A coupled climate model simulation of the last glacial maximum, Part 2: Approach to equilibrium

Climate Dynamics

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 635-661

  Kim, S J ^a   Flato, G M ^b   Boer, G J ^b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; CLIMATE MODELING; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOTEMPERATURE;

EID: 0037533731     PISSN: 09307575     EISSN: 14320894     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00382-002-0292-2     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Aeschbach-Hertig W, Peeters F, Beyerle U, Kipfer R (2000) Paleotemperature reconstruction from noble gases in ground water taking into account equilibration with entrapped air. Nature 405: 1040-1044
2. Antoine P, Rousseau D-D, Zöller L, Lang A, Munaut A-V, Hatté C, Fontugne M (2001) High-resolution record of the last Interglacial-glacial cycle in the Nussloch loess-palaeosol sequences, Upper Rhine Area, Germany. Quat Intl 76/77: 211-229
3. Bard E, Rostek F, Sonzognl C (1997) Interhemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation inferred from alkenone paleothermometry. Nature 385: 707-710
4. Barrows TT, Juggins P, Deckker De, Theide J, Martinez JI (2000) Sea-surface temperatures of the southwest Pacific Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography 15: 95-109
5. 2. Nature 329: 408-418
6. Beck JW, Recy J, Taylor F, Edwards RL, Cabioch G (1997) Abrupt changes in early Holocene tropical sea surface temperature derived from coral records. Nature 385: 705-710
7. Boer GJ (1993) Climate change and the regulation of the surface moisture and energy budgets. Clim Dyn 8: 225-239
8. Boer GJ, Lambert SJ (2001) Second-order space-time climate difference statistics. Clim Dyn 17: 213-218
9. Boer GJ, Yu B (2002) Climate sensitivity and response. Clim Dyn (in press)
10. Boer GJ, McFarlane NA, Lazare M (1992) Greenhouse gas-induced climate change simulated with the CCC second-generation general circulation model. J Clim 5: 1045-1077
11. Boer GJ, Flato G, Reader MC, Ramsden D (2000) A transient climate change simulation with greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing: experimental design and comparison with the instrumental record for the twentieth century. Clim Dyn 16: 405-425
12. 13C paleochemical ocean distributions during the stage 2 glacial maximum. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 20: 245-287
13. Boyle EA, Keigwin L (1982) Deep circulation of the North Atlantic over the last 200,000 years: geochemical evidence. Science 218: 784-787
14. Boyle EA, Keigwin L (1987) North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past 20,000 years linked to high-latitude surface temperature. Nature 330: 35-40
15. Broccoli AJ (2000) Tropical cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum: an atmosphere-mixed layer ocean model simulation. J Clim 13: 951-976
16. Broecker WS (1986) Oxygen isotope constraints on surface ocean temperatures. Quat Res 26: 121-134
17. Burkle LH, Robinson D, Cooke D (1982) Reappraisal of sea-ice distribution in Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean at 18,000 yr BP. Nature 299: 435-437
18. Bush AB, Philander SG (1999) The climate of the Last Glacial Maximum: results from a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. J Geophys Res 24: 24,509-24,525
19. CLIMAP (1976) The surface of the Ice-Age Earth. Science 191: 1131-1136
20. CLIMAP (1981) Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum. Geol Soc Am Map Chart Ser, MC-36
21. Colinvaux PA, De Oliveira PE, Moreno JE, Miller MC, Bush MB (1996) A long pollen record from lowland Amazonia: forest and cooling in glacial times. Science 274: 85-88
22. Crowley TJ, Parkinson CL (1988) Late Pleistocene variations in Antarctic sea ice I: effects of orbital insolation changes. Clim Dyn 3: 85-91
23. Crowley TJ, North GR (1991) Paleoclimatology. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 18. Oxford University Press, New York
