Aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia in the elderly

Chest

Volumn 124, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 328-336

  Marik, Paul E ^a   Kaplan, Danielle ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aspiration; Community acquired pneumonia; Cough; Dysphagia; Elderly

Indexed keywords

ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HALOPERIDOL; PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVE;

AGED; AGING; ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; BACTERIOLOGY; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; COUGHING; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIET; DYSPHAGIA; GERIATRIC DISORDER; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MOUTH HYGIENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFLEX; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SWALLOWING;

EID: 0037821966     PISSN: 00123692     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1378/chest.124.1.328     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Osler W. Pneumonias and pneumococcic infections. In: The principles and practice of medicine. New York, NY: D. Appleton & Co, 1918; 74-108
2. Niederman MS, McCombs JS, Unger AN, et al. The cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Ther 1998; 20:820-837
3. Kaplan V, Angus DC, Griffin MF, et al. Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: age- and sex-related patterns of care and outcome in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:766-772
4. Jokinen C, Heiskanen L, Juvonen H, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in the population of four municipalities in eastern Finland. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137:977-988
5. Koivula I, Stenn M, Makela PH. Risk factors for pneumonia in the elderly. Am J Med 1994; 96:313-320
6. Loeb M, McGreer A, McArthur M, et al. Risk factors for pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections in elderly residents of long-term care facilities. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:2058-2064
7. Gilbert K, Fine MJ. Assessing prognosis and predicting outcome in community-acquired pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 1994; 9:140-152
8. Daley J, Jencks S, Draper D, et al. Predicting hospitalassociated mortality for Medicare patients: a method for patients with stroke, pneumonia, acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. JAMA 1988; 260:3617-3624
9. Marrie TJ. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:1066-1078
10. Marrie TJ. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Semin Respir Infect 1990; 5:260-268
11. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1303-1310
12. Rello J, Rodriguez R, Jubert P, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: epidemiology and prognosis; Study Group for Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23:723-728
13. Muder RR. Pneumonia in residents of long-term care facilities: epidemiology, etiology, management, and prevention. Am J Med 1998; 105:319-330
14. Riquelme R, Torres A, el Ebiary M, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: clinical and nutritional aspects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:1908-1914
15. Feldman C. Pneumonia in the elderly. Med Clin North Am 2001; 85:1441-1459
16. Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and pneumonia: a clinical review. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:665-672
17. Tuomanen EI, Austrian R, Masure HR. Pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1280-1284
18. Huxley EJ, Viroslav J, Gray WR, et al. Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness. Am J Med 1978; 64:564-568
19. Gleeson K, Eggli DF, Maxwell SL. Quantitative aspiration during sleep in normal snbjects. Chest 1997; 111:1266-1272
20. Vergis EN, Brennen C, Wagener M, et al. Pneumonia in long-term care: a prospective case-control study of risk factors and impact on survival. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:2378-2381
21. Kikuchi R, Watabe N, Konno T, et al. High incidence of silent aspiration in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:251-253
22. Sekizawa K, Ujiie Y, Itabashi S, et al. Lack of cough reflex in aspiration pneumonia. Lancet 1990; 335:1228-1229
