Conflict or cooperation? Old age and retirement in the Nordic past

Journal of Family History

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 231-257

  Moring, Beatrice ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Generational relations; Inheritance; Retirement

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037794338     PISSN: 03631990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0363199002250893     Document Type: Review

References (151)

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2. Ibid., 259-62.
3. Ibid., 252-53.
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5. Aulis Aarnio, "Perimysjärjestelyt maanomistusolojen kannalta," in Suomen oikeushistorian pääpiirteet, edited by P. Letto-Vanamo (Helsinki, 1991), 58-60; Eino Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan historia (Helsinki, 1958), 52-53; Anu Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, lukot ja avaimet (Helsinki, 1990), 160; Upplandslagen (The Law of Uppland), Jordabalken 21; Konung Kristoffers Landslag (The Law of King Kristoffer 1442), Jordabalken 31.
6. Aulis Aarnio, "Perimysjärjestelyt maanomistusolojen kannalta," in Suomen oikeushistorian pääpiirteet, edited by P. Letto-Vanamo (Helsinki, 1991), 58-60; Eino Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan historia (Helsinki, 1958), 52-53; Anu Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, lukot ja avaimet (Helsinki, 1990), 160; Upplandslagen (The Law of Uppland), Jordabalken 21; Konung Kristoffers Landslag (The Law of King Kristoffer 1442), Jordabalken 31.
7. Aulis Aarnio, "Perimysjärjestelyt maanomistusolojen kannalta," in Suomen oikeushistorian pääpiirteet, edited by P. Letto-Vanamo (Helsinki, 1991), 58-60; Eino Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan historia (Helsinki, 1958), 52-53; Anu Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, lukot ja avaimet (Helsinki, 1990), 160; Upplandslagen (The Law of Uppland), Jordabalken 21; Konung Kristoffers Landslag (The Law of King Kristoffer 1442), Jordabalken 31.
8. Aulis Aarnio, "Perimysjärjestelyt maanomistusolojen kannalta," in Suomen oikeushistorian pääpiirteet, edited by P. Letto-Vanamo (Helsinki, 1991), 58-60; Eino Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan historia (Helsinki, 1958), 52-53; Anu Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, lukot ja avaimet (Helsinki, 1990), 160; Upplandslagen (The Law of Uppland), Jordabalken 21; Konung Kristoffers Landslag (The Law of King Kristoffer 1442), Jordabalken 31.
9. Court records, Åland, Kumlinge 12.3 1624.
10. Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 321; Boetius Murenius, Acta Visitatoria 1637-1666 (Helsinki, 1905), 67.
11. Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 321; Boetius Murenius, Acta Visitatoria 1637-1666 (Helsinki, 1905), 67.
12. Kjeld Heiland Hansen, "Karskipnaden," Heimen 12 (1964-66).
13. Pylkkanen, Puoli vuodetta, 401-19; Veijo Saloheimo, Pohjois-Karjalan historia (Joensuu, 1976), 296-300; Beatrice Moring, Skärgårdsbor. Familj, hushåll och demografi i finländsk kustbygd 1635-1920 (Helsingfors, 1994), 168-71; Taxation records, Kumlinge parish 1635-99.
14. Pylkkanen, Puoli vuodetta, 401-19; Veijo Saloheimo, Pohjois-Karjalan historia (Joensuu, 1976), 296-300; Beatrice Moring, Skärgårdsbor. Familj, hushåll och demografi i finländsk kustbygd 1635-1920 (Helsingfors, 1994), 168-71; Taxation records, Kumlinge parish 1635-99.
15. Pylkkanen, Puoli vuodetta, 401-19; Veijo Saloheimo, Pohjois-Karjalan historia (Joensuu, 1976), 296-300; Beatrice Moring, Skärgårdsbor. Familj, hushåll och demografi i finländsk kustbygd 1635-1920 (Helsingfors, 1994), 168-71; Taxation records, Kumlinge parish 1635-99.
