Fission and fusion of parties in Estonia, 1987-1999

Journal of Baltic Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 329-357

  Grofman, Bernard ^a   Mikkel, Evald ^b,c   Taagepera, Rein ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TARTU   (Estonia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037582375     PISSN: 01629778     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01629770000000141     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Arter, David. "Estonia After the March 1995 Riigikogu Elections: Still an Anti-Party System?" Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 11.3 (1995): 249-71.
2. _. Parties and Democracy in the Post-Soviet Republics: The Case of Estonia. Brookfield, VT. and Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1996.
3. Berglund, Sten, Tomas Hellén, and Frank H. Aarebrot, eds. The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 1998.
4. Clark, Terry D. "The 1996 Elections to the Lithuanian Seimas and Their Aftermath." Journal of Baltic Studies 29.2 (1998): 135-48.
5. Daatland, Christer D. From Confusion to Clarity? A Study of Influential Factors Behind the Estonian Party System. Bergen: University of Bergen, 1997.
6. Dawisha, Karen and Bruce Parrott, eds. The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
7. Duverger, Maurice. Political Parties, Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State 2nd ed. (Trans. Barbara and Robert North. New York: Wiley, 1959.
8. Estonian Electoral Commission. Vabariigi presidendi ja Riigikogu valimised 1992: Dokumente ja materjale [The 1992 elections of the president of the republic and the parliament: Documents and materials]. Tallinn, 1992.
9. Grofman, Bernard, Evald Mikkel and Rein Taagepera. "Electoral System Change in Estonia, 1989-1993." Journal of Baltic Studies 30.3 (1999): 227-49.
10. Harmel, Robert and Kenneth Janda. Parties and Their Environments: Limits to Reform? New York: Longman, 1982.
11. Jasiewicz, K. "The Resurrection of Rights in Poland." Political Science Quarterly 109.4 (1994): 710-11.
12. Katz, R.S., and P. Mair. "Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party." Party Politics 1.1 (1995): 5-28.
13. Kirch, Aksel. "Estonian and Russian National Identities in a Comparative Perspective." Changing Identities in Estonia: Sociological Facts and Commentaries. Marika Kirch and David D. Laitin, eds. Tallinn: Akadeemia Trükk, 1994. 31-41.
14. _, Marika Kirch and Tarmo Tuisk. "Russians in the Baltic States: To Be or Not To Be?" Journal of Baltic Studies 24.2 (1993): 173-88.
15. Kitschelt, Herbert. "Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Europe: Theoretical Propositions." Party Politics 1.3 (1995): 447-72.
16. Kitschelt, Herbert, et al. Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
17. Kivirähk, J., R. Rosimannus and I. Pajumaa. "The Premises for Democracy: A Study of Political Values in Post-Independent Estonia." Journal of Baltic Studies 24.2 (1993): 149-60.
18. Krupavicius, Algis. "The Post-Communist Transition and Institutionalization of Lithuania's Parties." Political Studies 46 (1998): 465-91.
19. Kopecky, Petr. "Developing Party Organizations in East-Central Europe." Party Politics 1.4 (1995): 515-34.
20. Lagerspetz, Mikko and Henri Vogt. Estonia.. Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe. Steen Berglund, ed Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1998.
21. Laver, Michael, and Kenneth Shepsle. "Events, Equilibria, and Government Survival." American Journal of Political Science 42.1 (1998): 28-54.
22. _. "How Political Parties Emerged from the Primeval Slime: Party Cohesion, Party Discipline, and the Formation of Governments." Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government. Shaun Bowler, David M. Farrell, and Richard S. Katz, eds. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999.23-48.
23. Lewis, Paul G., ed. Party Structure and Organization in East-Central Europe. Cheltenham, and Brookfield: Elgar, 1996.
24. Lijphart, Arend. Democracies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.
25. Lipset, Seymour Martin and Stein Rokkan, eds. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-national Perspectives. New York: Free Press, 1967.
26. Maley, William. "Does Russia Speak for Baltic Russians?" The World Today, January 1995, 4-6.
27. Norgaard, Ole. The Baltic States after Independence. Cheltenham and Brookfield: Elgar, 1996.
28. _, Lars Johannsen, and Anette Pedersen. "The Baltic Republics: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania: The Development of Multi-party Systems." Political Parties of Eastern Europe, Russia and the Successor States. Bojdan Szaikowski, ed. Essex: Longman, 1994. 71-77.
29. _, Lars Johannsen, Mette Skak and Rene Hauge Sorensen. The Baltic States After Independence. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999.
30. Olson, M. David. "Political Parties and Party Systems in Regime Transformation: Inner Transition in the New Democracies of Central Europe." The American Review of Politics 14 (Winter 1993): 619-58.
31. Pammett, Jon H. and Joan DeBardeleben. "Political Parties and Elections in Russia: Their Popular Relevance." Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Boston, September 3-6, 1998.
32. Pettai, Vello and Marcus Kreuzer. "Party Politics in the Baltic States: Social Bases and Institutional Context." East European Politics and Societies 13.1 (1999).
33. Pridham, Geoffrey and Paul G. Lewis, eds. Stabilizing Fragile Democracies: Comparing new party systems in Southern and Eastern Europe. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.
34. Raitviir, Tiina. "Eesti poliitiliste jõudude tekkimine ja ümberkujunemine [The formation and transformation of Estonian political forces]. Hommikuleht [Morning Paper, Tallinn], 30 June, 1, 2, 6, 8 and 11 July, 1994.
35. _. Elections in Estonia During the Transition Period: A Comparative Study (1989-1993). Tallinn: Estonian Academy Publishers, 1996.
36. Rose, Richard and William Maley. Nationalities in the Baltic States: A Survey Study. Studies in Public Policy 222 (1994).
37. Taagepera, Rein. Estonia: Return to Independence. Boulder: Westview, 1993.
38. _. "Estonian Parliamentary Elections, March 1995." Electoral Studies 14.3 (1995): 328-31.
39. Toomla, Rein. Eesti erakonnad [Estonian parties]. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus, 1999.
40. Vetik, Raivo. "Ethnic Conflict and Accommodation in Post-Communist Estonia." Journal of Peace Research 30.3 (1993): 271-80.
41. Wiatr, Jerzy J., ed. Special issue on "Elections and Parliaments in Post-Communist East Central Europe." International Political Science Review 18.4 (1997).
42. Wightman, Gordon, ed. Party Formation in East-Central Europe. Cheltenham, and Brookfield: Elgar, 1995.
43. Yanai, Nathan. "Why Do Political Parties Survive?" Party Politics 5.1 (1999): 5-17.