar, "Variants of the Transformation Process in Central Europe," Zeitschrift für Soziologie 23 (June 1994): 211-213 and passim. I am grateful to Ursula Hoffmann-Lange for calling my attention to this article. Hoffmann-Lange uses the Weberian terms Gesinnungsethik [ethic of ultimate ends] and Verantwortungsethik [ethic of responsibility] to underscore the dilemma faced by former opposition figures remaining in politics after the fall of the old regime. See her "Elite Transformation and Democratic Consolidation in Germany after 1945 and 1989," in Higley, Pakulski, and Wesolowski, Postcommunist Elites.
79. See, e.g., Carol Skalnik Leff, The Czech and Slovak Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1997), 83-91. See also the interesting discussion of the difficulty that "value elites" such as the East European opposition have in "translating the integrity of personal lifestyles into pragmatic, political action," in Ilja Srubar, "Variants of the Transformation Process in Central Europe," Zeitschrift für Soziologie 23 (June 1994): 211-213 and passim. I am grateful to Ursula Hoffmann-Lange for calling my attention to this article. Hoffmann-Lange uses the Weberian terms Gesinnungsethik [ethic of ultimate ends] and Verantwortungsethik [ethic of responsibility] to underscore the dilemma faced by former opposition figures remaining in politics after the fall of the old regime. See her "Elite Transformation and Democratic Consolidation in Germany after 1945 and 1989," in Higley, Pakulski, and Wesolowski, Postcommunist Elites.
80. See, e.g., Carol Skalnik Leff, The Czech and Slovak Republics (Boulder: Westview, 1997), 83-91. See also the interesting discussion of the difficulty that "value elites" such as the East European opposition have in "translating the integrity of personal lifestyles into pragmatic, political action," in Ilja Srubar, "Variants of the Transformation Process in Central Europe," Zeitschrift für Soziologie 23 (June 1994): 211-213 and passim. I am grateful to Ursula Hoffmann-Lange for calling my attention to this article. Hoffmann-Lange uses the Weberian terms Gesinnungsethik [ethic of ultimate ends] and Verantwortungsethik [ethic of responsibility] to underscore the dilemma faced by former opposition figures remaining in politics after the fall of the old regime. See her "Elite Transformation and Democratic Consolidation in Germany after 1945 and 1989," in Higley, Pakulski, and Wesolowski, Postcommunist Elites.
81. Data from Poland and Hungary as well as the Czech Republic indicate that 80 percent or more of the members of the contemporary political elites sampled in the Szelényi project were professionals or administrators. See Hanley, et al., "The Making of Post-Communist Elites," 33; see also Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes," 10.
82. Data from Poland and Hungary as well as the Czech Republic indicate that 80 percent or more of the members of the contemporary political elites sampled in the Szelényi project were professionals or administrators. See Hanley, et al., "The Making of Post-Communist Elites," 33; see also Machonin, "Socio-Economic Changes," 10.
83. Helga Welsh's analysis of the occupations of Landtag deputies shows similar patterns. See Welsh, "Parliamentary Elites," 511-12.
84. See the interesting comments of Dieter Segert on the influence of the experience of "intrachurch democracy," especially on East German politicians now in the SPD or Alliance 90/the Greens Segert, "Political Elite Without Experience," 223-36.
85. An exception is Hans Joachim Meyer, minister of science in the Saxony government and formerly a member of the de Maizière government.
86. A similar phenomenon has been observed in Hungary, where the finance minister, foreign affairs minister, and internal affairs minister appointed after the 1994 elections all attended the Economic University. See RFE/RL Research Report, 26 August 1994, 9-11.
87. This reflects the larger phenomenon of what has been termed the "massive" devaluation of East German "cultural capital" brought about by the wholesale transfer of West German institutions to the East. See Sigrid Meuschel, Legitimation und Parteiherrschaft in der DDR (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1992), 335.
88. Derlien calculates that 24 of the 50 Land ministers in the governments formed after the 1994 elections were new, largely as a result of changes in the partisan composition of the governing coalitions, but he does not examine changes between 1990 and 1994. He notes that turnover in the Parliaments was also high: 31 percent of the East German Bundestag members and 41 percent of the region's Landtag members were new. See his Tables 1 and 2 in "Elite Circulation and Institutional Consolidation."
89. Following the June 1996 elections, in which the coalition fell two seats short of an absolute majority, eight ministers left the Klaus government and five new ones joined it. FBIS - Eastern Europe Daily Report, 3 July 1996, 16. Additional changes, including the departure of Kočarnik and Dlouhý, came in response to a growing economic crisis at the end of May 1997.
90. See, e.g., "Einheimische favorisiert," [Natives Favored] Neue Zeit, 7 April 1994.
91. See Putnam, Political Elites, 195-97.
92. New York Times, 14 October 1994, as cited in Yoder.
93. Biedenkopf has been said to feel the need to stress the fact that his "roots" are in Saxony (he was born in Chemnitz but grew up in the West); that fact, and his role as an advocate for the East, might justify his being characterized as the prototypical "Wossi." See Ralf Hübner, "Vote of Confidence for Man Who Carries Saxony's Hopes," Neue Zeit, 9 December 1991, translated in German Tribune, 22 December 1991, 4.