16. Pylkkanen, Puoli vuodetta, 401-19; Veijo Saloheimo, Pohjois-Karjalan historia (Joensuu, 1976), 296-300; Beatrice Moring, Skärgårdsbor. Familj, hushåll och demografi i finländsk kustbygd 1635-1920 (Helsingfors, 1994), 168-71; Taxation records, Kumlinge parish 1635-99.
17. Ismo Häkkinen, "Syytinkiläinen elää kiusallaankin," in Kunnanvaivaisesta harmaaksi pantteriksi, edited by Oittinen and Pitkanen (Helsinki, 1995), 79-83; Ilkka Mäntylä, Historisk Tidskrift for Finland (2000), 54.
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19. K. Kivialho, Maatalouskiinteistojen omistajanvaihdokset ja hinnanmuodostus Halikon tuomiokunnassa 1851-1910 (Helsinki, 1927), 20-21.
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22. Högnäs, Sytning, 47-48, 62-63, 219; Kivialho, Maatalouskiinteistojen; Nils Wohlin, Om bondeklassens undergrävande (Stockholm, 1910), 41.
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24. Högnäs, Sytning, 47-48, 62-63, 219; Kivialho, Maatalouskiinteistojen; Nils Wohlin, Om bondeklassens undergrävande (Stockholm, 1910), 41.
25. Högnäs, Sytning, 216-18; Kivialho, Maatalouskiinteistojen, 97-100.
26. Högnäs, Sytning, 216-18; Kivialho, Maatalouskiinteistojen, 97-100.
27. Gaunt, "Property," 259-62.
28. Högnäs, Sytning, 217-19, 221; Sandvik, "Myndige," 29-32.
29. Högnäs, Sytning, 217-19, 221; Sandvik, "Myndige," 29-32.
30. Högnäs, Sytning, 46-51.
31. Hans Christian Johansen, Dansk Socialhistorie 4 (Copenhagen, 1979), 112-19.
32. Ibid., 62; Hans Christian Johansen, "Folk og Produktion pa fynske garde gennem to arhundreder," Jyske Samlinger Ny Rekke 17, no. 3 (Arhus 1988): 356, 365-69.
33. Ibid., 62; Hans Christian Johansen, "Folk og Produktion pa fynske garde gennem to arhundreder," Jyske Samlinger Ny Rekke 17, no. 3 (Arhus 1988): 356, 365-69.
34. Jörgen Elklit, "Household structure in Denmark," in Chance and Change, edited by Åkerman, Johansen and Gaunt (Odense, 1978), 113; Hans Christian Johansen, Befolkning sudvikling og familiestruktur i det 18 århundrede(Odense, 1976), 85, 145, 149, 155-56; Henning N. Larsen, "Familie og husstandsstrukture pa landet i det 18 arhundrede," Studier i Dansk befolkning shistorie 1750-1890 (Odense, 1976), 136.
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36. Jörgen Elklit, "Household structure in Denmark," in Chance and Change, edited by Åkerman, Johansen and Gaunt (Odense, 1978), 113; Hans Christian Johansen, Befolkning sudvikling og familiestruktur i det 18 århundrede(Odense, 1976), 85, 145, 149, 155-56; Henning N. Larsen, "Familie og husstandsstrukture pa landet i det 18 arhundrede," Studier i Dansk befolkning shistorie 1750-1890 (Odense, 1976), 136.
37. Johansen, Dansk, 170.
38. Johansen, "Befolkningsutvickling," 140-41, 145-47; Larsen 1976, 137.
39. Johansen, "Befolkningsutvickling," 140-41, 145-47; Larsen 1976, 137.
40. Hanne Willert, "Three-Generational Families in 19th Century Rural Denmark," Scandinavian Population Studies 10 (1995): 260-75; Elklit, "Household," 111, 114-15.
41. Hanne Willert, "Three-Generational Families in 19th Century Rural Denmark," Scandinavian Population Studies 10 (1995): 260-75; Elklit, "Household," 111, 114-15.
42. Öle Höjrup, Landbokvinden (Kobenhavn, 1966), 177, 195, 201.
43. Gisli Gunnlaugsson (1988), 60-61.
44. Gisli Gunnlaugsson and Olof Gardarsdottir, "A Life Course Perspective on the Household Position of Icelandic Widows," Continuity and Change (1996): 441.
