Beyond the 12 lead: Review of the use of additional leads for the early electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction

Emergency Medicine

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 143-154

  Carley, Simon D ^a,b  

^a WYTHENSHAWE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Body surface mapping; Diagnosis; Electrocardiography; Myocardial infarction; Posterior infarction; Right ventricular infarction

Indexed keywords

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ELECTRODIAGNOSIS; EMERGENCY WARD; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; PHYSICIAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STANDARD; THORAX PAIN;

BODY SURFACE POTENTIAL MAPPING; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTRODES; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0037695118     PISSN: 10356851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-2026.2003.00431.x     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Matteucci C. Sur un phenomene physiologique prodiut par les muscles en contraction. Ann. Chim. Phys 1842; 6: 339-41.
2. Fye WB. A History of the origin, evolution and impact of electrocardiography. Am. J. Card. 2001; 73: 937-49.
3. Waller AD. A demonstration on man of electromotive changes accompanying the hearts beat. J. Physiol. 1887; 8: 229-34.
4. Einthoven W. The different forms of the human electrocardiogram and their significance. Lancet 1912; 1: 853.
5. Wolferth CC, Wood FC. The electrocardiographic diagnosis of coronary occlusion by the use of chest leads. Am. J. Sci. 1932; 183: 30-5.
6. Wilson FN, MacLeod AG, Barker PS, Johnstone FD, Klostermeyer LL. The electrocardiogram in myocardial infarction with particular reference to the initial deflections of the ventricular complex. Heart 1933; 16: 155-99.
7. Wilson FN, MacLeod AG, Barker PS. The potential variations produced by the heart beat at the apices of Einthovens triangle. Am. Heart J. 1931; 7: 207-11.
8. Kossman CE, Johnstone FD. The precordial electrocardiogram. Am. Heart J. 1935; 10: 925-41.
9. Editorial. Precordial leads in electrocardiography. Lancet 1938; 37.
10. Committee of the Cardiac Society of Great Britain and Ireland and Committee of the American Heart Association. Standardisation of precordial leads. Lancet 1938; 221.
11. Barnes AR, Pardee HEB, White PD, Wilson FN, Wolferth CC. Standardisation of precordial leads: Supplementary report. Am. Heart J. 1938; 15: 235-9.
12. Barnes AR, Pardee HEB, White PD, Wilson FN, Wolferth CC. Standardisation of precordial leads. Am. Heart J. 1938; 15: 107-8.
13. Goldberger E. A simple, indifferent, electrocardiographic electrode of zero potential and a technique of obtaining augmented, unipolar, extremety leads. Am. Heart J. 2001; 23: 483-92.
14. Speake D, Terry P. First ECG in chest pain. Emerg Med J. 2001; 18: 61-2.
15. Kornreich F. Identification of best electrocardiographic leads for diagnosing acute myocardial ischemia. J. Electrocardiol. 1998; 31 (Suppl.): 157-63.
16. Kornreich F, Montague TJ, Rautaharju PM. Body surface potential mapping of ST segment changes in acute myocardial infarction. Implications for ECG enrollment criteria for thrombolytic therapy. Circulation 1993; 87: 773-82.
17. Kornreich F, Lux RL, MacLeod RS. Map representation and diagnostic performance of the standard 12-lead ECG. J. Electrocardiol. 1995; 28 (Suppl. 3)
18. Schamroth L, Schamroth C. An Introduction to Electrocardiology, 7th edn. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990.
19. Haji SA, Movahed A. Right Ventricular Infarction - Diagnosis Treatment. Clin. Cardiol. 1999; 23: 473-82.
20. Andersen HR, Falk E, Nielsen D. Right ventricular infarction: frequency, size and topography in coronary heart disease: a prospective study comprising 107 consecutive autopsies from a coronary care unit. J Am. College Cardiol. 1987; 32: 1223-322.
21. Haji SA, Movahed A. Right ventricular infarction - diagnosis and treatment. [Review] [101 refs]. Clin. Cardiol. 2000; 23: 473-82.
