Vertical fogwater flux measurements above an elevated forest canopy at the Lägeren research site, Switzerland

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 37, Issue 21, 2003, Pages 2979-2990

  Burkard, Reto ^a   Bützberger, Patrick ^a   Eugster, Werner ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Annual nitrogen input; Chemical composition; Deposition; Eddy covariance; Flux measurements; Fog

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; DEPOSITION; NITROGEN; PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY);

OCCULT DEPOSITION;

FOG;

AMMONIA; INORGANIC COMPOUND; NITRATE; NITROGEN; WATER;

BOUNDARY LAYER; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; EDDY COVARIANCE; FLUX MEASUREMENT; FOREST CANOPY; WATER VAPOR;

ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; CANOPY; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); EDDY COVARIANCE; FOG; FOREST; NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRECIPITATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION; SWITZERLAND; WATER TRANSPORT; WET DEPOSITION; WINTER;

LAGEREN; SWITZERLAND;

EID: 0037836124     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00254-1     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Aherne J., Farrell E. Deposition of sulphur, nitrogen and acidity in precipitation over Ireland. chemistry, spatial distributions and long-term trends Atmospheric Environment. 36:2002;1379-1389.
2. Alastuey A., Querol X., Chaves A., Lopez-Soler A., Ruiz C.R. Wet-only sequential deposition in a rural area in north-eastern Spain. Tellus. 53B:2001;40-52.
3. Beswick K.M., Hargreaves K.J., Gallagher M.W., Choularton T., Fowler D. Size-resolved measurements of cloud droplet deposition velocity to a forest canopy using an eddy correlation technique. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 117:1991;623-645.
4. Bruijnzeel L.A. Hydrology of tropical montane cloud forests. a reassessment Land Use and Water Resources Research. 1:2001;1-18.
5. Burkard R., Eugster W., Wrzesinsky T., Klemm O. Vertical divergence of fogwater fluxes above a spruce forest. Atmospheric Research. 64:2002;133-145.
6. Choularton T.W., Colvile R.N., Bower K.N., Gallagher M.W., Wells M., Beswick K.M., Arends B.G., Möls J.J., Kos G. P.A., Fuzzi S., Lind J.A., Orsi G., Facchini M.C., Laj P., Gieray R., Wieser P., Engelhardt T., Berner A., Kruisz C., Möller D., Acker K., Wieprecht W., Lüttke J., Levsen K., Bizjak M., Hansson H.-C., Cederfelt S.-I., Frank G., Mentes B., Martinsson B., Orsini D., Svenningsson B., Swietlicki E., Wiedensohler A., Noone K.J., Pahl S., Winkler P., Seyffer E., Helas G., Jaeschke W., Georgii H.W., Wobrock W., Preiss M., Maser R., Schell D., Dollard G., Jones B., Davies T., Sedlak D.L., David M.M., Wendisch M., Cape J.N., Hargreaves K.J., Sutton M.A., Storeton-West R.L., Fowler D., Hallberg A., Harrison R.M., Peak J.D. The great Dun Fell Cloud Experiment 1993. an overview Atmospheric Environment. 31(16):1997;2393-2405.
7. Collett J.L., Daube B.C. Jr., Hoffmann M.R. The chemical composition of intercepted cloudwater in the Sierra Nevada. Atmospheric Environment. 24A(4):1990;959-972.
8. Collett J.J., Oberholzer B., Staehelin J. Cloud chemistry at Mt. Rigi, Switzerland. dependence on drop size and relationship to precipitation chemistry Atmospheric Environment. 27A(1):1993;33-42.
9. Collett J.L.J., Hoag K.J., Sherman D.E., Bator A., Richards L.W. Spatial and temporal variations in San Joaquin Valley fog chemistry. Atmospheric Environment. 33:1999;129-140.
10. Curry, J.A., Webster, P.J., 1999. Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans. Vol. 65, International Geophysics Series. Academic Press, San Diego, 471pp.
11. Dasch J.M. Hydrological and chemical inputs to fir trees from rain and clouds during a 1-month study at Clingmans Peak, NC. Atmospheric Environment. 22(10):1988;2255-2262.
12. Daube, B., Flagan, R., Hoffmann, M., 1987. Active cloudwater collector. United States Patent No. 4697462.
13. Demoz B.B., Collett J.L., Daube B.C. On the caltech active strand cloudwater collectors. Atmospheric Research. 41:1996;47-62.
14. Eugster, W., 1994. Mikrometeorologische Bestimmung des NO2-Flusses an der Grenzfläche Boden/Luft. Geographisches Institut der Universität Bern.
15. Eugster, W., 1999. Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen to the Swiss Seeland Region. No. 116 in Environmental Documentation - Air. Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, Ittigen/Bern.
16. Eugster W., Perego S., Wanner H., Leuenberger A., Liechti M., Reinhardt M., Geissbühler P., Gempeler M., Schenk J. Spatial variation in annual nitrogen deposition in a rural region in Switzerland. Environmental Pollution. 102(S1):1998;327-335.
17. Fuhrer J. Chemistry of fogwater and estimated rates of occult deposition in an agricultural area of central Switzerland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 17:1986;153-164.