45. Gisli A. Gunnlaugsson, Family and Household in Iceland 1801-1930 (Uppsala, 1988), 66, 127-30.
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49. Helland Hansen, "Kar," 187-90.
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55. Ståle Dyrvik et al., Norges ekonomiske historie I (Oslo, 1979), 196-97; Helland Hansen, "Kar," 182-95; Norge, NOS B 134 Folketeljinga 1801: Tabell 10 (information compiled with the assistance of Arne Solli); Sölvi Sogner, Folkevekst og flytting (Oslo, 1979), 281, 295. Solvi Sogner, "Gifte kvinner I bondesamfunnet pa 1700-tallet." in Kvinnekar i det gamle samfunn, edited by Anna Tranberg and Harald Winge (Oslo, 1985); Sölvi Sogner, "The Norwegian Stem Family: Myth or Reality?" In House and the Stem Family in EurAsian Perspective (Proceedings from the Twelfth International Economic History Congress, 1988, Session C 18).
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58. Mats Hellspong and Orvar Löfgren, Land och stad. Svenska samhällstyper och livsformer från medeltid till nutid (Lund, 1988), 242-43, 248-50. Hugo Högnäs, "Arvejord och sytningsfolk," Kalender utgiven av Svenska Folkskolans Vänner, vol. 1941 (Helsingfors, Svensha Folkskolans Vanner); Orvar Löfgren, "Family and Household among Scandinavian Pesants," Ethnologica Scandinavica (1974), 40-43. Orvar Löfgren, "Social Organisation," in Land och stad, edited by Mats Hellspong and Orvar Löfgren (Lund, 1988).
59. Mats Hellspong and Orvar Löfgren, Land och stad. Svenska samhällstyper och livsformer från medeltid till nutid (Lund, 1988), 242-43, 248-50. Hugo Högnäs, "Arvejord och sytningsfolk," Kalender utgiven av Svenska Folkskolans Vänner, vol. 1941 (Helsingfors, Svensha Folkskolans Vanner); Orvar Löfgren, "Family and Household among Scandinavian Pesants," Ethnologica Scandinavica (1974), 40-43. Orvar Löfgren, "Social Organisation," in Land och stad, edited by Mats Hellspong and Orvar Löfgren (Lund, 1988).
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62. David Gaunt, "Household Typology: Problems-Methods-Results," in Chance and Change, edited by Åkerman, Johansen, and Gaunt (Odense, 1978), 75, 77, 80; Inez Egerbladh, "From Complex to Simple Family Households in Northern Coastal Sweden 1700-1900," Journal of Family History 14, no. 3 (1989).
63. David Gaunt, "Household Typology: Problems-Methods-Results," in Chance and Change, edited by Åkerman, Johansen, and Gaunt (Odense, 1978), 75, 77, 80; Inez Egerbladh, "From Complex to Simple Family Households in Northern Coastal Sweden 1700-1900," Journal of Family History 14, no. 3 (1989).
64. Gaunt, "Household Typology," 81-82.
65. Ingrid Eriksson and John Rogers, Rural labor and Population Change (Uppsala, 1978), 163, 166; Christer Lundh, "Households and Families in Pre-Industrial Sweden," Continuity and Change 10, no. 1 (1995): 45, 55.
66. Ingrid Eriksson and John Rogers, Rural labor and Population Change (Uppsala, 1978), 163, 166; Christer Lundh, "Households and Families in Pre-Industrial Sweden," Continuity and Change 10, no. 1 (1995): 45, 55.
67. Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 370, 399-401; Tegengren, Kronoby sockens historia (Vasa, 1943), 64.
68. Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 370, 399-401; Tegengren, Kronoby sockens historia (Vasa, 1943), 64.
69. Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 322-23; Högnäs, "Arvejord," 78-80; Tax registers Korpo-Houtskär; Court records Masku 1795, 1796, 1807, 1822; John Gardberg, "Hushållning och byväsen kring norra delen av Skiftet," in Skärgärdsboken (Helsingfors, 1948), 570-73; FKA (Archive of Popular Culture) Survey 29, "Living Arrangements in the Countryside).
70. Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 322-23; Högnäs, "Arvejord," 78-80; Tax registers Korpo-Houtskär; Court records Masku 1795, 1796, 1807, 1822; John Gardberg, "Hushållning och byväsen kring norra delen av Skiftet," in Skärgärdsboken (Helsingfors, 1948), 570-73; FKA (Archive of Popular Culture) Survey 29, "Living Arrangements in the Countryside).
71. Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 322-23; Högnäs, "Arvejord," 78-80; Tax registers Korpo-Houtskär; Court records Masku 1795, 1796, 1807, 1822; John Gardberg, "Hushållning och byväsen kring norra delen av Skiftet," in Skärgärdsboken (Helsingfors, 1948), 570-73; FKA (Archive of Popular Culture) Survey 29, "Living Arrangements in the Countryside).
72. Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 322-23; Högnäs, "Arvejord," 78-80; Tax registers Korpo-Houtskär; Court records Masku 1795, 1796, 1807, 1822; John Gardberg, "Hushållning och byväsen kring norra delen av Skiftet," in Skärgärdsboken (Helsingfors, 1948), 570-73; FKA (Archive of Popular Culture) Survey 29, "Living Arrangements in the Countryside).
73. Beatrice Moring, "Family Strategies, Inheritance Systems and the Care of the Elderly in Historical Perspective - Eastern and Western Finland," Historical Social Research 23 (1998): 76-77; Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 362.
74. Beatrice Moring, "Family Strategies, Inheritance Systems and the Care of the Elderly in Historical Perspective - Eastern and Western Finland," Historical Social Research 23 (1998): 76-77; Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 362.
75. Eino Jutikkala, Hämeen historia 2:1 (Hameenlinna, 1957), 191; Pylkkanen, Puoli vuodetta, 370-424; Terhi Nallimaa-Luoto, Hämeenkyron historia 1722-1865 (Vammala, 1990), 136-40; Tegengren, Kronoby sockens historia (Åbo, 1943), 62-64; Monica Nerdrum, in Chance and Change, edited by Åkerman, Gaunt, and Johansen (Odense, 1978), 136-40; Beatrice Moring, Skärgårdsbor, Familj, hushåll och demog rafi i finländsk kustbygd 1635-1920 (Helsingfors, 1994), 52-55, 68; Moring, "Family Strategies."
76. Eino Jutikkala, Hämeen historia 2:1 (Hameenlinna, 1957), 191; Pylkkanen, Puoli vuodetta, 370-424; Terhi Nallimaa-Luoto, Hämeenkyron historia 1722-1865 (Vammala, 1990), 136-40; Tegengren, Kronoby sockens historia (Åbo, 1943), 62-64; Monica Nerdrum, in Chance and Change, edited by Åkerman, Gaunt, and Johansen (Odense, 1978), 136-40; Beatrice Moring, Skärgårdsbor, Familj, hushåll och demog rafi i finländsk kustbygd 1635-1920 (Helsingfors, 1994), 52-55, 68; Moring, "Family Strategies."
77. Eino Jutikkala, Hämeen historia 2:1 (Hameenlinna, 1957), 191; Pylkkanen, Puoli vuodetta, 370-424; Terhi Nallimaa-Luoto, Hämeenkyron historia 1722-1865 (Vammala, 1990), 136-40; Tegengren, Kronoby sockens historia (Åbo, 1943), 62-64; Monica Nerdrum, in Chance and Change, edited by Åkerman, Gaunt, and Johansen (Odense, 1978), 136-40; Beatrice Moring, Skärgårdsbor, Familj, hushåll och demog rafi i finländsk kustbygd 1635-1920 (Helsingfors, 1994), 52-55, 68; Moring, "Family Strategies."
78. Eino Jutikkala, Hämeen historia 2:1 (Hameenlinna, 1957), 191; Pylkkanen, Puoli vuodetta, 370-424; Terhi Nallimaa-Luoto, Hämeenkyron historia 1722-1865 (Vammala, 1990), 136-40; Tegengren, Kronoby sockens historia (Åbo, 1943), 62-64; Monica Nerdrum, in Chance and Change, edited by Åkerman, Gaunt, and Johansen (Odense, 1978), 136-40; Beatrice Moring, Skärgårdsbor, Familj, hushåll och demog rafi i finländsk kustbygd 1635-1920 (Helsingfors, 1994), 52-55, 68; Moring, "Family Strategies."
