Finite element modeling of neotectonics in New Zealand

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 107, Issue 12, 2002, Pages

  Liu, Zhen ^a   Bird, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Alpine fault; Finite element; Neotectonics; New Zealand; Seismic hazard; Tectonic deformation

Indexed keywords

FAULT; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; HEAT FLOW; NEOTECTONICS; PLATE BOUNDARY; PLATE MOTION; RHEOLOGY; TOPOGRAPHY;

NEW ZEALAND;

EID: 0037727925     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Allis R. G., R. W. Henley, and A. F. Carman, The thermal regime beneath the Southern Alps, in The Origin of the Southern Alps, Bull. R. Soc. N. Z., vol. 18, edited by R. I. Walcott and M. M. Cresswell, pp. 79-85, R. Soc. of N.Z., Wellington, N.Z., 1979.
2. Allis, R. G., and Y. Shi, New insights to temperature and pressure beneath the central Southern Alps, New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 38, 585-592, 1995.
3. Anderson, H. J., T. Webb, and J. Jackson, Focal mechanisms of large earthquakes in the south island of New Zealand: Implications for the accommodation of Pacific-Australia plate motion, Geophys. J. Int., 115, 1032-1054, 1993.
4. Barnes, P. M., B. Mercier de Lepinary, J.-Y. Collot, J. Delteil, and J.-C. Audru, Strain partitioning in the transition area between oblique subduction and continental collision, Hikurangi margin, New Zealand, Tectonics, 17, 534-557, 1998.
5. Batt, G. E., and J. Braun, The tectonic evolution of the Southern Alps, New Zealand: Insights from fully thermally coupled dynamical modelling, Geophys. J. Int., 136, 403-420, 1999.
6. Beanland, S., The North Island dextral fault belt, Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, lodged in the Library, Victoria Univ. of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, 1995.
7. Beanland, S., and J. Haines, The kinematics of active deformation in the North Islands, New Zealand, determined from geological strain rates, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 41, 311-323, 1998.
8. Beaumont, C., P. Fullsack, and J. Hamilton, Styles of crustal deformation in compressional orogens caused by subduction of the underlying lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 232, 119-132, 1994.
9. Beaumont, C., P. J. J. Kamp, J. Hamilton, and P. Fullsack, The continental collision zone, South Island, New Zealand: Comparison of geodynamical models and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3333-3359, 1996.
10. Beavan, J., and H. Haines, Contemporary horizontal velocity and strain rate fields of the Pacific-Australian plate boundary zone through New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 741-770, 2001.
11. Beavan, J., et al., Crustal deformation during 1994-1998 due to oblique continental collision in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand, and implications for seismic potential of the Alpine fault, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 25,233-25,255, 1999.
12. Berryman K., Active faulting and derived PHS directions in the South Island, New Zealand, in The Origin of the Southern Alps, Bull. R. Soc. N. Z., vol. 18, pg. 29-34, edited by R. I. Walcott and M. M. Cresswell, 1979.
13. Berryman, K. R., S. Beanland, A. F. Cooper, N. H. Cutten, R. J. Norris, and P. R. Wood, The Alpine fault, New Zealand: Variation in Quaternary structural style and geomorphic expression, Ann. Tecton., Suppl., 6, 126-163, 1992.
14. Bibby, H. M., T. G. Caldwell, F. J. Davey, and T. H. Webb, Geophysical evidence on the structure of the Taupo Volcanic Zone and its hydrothermal circulation, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 68, 29-58, 1995.
15. Bird, P., Finite element modelling of lithosphere deformation: The ZAGROS collision orogeny, Tectonophysics, 50, 307-336, 1978a.
16. Bird, P., Stress and temperature in subduction shear zones: Tonga and Mariana, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 55, 411-434, 1978b.
17. Bird, P., Computer simulations of Alaskan neotectonics, Tectonics, 15, 225-236, 1996.
18. Bird, P., Testing hypothesis on plate-driving mechanisms with global lithosphere models including topography, thermal structure, and faults, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10,115-10,129, 1998.
19. Bird, P., Thin-plate and thin-shell finite-element programs for forward dynamic modeling of plate deformation and faulting, Comput. Geosci., 25, 383-394, 1999.