23. Nakajoh K, Nakagawa T, Sekizawa K, et al. Relation between incidence of pneumonia and protective reflexes in post-stroke patients with oral or tube feeding. J Intern Med 2000; 247:39-42
24. Nakazawa H, Sekizawa K, Ujiie Y, et al. Risk of aspiration pneumonia in the elderly. Chest 1993; 103:1636-1637
25. Pontoppidan H, Beecher HK. Progressive loss of protective reflexes in the airway with the advance in age. JAMA 1960; 174:2209-2213
26. Nicosia MA, Hind JA, Roecker EB, et al. Age effects on the temporal evolution of isometric and swallowing pressure. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000; 55:M634-M640
27. Robbins J, Levine R, Wood J, et al. Age effects on lingual pressure generation as a risk factor for dysphagia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995; 50:M257-M262
28. Robbins J, Hamilton JW, Lof GL, et al. Oropharyngeal swallowing in normal adults of different ages. Gastroenterology 1992; 103:823-829
29. Tracy JF, Logemann JA, Kahrilas PJ, et al. Preliminary observations on the effects of age on oropharyngeal deglutition. Dysphagia 1989; 4:90-94
30. Shaw DW, Cook IJ, Gabb M, et al. Influence of normal aging on oral-pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter function during swallowing. Am J Physiol 1995; 268:G389-G396
31. Katsumata U, Sekizawa K, Ebihara T, et al. Aging effects on cough reflex. Chest 1995; 107:290-291
32. Holas MA, DePippo KL, Reding MJ. Aspiration and relative risk of medical complications following stroke. Arch Neurol 1994; 51:1051-1053
33. Kidd D, Lawson J, Nesbitt R, et al. Aspiration in acute stroke: a clinical study with videofluoroscopy. Q J Med 1993; 86:825-829
34. Smithard DG, O'Neill PA, England RE, et al. The natural history of dysphagia following a stroke. Dysphagia 1997; 12:188-193
35. Mann G, Hankey GJ, Cameron D. Swallowing function after stroke: prognosis and prognostic factors at 6 months. Stroke 1999; 30:744-748
36. Diagnosis and treatment of swallowing disorders (dysphagia) in acute care stroke: patients summary. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1999
37. Post-stroke rehabilitation clinical guidelines. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines, 1996. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1996
38. Smithard DG, O'Neill PA, Parks C, et al. Complications and outcome after acute stroke: does dysphagia matter? Stroke 1996; 27:1200-1204
39. Schmidt J, Holas M, Halvorson K, et al. Videofluoroscopic evidence of aspiration predicts pneumonia and death but not dehydration following stroke. Dysphagia 1994; 9:7-11
40. Dziarski R, Wang Q, Miyake K, et al. MD-2 enables Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated responses to lipopolysaccharide and enhances TLR2-mediated responses to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components. J Immunol 2001; 166:1938-1944
41. Nakagawa T, Sekizawa K, Nakajoh K, et al. Silent cerebral infarction: a potential risk for pneumonia in the elderly. J Intern Med 2000; 247:255-259
42. Priefer BA, Robbins J. Eating changes in mild-stage Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Dysphagia 1997; 12:212-221
43. Leopold NA, Kagel MC. Dysphagia in progressive supranuclear palsy: radiologic features. Dysphagia 1997; 12:140-143
44. Leopold NA, Kagel MC. Pharyngo-esophageal dysphagia in Parkinson's disease. Dysphagia 1997; 12:11-18
45. Bucht G, Sandman PO. Nutritional aspects of dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease. Age Ageing 1990; 19:S32-S36
46. Fairburn CG, Hope BA. Changes in eating in dementia. Neurobiol Aging 1988; 9:28-29
47. Thomas FJ, Wiles CM. Dysphagia and nutritional status in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 1999; 246:677-682
48. Dray TG, Hillel AD, Miller RM. Dysphagia caused by neurologic deficits. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1998; 31:507-524
49. Groher ME. Managing dysphagia in a chronic care setting: an introduction. Dysphagia 1990; 5:59-60
50. Trupe EH, Siebens H, Siebens AA. Prevalence of feeding and swallow disorders in a nursing home. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984; 65:651-652
51. Kayser-Jones J, Pengiliy K. Dysphagia among nursing home residents. Geriatr Nurs 1999; 20:77-84
52. Croghan JE, Burke EM, Caplan S, et al. Pilot study of 12-month outcomes of nursing home patients with aspiration on videofluoroscopy. Dysphagia 1994; 9:141-146