79. Eino Jutikkala, Hämeen historia 2:1 (Hameenlinna, 1957), 191; Pylkkanen, Puoli vuodetta, 370-424; Terhi Nallimaa-Luoto, Hämeenkyron historia 1722-1865 (Vammala, 1990), 136-40; Tegengren, Kronoby sockens historia (Åbo, 1943), 62-64; Monica Nerdrum, in Chance and Change, edited by Åkerman, Gaunt, and Johansen (Odense, 1978), 136-40; Beatrice Moring, Skärgårdsbor, Familj, hushåll och demog rafi i finländsk kustbygd 1635-1920 (Helsingfors, 1994), 52-55, 68; Moring, "Family Strategies."
80. Eino Jutikkala, Hämeen historia 2:1 (Hameenlinna, 1957), 191; Pylkkanen, Puoli vuodetta, 370-424; Terhi Nallimaa-Luoto, Hämeenkyron historia 1722-1865 (Vammala, 1990), 136-40; Tegengren, Kronoby sockens historia (Åbo, 1943), 62-64; Monica Nerdrum, in Chance and Change, edited by Åkerman, Gaunt, and Johansen (Odense, 1978), 136-40; Beatrice Moring, Skärgårdsbor, Familj, hushåll och demog rafi i finländsk kustbygd 1635-1920 (Helsingfors, 1994), 52-55, 68; Moring, "Family Strategies."
81. Eino Jutikkala, Hämeen historia 2:1 (Hameenlinna, 1957), 191; Pylkkanen, Puoli vuodetta, 370-424; Terhi Nallimaa-Luoto, Hämeenkyron historia 1722-1865 (Vammala, 1990), 136-40; Tegengren, Kronoby sockens historia (Åbo, 1943), 62-64; Monica Nerdrum, in Chance and Change, edited by Åkerman, Gaunt, and Johansen (Odense, 1978), 136-40; Beatrice Moring, Skärgårdsbor, Familj, hushåll och demog rafi i finländsk kustbygd 1635-1920 (Helsingfors, 1994), 52-55, 68; Moring, "Family Strategies."
82. Beatrice Moring, "Marriage and Social Change in Western Finland 1700-1870," Continuity and Change 11, no. 1 (1996): 102-6; Moring, "Family Strategies," 72-74; Högnäs, Sytning, 77-78.
83. Beatrice Moring, "Marriage and Social Change in Western Finland 1700-1870," Continuity and Change 11, no. 1 (1996): 102-6; Moring, "Family Strategies," 72-74; Högnäs, Sytning, 77-78.
84. Beatrice Moring, "Marriage and Social Change in Western Finland 1700-1870," Continuity and Change 11, no. 1 (1996): 102-6; Moring, "Family Strategies," 72-74; Högnäs, Sytning, 77-78.
85. Kivialho, Maatalouskiintestöjen, 101, 107-10, 125-49.
86. Moring, Skärgardsbor, 56-63; Moring, "Family Strategies," 70; Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 180, 362; Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 320-23; Löfgren (1974), 41-42; Ragna Ahlback, Kökar (Helsingfors, 1955), 36; Probate inventories Korpo and Houtskar 1790-95 (National Archives, Helsinki).
87. Moring, Skärgardsbor, 56-63; Moring, "Family Strategies," 70; Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 180, 362; Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 320-23; Löfgren (1974), 41-42; Ragna Ahlback, Kökar (Helsingfors, 1955), 36; Probate inventories Korpo and Houtskar 1790-95 (National Archives, Helsinki).
88. Moring, Skärgardsbor, 56-63; Moring, "Family Strategies," 70; Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 180, 362; Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 320-23; Löfgren (1974), 41-42; Ragna Ahlback, Kökar (Helsingfors, 1955), 36; Probate inventories Korpo and Houtskar 1790-95 (National Archives, Helsinki).