20. Bird, P., and X. H. Kong, Computer simulations of California tectonics confirm very low strength of major faults, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 106, 159-174, 1994.
21. Bourne, S. J., P. C. England, and B. Parsons, The motion of crustal blocks driven by flow of the lower lithosphere and implications for slip rates of continental strike-slip faults, Nature, 39, 655-659, 1998.
22. Braun, J., and C. Beaumont, Three-dimensional numerical experiments of strain partitioning at oblique plate boundaries: Implications for contrasting tectonic styles in the southern Coast Ranges, California, and central South Island, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,059-18,074, 1995.
23. Carter, R. M., Post-breakup stratigraphy of the Kaikoura Synthem (Cretaceous-Cenozoic), continental margin, southeastern New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 31, 405-429, 1988.
24. Carter, L., K. B. Lewis, and F. Davey, Faults in Cook Strait and their bearing on the structure of central New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 31, 431-446, 1988.
25. Cooper, A. F., and R. J. Norris, Anatomy, structural evolution, and slip rate of a plate-boundary thrust: The Alpine fault at Gaunt Creek, Westland, New Zealand, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 106, 627-633, 1994.
26. Cowan, H. A., An evaluation of the late Quaternary displacement and seismic hazard associated with the Hope and Kakapo faults, Amuri district, North Canterbury, M.S. thesis, 241 pp., University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1989.
27. Darby, D. J., and J. Beavan, Evidence from GPS measurements for contemporary interplate coupling on the southern Hikurangi subduction thrust and for partitioning of strain in the upper plate, Eos Trans. AGU, 81, F1126, 2000.
28. Darby, D. J., and C. M. Meertens, Terrestrial and GPS measurements of deformation across the Taupo Back Arc and Hikurangi forearc regions in New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8221-8232, 1995.
29. Davey, F. J., T. Henyey, S. Kleffmann, A. Melhuish, D. Okaya, T. A. Stern, and D. J. Woodward, Crustal reflections from the Alpine Fault Zone, South Island, New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 38, 601-604, 1995.
30. Davey, F. J., et al., Preliminary results from a geophysical study across a modern, continent-continent collisional plate boundary: The Southern Alps, New Zealand, Tectonophysics, 288, 221-235, 1998.
31. DeMets, C., R. G. Gordon, D. F. Argus, and S. Stein, Effects of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2191-2194, 1994.
32. Doser, D. I., T. H. Webb, and D. E. Maunder, Source parameters of large historical (1918-1962) earthquakes, South Island, New Zealand, Geophys. J. Int., 139, 769-794, 1999.
33. Funnell, R., D. Chapman, R: Allis, and P. Armstrong, Thermal state of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 25,197-25,215, 1996.
34. Holt, W. E., and A. J. Haines, The kinematics of northern South Island, New Zealand, determined from geologic strain rates, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17,991-18,010, 1995.
35. Kleffmann, S., F. Davey, A. Melhuish, D. Okaya, T. Stern, and T. S. Team, Crustal structure in the central South Island, New Zealand, from the Lake Pukaki seismic experiment, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 41, 39-49, 1998.
36. Knuepfer, P. L. K., Estimating ages of later Quaternary stream terraces from analysis of weathering rinds and soils, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 1224-1236, 1988.
37. Knuepfer, P. L. K., Temporal variations in latest quaternary slip across the Australian-Pacific Plate boundary, northeastern South Island, New Zealand, Tectonics, 11, 449-464, 1992.
38. Kong, X., Numerical modeling of the neotectonics of Asia: A new spherical shell finite element methods with faults, Ph.D. dissertation, 227 pp., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif., 1995.
39. Koons, P. O., Two-sided orogen: Collision and erosion from the sandbox to the Southern Alps, New Zealand, Geology, 18, 679-682, 1990.
40. Koons, P. O., and C. M. Henderson, Geodetic analysis of model oblique collision and comparison to the Southern Alps of New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 38, 545-552, 1995.
41. Lamarche, G., J. M. Bull, P. M. Barnes, S. K. Taylor, and H. Horgan, Constraining fault growth rates and fault evolution in New Zealand, Eos, 81, 481-486, 2000.