22. Zehender M, Kasper W, Kauder E, Schonthaler M, Olschewski M, Just H. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy, time dependency, and prognostic impact of abnormal Q waves, combined electrocardiographic criteria, and ST segment abnormalities in right ventricular infarction. Br. Heart J. 1994; 72: 119-24.
23. Robalino BD, Whitlow PL, Underwood DA, Salcedo EE. Electrocardiographic manifestations of right ventricular infarction. Am. Heart J. 1989; 118:138-444.
24. Correale E, Battista R., Martone A, et al. Electrocardiographic patterns in acute inferior myocardial infarction with and without right ventricle involvement: classification, diagnostic and prognostic value, masking effect. Clin. Cardiol. 1999; 22: 37-44.
25. Andersen HR, Nielsen D, Lund O, Falk E. Prognostic significance of right ventricular infarction diagnosed by ST elevation in right chest leads V3R to V7R. Int. J. Cardiol. 1989; 23 (3): 349-56.
26. Yoshino H, Udagawa H, Shimizu H, et al. ST-segment elevation in right precordial leads implies depressed right ventricular function after acute inferior myocardial infarction. [erratum appears in Am. Heart J 1998 July; 136 (1):5]. Am. Heart J. 1998; 135: 689-95.
27. Brady WJ. Acute posterior wall myocardial infarction: electrocardiographic manifestations. Am. J. Emergency Med. 1998; 16: 409-13.
28. Khaw K, Moreyra AE, Tannenbaum AK, Hosler MN, Brewer TJ, Agarwal JB. Improved detection of posterior myocardial wall ischemia with the 15-lead electrocardiogram. Am. Heart J. 1999; 138: t-40.
29. Wung SF, Drew BJ. New electrocardiographic criteria for posterior wall acute myocardial ischemia validated by a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty model of acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 2001; 87: 970-4.
30. Agarwal JB, Khaw K, Aurignac F, LoCurto A. Importance of posterior chest leads in patients with suspected myocardial infarction, but nondiagnostic, routine 12-lead electrocardiogram. Am. J. Cardiol. 1999; 83: 323-6.
31. Matetzky S, Freimark D, Feinberg MS, et al. Acute myocardial infarction with isolated ST-segment elevation in posterior chest leads V7-9: 'hidden' ST-segment elevations revealing acute posterior infarction. J. Am. College Cardiol. 1999; 34: 748-53.
32. Oraii S, Maleki M, Tavakolian AA, Eftekharzadeh M, Kamangar F, Mirhaji R Prevalence and outcome of ST-segment elevation in posterior electrocardiographic leads during acute myocardial infarction. J. Electrocardiol. 1999; 32: 275-8.
33. Matetzky S, Freimark D, Chouraqui P, et al. Significance of ST segment elevations in posterior chest leads (V7 to V9) in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction: application for thrombolytic therapy. J. Am. College Cardiol. 1998; 31: 506-11.
34. Waller AD. The electromotive properties of the human heart. BMJ. 1888; 2: 751-4.
35. Waller AD. On the elctromotive changes connected with the bbeat of the mammalian heart and the human heart in particular. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. 1889; 180: 169-94.
36. Spach MS, Barr RC, Warren RB, Benson DW, Walston A, Edwards SB. Isopotential body surface mapping in subjects of all ages: emphasis on low-level potentials with analysis of the method. Circulation 1979; 59: 805-21.
37. Walker SJ, Bell AJ, Loughhead MG, Lavercombe PS, Kilpatrick D. Spatial distribution and prognostic significance of ST segment potential determined by body surface mapping in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction. Circulation 1987; 76: 289-97.
38. Taccardi B. Distribution of heart potentials on the thoracic surface of normal human subjects. Circulation Res. 1963; 12: 341-52.
39. Muller JE, Maroko PR, Braunwald E. Evaluation of precordial electrocardiographic mapping as a means of assessing changes in myocardial ischemic injury. Circulation 1975; 52: 16-27.
40. Muller JE, Maroko PR, Braunwald E. Precordial electrocardiographic mapping. A technique to assess the efficacy of interventions designed to limit infarct size. [Review] [169 Refs]. Circulation 1978; 57:1-18.
41. Wung SF, Drew B. Comparison of 18-lead ECG and selected body surface potential mapping leads in determining maximally deviated ST lead and efficacy in detecting acute myocardial ischemia during coronary occlusion. J. Electrocardiol. 1999; 32 (Suppl.): 30-37.