53. Palmer LB, Albulak K, Fields S, et al. Oral clearance and pathogenic oropharyngeal colonization in the elderly. Am J Respir Grit Care Med 2001; 164:464-468
54. Michielsen W, Vandevondele D, Verschraegen G, et al. Bacterial surveillance cultures in a geriatric ward. Age Ageing 1993; 22:221-226
55. Sveinbjornsdottir S, Gudmundsson S, Briem H. Oropharyngeal colonization in the elderly. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10:959-963
56. Terpenning M, Bretz W, Lopatin D, et al. Bacterial colonization of saliva and plaque in the elderly. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16(Suppl 4):S314-S316
57. Lange P, Vestbo J, Nyboe J. Risk factors for death and hospitalization from pneumonia: a prospective study of a general population [abstract]. Eur Respir J 1995; 8:1694
58. Caruso C, Candore G, Cigna D, et al. Cytokine production pathway in the elderly. Immunol Res 1996; 15:84-90
59. Miller RA. The cell biology of aging: immunological models. J Gerontol 1989; 44:4-8
60. Saltzman RL, Peterson PK. Immunodeficiency of the elderly. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9:1127-1139
61. Thoman ML, Weigle WO. The cellular and subcellular bases of immunosenescence. Adv Immunol 1989; 46:221-261
62. Hefton JM, Darlington GJ, Casazza BA, et al. Immunologic studies of aging: V. Impaired proliferation of PHA responsive human lymphocytes in culture. J Immunol 1980; 125: 1007-1010
63. Trebilcock GU, Ponnappan U. Evidence for lowered induction of nuclear factor κB in activated human T lymphocytes during aging. Gerontology 1996; 42:137-146
64. Riquelme R, Torres A, el-Ebiary M, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: a multivariate analysis of risk and prognostic factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:1450-1455
65. Granton JT, Grossman RF. Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly patient: clinical features, epidemiology, and treatment. Clin Chest Med 1993; 14:537-553
66. Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:397-405
67. Woodhead M. Pneumonia in the elderly. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 34(Suppl A):85-92
68. Garb JL, Brown BB, Garb JR, et al. Differences in etiology of pneumonias in nursing home and community patients. JAMA 1978; 240:2169-2172
69. Drinka PJ, Gauerke C, Voeks S, et al. Pneumonia in a nursing home. J Gen Intern Med 1994; 9:650-652
70. Carr B, Walsh JB, Coakley D, et al. Prospective hospital study of community acquired lower respiratory tract infection in the elderly. Respir Med 1991; 85:185-187
71. Ebright JR, Rytel MW. Bacterial pneumonia in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1980; 28:220-223
72. Fein AM. Pneumonia in the elderly: special diagnostic and therapeutic considerations Med Clin North Am 1994; 78: 1015-1033
73. Fein AM, Niederman MS. Severe pneumonia in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 1994; 10:121-143
74. Cunningham ET, Donner MW, Jones B, et al. Anatomical and physiological overview. In: Jones B, Donner MW, eds. Normal and abnormal swallowing: imaging, diagnosis and therapy. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1991: 7-32
75. Robbins J. Normal swallowing and aging. Semin Neurol 1996; 16:309-317
76. Murray J. Manual of dysphagia assessment in adults. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, 1999
77. Leder SB. Videofluoroscopic evaluation of aspiration with visual examination of the gag reflex and velar movement. Dysphagia 1997; 12:21-23
78. Leder SB. Gag reflex and dysphagia. Head Neck 1996; 18:138-141
79. Perry L, Love CP. Screening for dysphagia and aspiration in acute stroke: a systematic review. Dysphagia 2001; 16:7-18
80. Lim SH, Lieu PK, Phua SY, et al. Accuracy of bedside clinical methods compared with fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing (FEES) in determining the risk of aspiration in acute stroke patients. Dysphagia 2001; 16:1-6
81. Palmer JB, Drennan JC, Baba M. Evaluation and treatment of swallowing impairments. Am Fam Physician 2000; 61:2453-2462
82. Martino R, Meissner-Fishbein B, Saville D, et al. Preferred practice guidelines for dysphagia. Toronto, ON, Canada: College of Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists of Ontario, 2000