89. Moring, Skärgardsbor, 56-63; Moring, "Family Strategies," 70; Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 180, 362; Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 320-23; Löfgren (1974), 41-42; Ragna Ahlback, Kökar (Helsingfors, 1955), 36; Probate inventories Korpo and Houtskar 1790-95 (National Archives, Helsinki).
90. Moring, Skärgardsbor, 56-63; Moring, "Family Strategies," 70; Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 180, 362; Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 320-23; Löfgren (1974), 41-42; Ragna Ahlback, Kökar (Helsingfors, 1955), 36; Probate inventories Korpo and Houtskar 1790-95 (National Archives, Helsinki).
91. Moring, Skärgardsbor, 56-63; Moring, "Family Strategies," 70; Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 180, 362; Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 320-23; Löfgren (1974), 41-42; Ragna Ahlback, Kökar (Helsingfors, 1955), 36; Probate inventories Korpo and Houtskar 1790-95 (National Archives, Helsinki).
92. Moring, Skärgardsbor, 56-63; Moring, "Family Strategies," 70; Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 180, 362; Jutikkala, Suomen talonpojan, 320-23; Löfgren (1974), 41-42; Ragna Ahlback, Kökar (Helsingfors, 1955), 36; Probate inventories Korpo and Houtskar 1790-95 (National Archives, Helsinki).
93. Högnäs, Sytning, 43-46.
94. Högnäs, Sytning, Kivialho, Maatalouskiintestöjen.
95. Högnäs, Sytning, Kivialho, Maatalouskiintestöjen.
96. Börje Sidbäck, Från stenålder till nutid (Vasa, 1992), 18-19; Högnas, Sytning, 42-44, 224; Gabriel Nikander, "Sytningsfolk i Sibbo," Kalender utgiven av Svenska Folkskolans Vanner (1917), 71-74.
97. Börje Sidbäck, Från stenålder till nutid (Vasa, 1992), 18-19; Högnas, Sytning, 42-44, 224; Gabriel Nikander, "Sytningsfolk i Sibbo," Kalender utgiven av Svenska Folkskolans Vanner (1917), 71-74.
98. Börje Sidbäck, Från stenålder till nutid (Vasa, 1992), 18-19; Högnas, Sytning, 42-44, 224; Gabriel Nikander, "Sytningsfolk i Sibbo," Kalender utgiven av Svenska Folkskolans Vanner (1917), 71-74.
99. Högnäs, MaatalouskiintestöjenSytnimg, 222-27.
100. Ibid., 231-32; Högnäs, "Arvejord," 78-79.
101. Ibid., 231-32; Högnäs, "Arvejord," 78-79.
102. Kivialho, Maatalouskiinteistöjen, 130-32, 137.
103. Högnäs, "Arvejord," 84-85.
104. Högnäs, Sytning, 52-59, 219; Gardberg, "Hushållning," 570-72.
105. Högnäs, Sytning, 52-59, 219; Gardberg, "Hushållning," 570-72.
106. Nikander, "Sytningsfolk," 74-78.
107. Högnäs, Sytning, 77-83.
108. Sidbäck, Fran stenålder, 19.
109. Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, 176-79.
110. Ibid., 324-25.
111. Saloheimo, Pohjois-Karjalan, 298.
112. Pia Letto-Vanamo, Käräjäyhteison oikeus (Helsinki, 1995), 157.
113. Saloheimo, Pohjois-Karjalan, 299.
114. Johan Stiernhooöök, Åländska domböcker 1641-1643, edited by by John E. Roos (Helsingfors, 1946), 107.
115. Gaunt, "Property and Kin," 261.
116. Murenius, Acta Visitatoria, 227-28.
117. Ibid., 90, 136, 150, 590; Carl Ramsdahl, Del åländska folkets historia II; 1 (Mariehamn, 1988), 104-5; Hans Eyvind Ness, "Void," in Normer og social kontroll I Norden 1550-1850, edited by Kare Tönnesson (Oslo, 1994), 62; Letto-Vanamo, Käräjäyhteisoön, 155-78.