42. Lamb, S. H., and H. M. Bibby, The last 25 Ma of rotational deformation in part of the New Zealand plate-boundary zone, J. Struct. Geol., 11, 473-492, 1989.
43. Larson, K. M., J. Freymueller, and S. Philipsen, Global plate velocities from the Global Positioning System, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9961-9981, 1997.
44. Lensen, G. J., Note on fault correlations across Cook Strait, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 1, 263-268, 1958.
45. Lebrun, J.-F., G. Lamarche, J.-Y. Collot, and J. Delteil, Abrupt strike-slip fault to subduction transition: The Alpine Fault-Puysegur Trench connection, New Zealand, Tectonics, 19, 688-706, 2000.
46. Lisowski, M., J. C. Savage, and W. H. Prescott, The velocity field along the San Andreas Fault in central and southern California, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8369-8389, 1991.
47. Litchfield, N. J., and R. J. Norris, Holocene motion on the Akatore fault, south Otago coast, New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 43, 405-418, 2000.
48. Little, T. A., R. Grapes, and G. W. Berger, Late Quaternary strike slip on the eastern part of the Awatere fault, South Island, New Zealand, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 110, 127-148, 1998.
49. Liu Z., and P. Bird, Computer simulation of Neotectonics in Latitudes 22°-70°, western North America (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., 79, F566, 1998.
50. Marson-Pidgeon, K., M. K. Savage, K. Gledhill, and G. Stuart, Seismic anisotropy beneath the lower half of the North Island, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 20,277-20,286, 1999.
51. Melhuish, A., R. Sutherland, F. J. Davey, and G. Lamarche, Crustal structure and neotectonics of the Puysegur oblique subduction zone, New Zealand, Tectonophysics, 313, 335-362, 1999.
52. Merzer, A. M., and R. Freund, Transcurrent faults, Beam theory and the Marlborough fault system, New Zealand, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 38, 553-562, 1974.
53. Molnar, P., et al., Continuous deformation versus faulting through the continental lithosphere of New Zealand, Science, 286, 516-519, 1999.
54. New Zealand Geological Survey, Geological map of New Zealand, 1:1,000,000, Dept. of Sci. and Ind. Res., Wellington, New Zealand, 1972.
55. Norris, R. J., and A. F. Cooper, Origin of small-scale segmentation and transpressional thrusting along the Alpine fault, New Zealand, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107, 231-240, 1995.
56. Norris, R. J., P. O. Koons, and A. F. Cooper, The obliquely-convergent plate boundary in the South Island of New Zealand: Implications for ancient collision zones, J. Struct. Geol., 12, 715-725, 1990.
57. Pandey, O. P., Terrestrial heat flow in the North Island of New Zealand, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 10, 309-316, 1981.
58. Pettinga, J. R., and D. U. Wise, Paleostress adjacent to the Alpine fault: Broader implications from fault analysis near Nelson, South Island, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 2727-2736, 1994.
59. Reyners, M., R. Robinson, and P. McGinty, Plate coupling in the northern south island and southernmost north island, New Zealand, as illuminated by earthquake focal mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15,197-15,210, 1997.
60. Reyners, M., Plate coupling and the hazard of large subduction thrust earthquakes at the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 41, 343-354, 1998.
61. Savage, J. C., A dislocation model of strain accumulation and release at a subduction zone, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 4984-4996, 1983.
62. Shi, Y. L., R. Allis, and F. Davey, Thermal modelling of the southern Alps, New Zealand, Pure Appl. Geophys., 146, 469-500, 1996.
63. Smith, E. G. C., T. Stern, and M. Reyners, Subduction and back-arc activity at the Hikurangi convergent margin, New Zealand, Pure Appl. Geophys., 129, 203-231, 1989.
64. Stern, T. A., and F. J. Davey, A seismic investigation of the crustal and upper mantle structure within the central volcanic region of New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 30, 217-231, 1987.
65. Stern, T., P. Molnar, D. Okaya, and D. Eberhart-Phillips, Teleseismic P wave delays and modes of shortening the mantle lithosphere beneath South Island, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 21,615-21,631, 2000.
66. Studt, F. E., and G. E. K. Thompson, Geothermal heat flow in the North island of New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 12, 673-683, 1969.