24. Crowley TJ, Baum SK (1997) Effect of vegetation on an ice-age climate model simulation. J Geophys Res 102: 16,463-16,480
25. Curry WB, Lohman (1982) Carbon isotope changes in benthic foraminifera from the western South Atlantic: reconstruction of glacial abyssal circulation patterns. Quat Res 18: 218-235
26. 2 between the last glaciation and the Holocene. Paleoceanography 3: 317-342
27. DeAngelis M, Barkov NI, Petrov VN (1987) Aerosol concentrations over the last climatic cycle (160 kyr) from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 325: 318-321
28. De Vernal A, Hillaire-Marcel C, Turon J-L, Matthiessen J (2000) Reconstruction of sea-surface temperature, salinity, and sea-ice cover in the northern North Atlantic during the last glacial maximum based on dinocyst assemblages. Can J Earth Sci 37: 725-750
29. Duplessy J-C, Moyes J, Pujol C (1980) Deep water formation in the North Atlantic ocean during the last ice age. Nature 286: 476-482
30. Duplessy J-C, Shackleton NJ, Fairbanks RG, Labeyrie L, Oppo D, Kallel N (1988) Deep water source variations during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the global deepwater circulation. Paleoceanography 3: 343-360
31. 18O of surface ocean waters inferred from foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios. Nature 405: 442-445
32. Fairbanks RG (1989) A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature 342: 637-642
33. Farrera I, Harrison SP, Prentice IC, Ramstein G, Guiot J, Bartlein PJ, Bonnefille R, Bush M, Cramer W, von Grafienstein U, Holmgren K, Hooghiemstra H, Hope G, Jolly D, Lauritzen S-E, Ono Y, Pinot S, Stute M, Yu G (1999) Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum: a new synthesis of terrestrial paleoclimate data. I. Vegetation, lake-levels and geochemistry. Clim Dyn 15: 823-856
34. Fichefet T, Hovine A, Dupplessy J-C (1994) A model study of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the last glacial maximum. Nature 372: 252-255
35. Flato GM, Hibler III WD (1992) Modelling pack ice as a cavitating fluid. J Phys Oceanogr 22: 626-651
36. Flato GM, Boer GJ (2001) Warming asymmetry in climate change simulations. Geophys Res Lett 28: 195-198
37. Flato GM, Boer GJ, Lee WG, McFarlane NA, Ramsden D, Reader MC, Weaver AJ (2000) The Canadian Centre Climate Modelling and Analysis global coupled model and its climate. Clim Dyn 16: 451-467
38. Ganopolski A, Rahmstorf S, Petoukhov V, Claussen M (1998) Simulation of modern and glacial climates with a coupled global model of intermediate complexity, Nature 391: 351-356
39. Gates WL (1976) Modelling the Ice-Age climate. Science 191: 1138-1144
40. Gent PR, McWilliams JC (1990) Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J Phys Ocenaogr 20: 150-155
41. Greatbatch RJ, Fanning AF, Goulding AD, Levitus S (1991) A diagnosis of interpentadal circulation changes in the North Atlantic. J Geophys Res 96: 22,009-22,023
42. Guilderson TP, Fairbanks RG, Rubenstone JL (1994) Tropical temperature variations since 20,000 years ago: modulating inter-hemispheric climate change. Science 263: 663-665
43. Hall IR, McCave N, Shackleton NJ, Weedon GP, Harris SE (2001) Intensified deep Pacific inflow and ventilation in Pleistocene glacial times. Nature 412: 809-812
44. Holland WR (1973) Baroclinic and topographic influences on the transport in western boundary currents. Geophys Fluid Dyn 4: 187-210
45. Hansen J, Sato M, Ruedy R (1997) Radiative forcing and climate response. J Geophys Res 102: 6831-6864
46. Harvey LD (1986) Computational efficiency and accuracy of methods for asynchronously coupling atmosphere-ocean climate models. Part II: testing with a seasonal cycle. J Phys Oceanogr 16: 11-24
47. Hewitt CD, Broccoli AC, Mitchell JF, Stouffer RJ (2001) A coupled model study of the Last Glacial Maximum: was part of the North Atlantic relatively warm? Geophys Res Lett 28: 1571-1574
48. Hughes CW, De Cuevas BA (2001) Why western boundary currents in realistic ocean are inviscid: a link between form stress and bottom pressure torques. J Phys Oceanogr 31: 2871-2885