42. Lux RL, MacLeod RS, Fuller M, Green LS, Kornreich F. Estimating ECG distributions from small numbers of leads. J. Electrocardiol. 1995; 28 (Suppl.8).
43. Menown IB, Allen J, Anderson JM, Adgey AA. Early diagnosis of right ventricular or posterior infarction associated with inferior wall left ventricular acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 2000; 8: 934-88.
44. ACC/AHA. Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Available from: http://wwwaccorg2001.
45. Brady WJ, Hwang V, Sullivan R, et al. A comparison of 12- and 15-lead ECGS in ED chest pain patients: impact on diagnosis, therapy, and disposition. Am. J. Emergency Med. 2000; 18: 239-43.
46. Candell-Riera J, Figueras J, Valle V, et al. Right ventricular infarction: relationships between ST segment elevation in V4R and hemodynamic, scintigraphic, and echocardiographic findings in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J. 1981; 101: 281-7.
47. Croft CH, Nicod P, Corbett JR, et al. Detection of acute right ventricular infarction by right precordial electrocardiography. Am. J. Cardiol. 1982; 50: 421-7.
48. Klein HO, Tordjman T, Ninio R, et al. The early recognition of right ventricular infarction: diagnostic accuracy of the electrocardiographic V4R lead. Circulation 1983; 67: 558-655.
49. Braat SH, Brugada P, de Zwaan C, Coenegracht JM, Wellens HJ. Value of electrocardiogram in diagnosing right ventricular involvement in patients with an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. Br. Heart J. 1983; 49: 368-722.
50. Braat SH, Brugada P, De Zwaan C, Den Dulk K, Wellens HJ. Right and left ventricular ejection fraction in acute inferior wall infarction with or without ST segment elevation in lead V4R. J. Am. College Cardiol. 1984; 4: 940-4.
51. Morgera T, Alberti E, Silvestri F, Pandullo C, Della Mea MT, Camerini F. Right precordial ST and QRS changes in the diagnosis of right ventricular infarction. Am. Heart J. 1984; 108:13-88.
52. Lopez-Sendon J, Coma-Canella I, Alcasena S, Seoane J, Gamallo C. Electrocardiographic findings in acute right ventricular infarction, sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiographic alterations in right precordial leads V4R, V3R, V1, V2, and V3. J. Am. College Cardiol 1985; 6: 1273-99.
53. Coma-Canella I, Lopez-Sendon J, Alcasena S, Garcia C, Gamallo C, Jadraque LM. Electrocardiographic alterations in leads V1 to V3 in the diagnosis of right and left ventricular infarction. Am. Heart J. 1986; 112: 940-46.
54. Andersen HR, Falk E, Nielsen D. Right ventricular infarction: diagnostic accuracy of electrocardiographic right chest leads V3R to V7R investigated prospectively in 43 consecutive fatal cases from a coronary care unit. [erratum appears in Br. Heart J 1989 October; 62 (4): 328]. Br. Heart J. 1989; 61: 514-200.
55. Zalenski RJ, Rydman RJ Sloan EP, et al. Value of posterior and right ventricular leads in comparison to the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram in evaluation of ST-segment elevation in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 1997; 79: 1579-85.
56. Zalenski RJ, Cooke D, Rydman R., Sloan EP, Murphy DG. Assessing the diagnostic value of an ECG containing leads V4R, V8, and V9: the 15-lead ECG. Ann. Emergency Med. 1993; 22: 786-93.
57. Melendez LJ, Jones DT, Salcedo JR. Usefulness of three additional electrocardiographic chest leads (V7, V8, and V9) in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Can Med, Assoc. J. 1978; 119:745-8.
58. Kornreich F, Rautaharju PM, Warren J, Montague TJ, Horacek BM. Identification of best electrocardiographic leads for diagnosing myocardial infarction by statistical analysis of body surface potential maps. Am. J. Cardiol. 1985; 56: 852-6.
59. McMechan SR, MacKenzie G, Allen J, et al. Body surface ECG potential maps in acute myocardial infarction. J. Electrocardiol. 1995; 28 (Suppl.): 184-90.
60. Menown IBA, Patterson RSHW, MacKenzie G, Adgey AAJ. Body-surface map models for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Electrocardiology 1998; 31 (Suppl.): 188.
61. Katz-Waller E. Available from: http://chemchhujiacil/~eugeniik/ history/wallerhtml 2002.