67. Stirling, M. W., S. G. Wesnousky, and K. R. Berryman, Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 41, 355-375, 1998.
68. Sutherland, R., Displacement since the Pliocene along the southern section of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, Geology, 22, 327-330, 1994.
69. Sutherland, R., and R. J. Norris, Late quaternary displacement rate, paleoseismicity, and geomorphic evolution of the Alpine fault: Evidence from Hokuri Creek, South Westland, New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 38, 419-430, 1995.
70. Townend, J., Estimates of conductive heat flow through bottom-simulating reflectors on the Hikurangi and southwest Fiordland continental margins, New Zealand, Marine Geology, 141, 209-220, 1997.
71. Townend, J., Heat flow through the west coast, south island, New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 42, 21-31, 1999.
72. Tregoning, P., et al., Determination of current plate motions in Papua New Guinea from Global Positioning System observations, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 12,181-12,205, 1998.
73. Van Dissen, R. J., Later quaternary faulting in the Kaikoura region, southeastern Marlborough, New Zealand, M.S. thesis, 72 pp., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 1989.
74. Van Dissen, R. J., and R. S. Yeats, Hope fault, Jordan thrust, and uplift of the Seaward Kaikoura Range, New Zealand, Geology, 19, 393-396, 1991.
75. Vickery, S., and S. Lamb, Large tectonic rotations since the Early Miocene in a convergent plate-boundary zone, South Island, New Zealand, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 136, 43-59, 1995.
76. Walcott, R. I., Modes of oblique compression: Late Cenozoic tectonics of the south island of New Zealand, Rev. Geophys., 36, 1-26, 1998.
77. Walcott, R. I., D. A. Christoffel, and T. C. Mumme, Bending within the axial tectonic belt of New Zealand in the last 9 Myr from paleomagnetic data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 51, 427-434, 1981.
78. Wellman, H. W., An uplift map for the South Island of New Zealand, and a model for uplift of the Southern Alps, in The Origin of the Southern Alps, Bull. R. Soc. N. Z., vol. 18, edited by R. I. Walcott and M. M. Cresswell, pp. 13-20, R. Soc. of N. Z., Wellington, N.Z., 1979.
79. Wellman, H. W., and S. Uyeda, New Zealand horizontal kinematics, in Geodynamics of the Western Pacific-Indonesian Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 11, edited by T. W. C. Hilde, pp. 423-457, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1983.
80. Wells, A., M. D. Yetton, and R. P. Duncan, Prehistoric dates of the most recent Alpine fault earthquakes, New Zealand, Geology, 27, 995-999, 1999.
81. Whitman, D., The isostatic residual gravity anomaly of the Central Andes, 12° to 29°S: A guide to interpreting crustal structure and deeper lithospheric processes, Int. Geol. Rev., 41, 457-475, 1999.
82. Willett, S. D., Orogency and orography: The effects of erosion on the structure of mountain belts, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 28,957-28,981, 1999.
83. Wilson, C. J. N., B. F. Houghton, M. O. Mcwilliams, M. A. Lanphere, S. D. Weaver, and R. M. Briggs, Volcanic and structural evolution of Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: A review, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 68, 1-28, 1995.
84. Woodward D. J., The crustal structure of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, as determined by gravity, The Origin of the Southern Alps. Bull. R. Soc. N. Z. vol. 18, edited by R. I. Walcott and M. M. Cresswell, pp. 95-98, R. Soc. of N. Z., Wellington, N.Z., 1979.
85. Wright, I. C., Late quaternary faulting of the offshore Whakatane Graben, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 33, 245-256, 1990.
86. Yang, J. S., The Kakapo fault: A major active dextral fault in the central North Canterbury-Buller regions of New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 34, 137-143, 1991.
87. Yeats, R. S., and K. R. Berryman, Northern South Island, New Zealand and Transverse Ranges, California: A tectonic comparison (abstract), Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 17, 420, 1985.
88. Yetton, M. D., and D. C. Nobes, Recent vertical offset and near-surface structure of the Alpine fault in Westland, New Zealand, from ground penetrating radar profiling, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 41, 485-492, 1998.
89. 3(Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Online), 2, 10 May 2001.