49. Janecek TR, Rea DK (1985) Quaternary fluctuations in the Northern Hemisphere trade winds and westerlies. Quat Res 24: 150-163
50. Joussaume S, Taylor KE (2000) The paleoclimate modeling intercomparison project (PIMIP). In: Braconnot P (ed) Proc third PIMIP Workshop, Canada, pp 9-24
51. Kim S-J, Flato GM, Boer GJ, McFarlane NA (2002) A coupled climate model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum, Part I: transient multi-decadal response. Clim Dyn 19: 515-537
52. Kitoh A, Murakami S, Koide H (2001) A simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM. Geophys Res Lett 28: 2221-2224
53. Kohfeld KE, Harrison SP (2000) How well can we simulate past climates? Evaluating the models using global paleoenvironmental datasets. Quat Sci Rev 19: 321-346
54. Kutzbach JE, Guetter P (1986) The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18,000 years. J Atmos Sci 43: 1726-1738
55. Ledbetter MT (1984) Bottom-current speed in the Vema Channel recorded by particle size of sediment fine-fraction. Mar Geol 58: 137-149
56. Lynch-Stieglitz J, Curry WB, Slowey N (1999) Weaker Gulf Stream in the Florida Straits during the last glacial maximum. Nature 402: 644-648
57. Manabe S, Bryan K (1969) Climate calculations with a combined ocean-atmosphere model. J Atmos Sci 26: 786-789
58. Manabe S, Hahn DG (1977) Simulation of the tropical climate of an ice age. J Geophys Res 82: 3889-3911
59. Manabe S, Broccoli AJ (1985) The influence of continental ice sheets on the climate of an ice age. J Geophys Res 90: 2167-2190
60. Manabe S, Stouffer RJ (1988) Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J Clim 1: 841-866
61. 2, Part I: annual mean response. J Clim 4: 785-818
62. Martinez JI, De Deckker P, Chivas AR (1997) New estimates for salinity changes in the Western Pacific Warm Pool during the last glacial maximum: oxygen-isotopoe evidence. Mar Micropal 32: 311-340
63. McCulloch MT, Tudhope AW, East TM, Mortimer GE, Chappell J, Pillans B, Chivas AR, Omura A (1999) Coral record of equatorial sea-surface temperature during the penultimate deglaciation at Huon Peninsula. Science 283: 202-204
64. McFarlane NA, Boer GJ, Blanchet J-P, Lazare M (1992) The Canadian Climate Centre second-generation general circulation model and its equilibrium climate. J Clim 5(10): 1013-1044
65. Mix AC, Morey AE, Pisias G, Hostetler SW (1999) Foraminiferal faunal estimates of paleotemperature: circumventing the no-analog problem yields cool ice age tropics. Paleoceanography 14: 350-359
66. Molina-Cruz A (1977) The relations of the Southern trade winds to upwelling processes during the last 75,000 years. Quat Res 8: 324-338
67. Oppo DW, Fairbanks RG (1987) Variability in the deep and intermediate water circulation of the Atlantic Ocean during the past 25,000 years: Northern Hemisphere modulation of the Southern Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Let 86: 1-15
68. 13C evidence. Paleoceanography 15: 147-160
69. Oppo DW, Rosenthal Y (1994) Cd/Ca changes in deep Cape Basin core over the past 730,000 years: response of circumpolar deepwater variability to Northern Hemisphere ice sheet melting? Paleoceanography 9: 661-675
70. Pacanowski RC, Dixon K, Rosati A (1993) The GFDL modular ocean model users guide. GFDL Ocean Group Tech Rep 2. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, USA, pp 46
71. Peltier WR (1994) Ice age paleotopography. Science 265: 195-201
72. Petit JR, Briat M, Royer A (1981) Ice age aerosol content from East Antarctic ice core samples and past wind strength. Nature 293: 391-394
73. 18O as an indicator of tropical climate during the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophys Res Lett 26: 1345-1348
74. Rind D, Peteet D (1985) Terrestrial conditions and the Last Glacial Maximum and CLIMAP sea surface temperature estimates: are they consistent? Quat Res 24: 1-22