118. Ibid., 90, 136, 150, 590; Carl Ramsdahl, Del åländska folkets historia II; 1 (Mariehamn, 1988), 104-5; Hans Eyvind Ness, "Void," in Normer og social kontroll I Norden 1550-1850, edited by Kare Tönnesson (Oslo, 1994), 62; Letto-Vanamo, Käräjäyhteisoön, 155-78.
119. Ibid., 90, 136, 150, 590; Carl Ramsdahl, Del åländska folkets historia II; 1 (Mariehamn, 1988), 104-5; Hans Eyvind Ness, "Void," in Normer og social kontroll I Norden 1550-1850, edited by Kare Tönnesson (Oslo, 1994), 62; Letto-Vanamo, Käräjäyhteisoön, 155-78.
120. Ibid., 90, 136, 150, 590; Carl Ramsdahl, Del åländska folkets historia II; 1 (Mariehamn, 1988), 104-5; Hans Eyvind Ness, "Void," in Normer og social kontroll I Norden 1550-1850, edited by Kare Tönnesson (Oslo, 1994), 62; Letto-Vanamo, Käräjäyhteisoön, 155-78.
121. Moring, Skärgårdsbor, 168-70.
122. Murenius, Acta Visitatoria, 247.
123. Ibid., 232.
124. Ibid., 144.
125. Ibid., 12.
126. Ibid., 29-30.
127. Ibid., 256.
128. Ibid., 41, 95.
129. Ibid., 142-43.
130. Ibid., 67.
131. Ibid., 57, 152.
132. Ibid., 257.
133. Ibid., 112.
134. Ibid., 113.
135. Ibid., 54.
136. Ibid., 58
137. Ibid., 64.
138. Ibid., 113.
139. Ibid., 108.
140. Ibid., 108-9.
141. Ibid., 580.
142. Stiernhöök, Åländska, 59.
143. Murenius, Acta Visitatoria, 519.
144. Ibid., 29.
145. Ibid.; Gardberg, "Hushållning," 569; O. Reuter, Flickan fran Inderskär (Helsingfors, 1848), 93: L. W. Fagerlund, Anteckningar on Korpo och Houtskärs socknar (Helsingfors, 1878), 55; C. D. Haartman and E. Lönnrot, Neuvoja yhteiselle kansalle Pohjanmaalla (Helsingfors, 1844).
146. Ibid.; Gardberg, "Hushållning," 569; O. Reuter, Flickan fran Inderskär (Helsingfors, 1848), 93: L. W. Fagerlund, Anteckningar on Korpo och Houtskärs socknar (Helsingfors, 1878), 55; C. D. Haartman and E. Lönnrot, Neuvoja yhteiselle kansalle Pohjanmaalla (Helsingfors, 1844).
147. Ibid.; Gardberg, "Hushållning," 569; O. Reuter, Flickan fran Inderskär (Helsingfors, 1848), 93: L. W. Fagerlund, Anteckningar on Korpo och Houtskärs socknar (Helsingfors, 1878), 55; C. D. Haartman and E. Lönnrot, Neuvoja yhteiselle kansalle Pohjanmaalla (Helsingfors, 1844).
148. Ibid.; Gardberg, "Hushållning," 569; O. Reuter, Flickan fran Inderskär (Helsingfors, 1848), 93: L. W. Fagerlund, Anteckningar on Korpo och Houtskärs socknar (Helsingfors, 1878), 55; C. D. Haartman and E. Lönnrot, Neuvoja yhteiselle kansalle Pohjanmaalla (Helsingfors, 1844).
149. Ibid.; Gardberg, "Hushållning," 569; O. Reuter, Flickan fran Inderskär (Helsingfors, 1848), 93: L. W. Fagerlund, Anteckningar on Korpo och Houtskärs socknar (Helsingfors, 1878), 55; C. D. Haartman and E. Lönnrot, Neuvoja yhteiselle kansalle Pohjanmaalla (Helsingfors, 1844).
150. Löfgren, "Family and Household," 44.
151. Carl J. Roos, Observations on life in Replot 1872, FKA (Archive of Popular Culture, Helsinki) Collection 361.