18. Fuzzi S., Facchini M.C., Orsi G., Bonforte G., Martinotti W., Ziliani G., Mazzali P., Rossi P., Natale P., Grosa M.M., Rampado E., Vitali P., Raffaelli R., Azzini G., Grotti S. The Nevalpa Project. a regional network for fog chemical climatology over the Po Valley Basin Atmospheric Environment. 30(2):1996;201-213.
19. Hameed S., Mirza M.I., Ghauri B.M., Siddiqui Z.R., Javed R., Khan A.R., Rattigan O.V., Qureshi S., Husain L. On the widespread winter fog in northeastern Pakistan and India. Geophysical Research Letters. 27(13):2000;1891-1894.
20. Jagels, R., Cunningham, R., Carlisle, J., Day, M., 1998. Documented 50-year change in acidity and chemistry of new England fog. In: Schemenauer, R., Puxbaum, H. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Fog and Fog Collection, St. John's, Canada, 15-20 July 1998, pp. 5-8.
21. Joos F., Baltensperger U. A field study on chemistry, S(IV) oxidation rates and vertical transport during fog conditions. Atmospheric Environment. 25A(2):1991;217-230.
22. Katzensteiner, K., 2000. Wasser- und Stoffhaushalt von Waldökosystemen in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen. Österreichische Gesellschaft für Waldökosystemforschung und experimentelle Baumforschung an der Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien (ISBN 3-900865-14-0), 159pp.
23. Keene, W.C., Pszenny, A.A.P., Galloway, J.N., Hawley, M.E., 1986. Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 6647-6658.
24. Kowalski A.S., Vong R.J. Near-surface fluxes of cloud water evolve vertically. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 125:1999;2663-2684.
25. Kowalski A.S., Anthoni P.M., Vong R.J., Delany A.C., Maclean G.D. Deployment and evaluation of a system for ground-based measurement of cloud liquid water turbulent fluxes. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 14:1997;468-479.
26. Lin N.-H., Lee H.-M., Chang M.-B. Evaluation of the characteristics of acid precipitation in Taipei, Taiwan using cluster analysis. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 113:1999;241-260.
27. Lovett G.M. Rates and mechanisms of cloud water deposition to a subalpine balsam fir forest. Atmospheric Environment. 18(2):1984;361-371.
28. MacDonald J.A., Dise N.B., Matzner E., Armbruster M., Gundersen P., Forsius M. Nitrogen input together with ecosystem nitrogen enrichment predict nitrate leaching from European forests. Global Change Biology. 8:2002;1028-1033.
29. Miller E.K., Friedland A.J., Arons E.A., Mohnen V.A., Battles J.J., Panek J.A., Kadlecek J., Johnson A.H. Atmospheric deposition to forests along an elevational gradient at Whiteface Mountain, NY, U.S.A. Atmospheric Environment. 27A(14):1993;2121-2136.
30. Nihlgård B. The ammonium hypothesis - an additional explanation to the forest dieback in Europe. Ambio. 14(1):1985;2-8.
31. Nylander, P., Ström, L., Torikka, S., Sairanen, M., Utela, P., 1997. Present Weather Detector PWD11-User's Guide. Vaisala, Helsinki, 82pp.
32. Rihm, B., 1996. Critical Loads of Nitrogen and their Exceedances: Eutrophying Atmospheric Deposition. No. 275 in Environmental Series. Federal Agency of Environment, Forests and Landscape, Ittigen/Bern.
33. Schemenauer R.S., Cereceda P. A proposed fog collector for use in high-elevation regions. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 33:1994;1313-1322.
34. Schemenauer R.S., Banic C.M., Urquizo N. High elevation fog and precipitation chemistry in southern Quebec, Canada. Atmospheric Environment. 29(17):1995;2235-2252.
35. Schulze, E.D., Lange, O.L., Oren, R., 1989. Air Pollution and Forest Decline. A Case Study with Spruce (Picea abies) on Acid Soils. No. 77 Ecological Series. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
36. Seinfeld, J.H., Pandis, S.N., 1998. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics - From Air Pollution to Climate Change. Wiley, New York, 1326pp.
37. Sigg L., Stumm W., Zobrist J., Zürcher F. The chemistry of fog. factors regulating its composition CHIMIA. 41(5):1986;159-165.
38. Thalmann E., Burkard R., Wrzesinsky T., Eugster W., Klemm O. Ion fluxes from fog and rain to an agricultural and a forest ecosystem in Europe. Atmospheric Research. 64:2002;147-158.
39. Vermeulen A.T., Wyers G.P., Römer F.G., Leeuwen N.F.M.V., Draaijers G.P., Erisman J.W. Fog deposition on a coniferous forest in the Netherlands. Atmospheric Environment. 31(3):1997;375-386.
40. Vong R.J., Kowalski A.S. Eddy correlation measurements of size-dependent cloud droplet turbulent fluxes to complex terrain. Tellus. 47B(3):1995;331-352.
41. Waldman J.M., Munger J.W., Jacob D.J., Flagan R.C., Morgan J.J., Hoffmann M.R. Chemical composition of acid fog. Science. 218:1982;677-680.
42. Walmsley J.L., Schemenauer R.S., Bridgman H.A. A method for estimating the hydrologic input from fog in mountaineous terrain. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 35:1996;2237-2249.
43. Wrzesinsky T., Klemm O. Summertime fog chemistry at a mountainous site in central Europe. Atmospheric Environment. 34:2000;1487-1496.