Architectural Properties of Distal Forelimb Muscles in Horses, Equus caballus

Journal of Morphology

Volumn 258, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 106-114

  Brown, Nicholas A T ^a,c   Kawcak, Christopher E ^b   McIlwraith, C Wayne ^b   Pandy, Marcus G ^a  

^a The University of Texas at Austin   (United States)

^b Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Architecture; Distal forelimb; Equine; Muscle; Musculoskeletal modeling

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; FORELIMB; HISTOLOGY; HORSE; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ANIMALS; FORELIMB; HORSES; MUSCLE, SKELETAL;

EQUIDAE; EQUUS; EQUUS CABALLUS;

EID: 0037703886     PISSN: 03622525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10113     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Alexander RMcN, Dimery NJ. 1985. Elastic properties of the forefoot of the donkey, Equus asinus. J Zool Lond A 205:511-524.
2. Anderson FC, Pandy MG. 1993. Storage and utilization of elastic strain energy during jumping. J Biomech. 26:1413-1427.
3. Bennett MB, Ker RF, Dimery NJ, Alexander RMcN. 1986. Mechanical properties of various mammalian tendons. J Zool Lond A 209:537-548.
4. Biewener AA. 1998. Muscle-tendon stresses and elastic energy storage during locomotion in the horse. Comp Biochem Physiol B 120:73-87.
5. Brown NAT, Pandy MG, Buford WL, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW. 2003. Moment arms about the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints for flexor and extensor muscles in equine forelimbs. Am J Vet Res 64:351-357.
6. Butcher MT, Ashley-Ross MA. 2002. Fetlock joint kinematics differ with age in thoroughbred racehorses. J Biomech 35:563-571.
7. Clayton HN, Lanovaz JL, Schamhardt HC, Willemen MA, Colborne GR. 1998. Net joint moments and powers in the equine distal forelimb during the stance phase of the trot. Equine Vet J 30:384-389.
8. Dimery NJ, Alexander RMcN, Ker RF. 1986. Elastic extension of leg tendons in the locomotion of horse (Equus caballus). J Zool Lond A 210:415-425.
9. Gordon AM, Huxley AF, Julian FJ. 1966. The variation in isometric tension with sarcomeres length in vertebrate muscle fibers. J Physiol 184:170-192.
10. Grandage J. 1981. Penniform muscles of the equine distal forelimb. J Anat Abstr 132:318.
11. Hagen R, McGuigan MP, Wilson AM. 2002. The architecture of the digital flexor muscles of the equine distal forelimb. Comp Biochem Physiol A 132A:77.
12. Hermanson JW. 1997. Architecture and the division of labor in the extensor carpi radialis muscle of horses. Acta Anat 159: 127-135.
13. Hermanson JW, Cobb MA. 1992. Four forearm flexor muscles of the horse, Equus caballus - anatomy and histochemistry. J Morphol 212:269-280.
14. Jansen MO, van Raaij JAGM, van den Bogert AJ, Schamhardt HC, Hartman W. 1992. Quantitative analysis of computer-averaged electromyographic profiles of intrinsic limb muscles in ponies at the walk. Am J Vet Res 53:2343-2349.
15. Jansen MO, van den Bogert AJ, Riemersma DJ, Schamhardt HC. 1993. In vivo tendon forces in the forelimb of ponies at the walk, validated by ground reaction force measurements. Acta Anat 146:162-167.
16. Ker RF, Alexander RMcN, Bennett MB. 1988. Why are mammalian tendons so thick? J Zool Lond A 216:309-324.
17. Lochner FK, Milne DW, Mills EJ, Groom JJ. 1980. In vivo and in vitro measurement of tendon strain in the horse. Am J Vet Res 41:1929-1937.
18. McMahon TA. 1984. Muscles, reflexes, and locomotion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
19. Meershoek LS, Lanovaz JL. 2001. Sensitivity analysis and application to trotting of a noninvasive method to calculate flexor tendon forces in the equine distal forelimb. Am J Vet Res 62:1594-1598.
20. Meershoek LS, Schamhardt HC, Roepstroff L, Johnston C. 2001a. Forelimb tendon loading during jump landings and the influence of fence height. Equine Vet J Suppl 33:6-10.
21. Meershoek LS, van den Bogert AJ, Schamhardt HC. 2001b. Model formulation and determination of in vitro parameters of a noninvasive method to calculate flexor tendon forces in the equine distal forelimb. Am J Vet Res 62:1585-1593.
22. Pandy MG. 2001. Computer modeling and simulation of human movement. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 3:245-273.
23. Rome LC, Sosnicki AA, Goble DO. 1990. Maximum velocity of shortening of three fiber types from horse soleus muscle: implications for scaling with body size. J Physiol 431:173-185.
24. Sacks RD, Roy RR. 1982. Architecture of the hind limb muscles of cats: Functional significance. J Morphol 173:185-195.
25. Spector SA, Gardiner PF, Zernicke RF, Roy RR, Edgerton VR. 1980. Muscle architecture and force-velocity characteristics of cat soleus and medial gastrocnemius: implications for motor control. J Neurophysiol 44:951-960.
26. Wickiewicz TL, Roy RR, Powell PL. 1983. Muscle architecture of the human lower limb. Clin Orthop Rel Res 179:275-283.
27. Wilson AM, McGuigan MP, Su A, van den Bogert AJ. 2001. Horses damp the spring in their step. Nature 414:895-899.
28. Zajac FE. 1989. Muscle and tendon: properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 17:359-411.
29. Zarucco L, Swanstrom MD, Hubbardt M, Hawkins D, Driessen B, Steffy EP, Stover SM. 2000. In-vivo study of forelimb superficial and deep digital flexor muscle isometric force characteristics in thoroughbred horses. Vet Surg 29:484.