83. Clinical indicators for instrumentation assessment of dysphagia. In: Swallowing and swallowing disorders, 1998. Rockville, MD: Special Interest Division on Dysphagia, American Speech-Language Hearing Association, 1998
84. Leder SB. Serial fiberoptic endoscopic swallowing evaluations in the management of patients with dysphagia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79:1264-1269
85. Wooi M, Scott A, Perry A. Teaching speech pathology students the interpretation of videofluoroscopic swallowing studies. Dysphagia 2001; 16:32-39
86. Domenech E, Kelly J. Swallowing disorders. Med Clin North Am 1999; 83:97-113
87. Logemann JA. Manual for the videofluorographic study of swallowing. 2nd ed. Austin, TX: Pro-ed, 1993
88. Langmore SE, Schatz K, Olson N. Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing safety: a new procedure. Dysphagia 1988; 2:216-219
89. Chidester JC, Spangler AA. Fluid intake in the institutionalized elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1997; 97:23-28
90. Logemann JA. Therapy for oropharyngeal swallowing disorders. In: Perlman AL, Schulze D, eds. Deglutition and its disorders: anatomy, physiology, clinical diagnosis, and management. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, 1997: 449-461
91. Martin BJW, Logemann JA, Shaker R, et al. Normal laryngeal valving patterns during three breath hold maneuvers: a pilot investigation. Dysphagia 1993; 8:11-20
92. Finucane TE, Christmas C, Travis K. Tube feeding in patients with advanced dementia: a review of the evidence. JAMA 1999; 282:1365-1370
93. Park RH, Allison MC, Lang J, et al. Randomised comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding in patients with persisting neurological dysphagia. BMJ 1992; 304:1406-1409
94. Baeten C, Hoefnagels J. Feeding via nasogastric tube or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a comparison. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 194(Suppl):95-98
95. Strong RM, Condon SC, Solinger MR, et al. Equal aspiration rates from postpylorus and intragastric-placed small-bore nasoenteric feeding tubes: a randomized, prospective study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1992; 16:59-63
96. Spain DA, DeWeese RC, Reynolds MA, et al. Transpyloric passage of feeding tubes in patients with head injuries does not decrease complications. J Trauma 1995; 39:1100-1102
97. Fox KA, Mularski RA, Sarfati MR, et al. Aspiration pneumonia following surgically placed feeding tubes. Am J Surg 1995; 170:564-566
98. Cole MJ, Smith JT, Molnar C, et al. Aspiration after percutaneous gastrostomy: assessment by Tc-99m labeling of the enteral feed. J Clin Gastroenterol 1987; 9:90-95
99. Balan KK, Vinjamuri S, Maltby P, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in patients fed by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): detection by a simple scintigraphic method. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93:946-949
100. Russell SL, Boylan RJ, Kaslick RS, et al. Respiratory pathogen colonization of the dental plaque of institutionalized elders. Spec Care Dentist 1999; 19:128-134
101. Simons D, Kidd EAM, Beighton D. Oral health of elderly occupants in residential homes [letter]. Lancet 1999; 353: 1761
102. Yoneyama T, Yoshida M, Matsui T, et al. Oral care and pneumonia [letter]. Lancet 1999; 354:515
103. Yoshino A, Ebihara T, Ebihara S, et al. Daily oral care and risk factors for pneumonia among elderly nursing home patients. JAMA 2001; 286:2235-2236
104. Arai T, Yasuda Y, Taakaya T, et al. ACE inhibitors and symptomless dysphagia. Lancet 1998; 352:115-116
105. Sekizawa K, Matsui T, Nakagawa T, et al. ACE inhibitors and pneumonia [letter]. Lancet 1998; 352:1069
106. Arai T, Yasuda Y, Toshima S, et al. ACE inhibitors and pneumonia in elderly people. Lancet 1998; 352:1937-1938
107. Arai T, Yasuda Y, Takaya T, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptor antagonists, and pneumonia in elderly hypertensive patients with stroke. Chest 2001; 119:660-661
108. Stoschus B, Allescher HB. Drug-induced dysphagia. Dysphagia 1993; 8:154-159
109. Sokoloff LG, Pavlakovic R. Neuroleptic-induced dysphagia. Dysphagia 1997; 12:177-179
110. Liedenberg B, Owall B. Masticatory ability in experimentally induced xerostomia. Dysphagia 1991; 6:211-213
111. Ekberg O, Hamdy S, Woisard V, et al. Social and psychological burden of dysphagia: its impact on diagnosis and treatment. Dysphagia 2002; 17:139-146