75. Rutberg RL, Hemming SR, Goldstein SL (2000) Reduced North Atlantic Deep Water flux to the glacial Southern Ocean inferred from neodymium isotope ratios. Nature 405: 935-938
76. Sarnthein M, Tetzlaff G, Koopman B, Wolter K, Pflaumann U (1981) Glacial and interglacial wind regimes over the eastern subtropical Atlantic and northwest Africa. Nature 293: 193-196
77. 2, reservoirs of the deep ocean and atmosphere during the last 21,000 years. Paleoceanography 3: 361-399
78. Sarnthein M, Winn K, Jung SJA, Duplessy J-C, Labeyrie L, Erienkeuser H, Ganssen G (1994) Changes in east Atlantic deep water circulation over the last 30,000 years: eight time slice reconstructions. Paleoceanography 9: 209-269
79. Sausen R, Voss R (1996) Techniques for asynchronous and periodically-synchronous coupling of atmosphere and ocean models. Part I: general strategy and application to the cyclostationary case. Clim Dyn 12: 313-323
80. Schlesinger ME (1979) Discussion of "A global ocean-atmosphere model with seasonal variation for future studies of climate sensitivity". Dyn Atmos Oceans 3: 427-432
81. Schrag DP, Hampt G, Murray DW (1996) Pore fluid constraints on the temperature and oxygen isotopic composition of the glacial ocean. Science 272: 1930-1932
82. Semtner AJ (1976) A model for thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate. J Phys Oceanogr 6: 379-389
83. 18O and foraminiferal assemblage temperature estimates. Paleoceanography 9: 31-45
84. Stouffer RJ, Manabe S (1999) Response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: sensitivity to the rate of increase. J Clim 12: 2224-2237
85. Street-Perrott FA, Marchand DS, Roberts N, Harrison SP (1989) Global lake-level variations from 18,000 years to 0 years ago: a paleoclimate analysis. US DOE/ER/60304-HI TR046, US Department of Energy
86. Stute M, Forster M, Frischkorn H, Serejo A, Clark JF, Schlosser P, Broecker WS, Bonani G (1995) Cooling of tropical Brazil (5 °C) during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science 269: 379-383
87. Thompson LG, Mosley-Thompson E, Davis ME, Lin P-N, Henderson KA, Cole-Dai J, Bolzan JF, Liu K-B (1995) Late glacial stage and holocene tropical ice core records from Huascaran, Peru, Science 269: 46-50
88. Voss R, Sausen R (1996) Techniques for asynchronous and periodically-synchronous coupling of atmosphere and ocean models, Part II: impact of variability. Clim Dyn 12: 605-614
89. Voss R, Sausen R, Cubasch U (1998) Periodically synchronously coupled integrations with the atmosphere-ocean general model ECHAM3/LSG. Clim Dyn 14: 249-266
90. Vettoretti G, Peltier WR, McFarlane NA (2000) Global water balance and atmospheric water vapour transport at last glacial maximum: climate simulations with the Canadian Climate Centre for Modelling and Analysis atmospheric general circulation model. Can J Earth Sci 37: 695-723
91. Weaver AJ, Eby M, Fanning AF, Wiebe EC (1998) Simulated influence of carbon dioxide, oribital forcing and ice sheets on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 394, 847-853
92. Webster PJ, Streten NA (1978) Late Quaternary ice age climates of tropical Australasia: interpretation and reconstructions. Quat Res 10: 279-309
93. Weinelt M, Sarnthein M, Pflaumann U, Schulz H, Jung S, Erlenleuser H (1996) Ice-free Nordic Seas during the Last Glacial Maximum? Potential sites of deepwater formation. Paleoclimate 1-4: 283-309
94. Weyhenmeyer CE, Burns SJ, Waber NH, Aeschbach-Hertig W, Kipfer R, Loosli HH, Matter A (2000) Cool glacial temperature and changes in moisture source recorded in Oman groundwaters. Science 287: 842-845
95. Wyputta U, McAvaney BJ (2001) Influence of vegetation changes during the Last Glacial Maximum using BMRC atmospheric general circulation model. Clim Dyn 17: 923-932
96. Yu B, Boer GJ (2002) The roles of radiation and dynamical processes in the El Niño-like response to global warming. Clim Dyn 19: 539-553
97. Yu E-F, Francois R, Bacon P (1996) Similar rates of modern and last-glacial ocean thermohaline circulation inferred from radiochemical data. Nature 379: 689-694