Sensitivities of deep-ocean heat uptake and heat content to surface fluxes and subgrid-scale parameters in an ocean general circulation model with idealized geometry

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 108, Issue 1, 2003, Pages

  Huang, Boyin ^a   Stone, Peter H ^a   Hill, Christopher ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adjoint model; Diffusivity; Freshwater flux; Heat flux; Ocean heat uptake

Indexed keywords

DEEP WATER; HEAT FLUX; ISOPYCNAL LAYER; OCEANIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; SURFACE FLUX;

EID: 0037523532     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001jc001218     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Barnett, T. P., D. W. Pierce, and R. Schnur, Detection of anthropogenic climate change in the world's ocean, Science, 292, 270-274, 2001.
2. Bryan, F., Parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 970-985, 1986.
3. Bryan, K., Ocean circulation models, in Strategies for Future Climate Research, edited by M. Latif, pp. 265-286, Max-Planck-Inst. für Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany, 1991.
4. Bugnion, V., Driving the ocean's overturning: Analysis with adjoint models, Ph.D. diss., 179 pp., Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, Mass., 2001.
5. Cummins, P. F., G. Holloway, and A. E. Gargett, Sensitivity of the GFDL ocean general circulation model to a parameterization of vertical diffusion, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 817-830, 1990.
6. Danabasoglu, G., and J. C. McWilliams, Sensitivity of the global ocean circulation to parameterizations of mesoscale tracer transport, J. Clim., 8, 2967-2987, 1995.
7. da Silva, A. M., C. C. Young, and S. Levitus (Eds.), Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994, vol. 2, Anomalies of Directly Observed Quantities, NOAA Atlas NESDIS, vol. 7, 416 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md., 1994.
8. Duffy, P. B., K. Caldeira, J. Selvaggi, and M. I. Hoffert, Effects of subgridscale mixing parameterizations on simulated distributions of nature 14C, temperature, and salinity in a three-dimensional ocean general circulation model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 498-523, 1997.
9. Forest, C. E., M. R. Allen, P. H. Stone, A. P. Sokolov, M. R. Allen, and M. D. Webster, Quantifying uncertainties in climate system properties with the use of recent climate observations, Science, 295, 113-117, 2002.
10. Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams, Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155, 1990.
11. Gent, P. R., J. Willebrand, T. J. McDougall, and J. C. McWilliams, Parameterizing eddy-induced tracer transports in ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 463-474, 1995.
12. Gerdes, R., C. Koberle, and J. Willebrand, The influence of numerical advection schemes on the results of ocean general circulation models, Clim, Dyn., 5, 211-226, 1991.
13. Giering, R., Tangent Linear and Adjoint Model Compiler, Users Manual, 64 pp., Max-Planck-Inst., Hanburg, Germany, 1999.
14. Giering, R., and T. Kaminski, Recipes for adjoint code construction, Trans. Math. Software, 24, 437-474, 1998.
15. Goose, H., E. Deleersnijder, T. Fichefet, and M. H. England, Sensitivity of a global coupled ocean sea-ice model to the parameterization of vertical mixing, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 13,681-13,695, 1999.
16. Gregory, J. M., Vertical heat transports in the ocean and their effect on time-dependent climate change, Clim. Dyn., 16, 501-515, 2000.
17. Griffies, S. M., The Gent-McWilliams skew flux, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 831-841, 1998.
18. Griffies, S. M., A. Gnanadesikan, R. C. Pacanowski, V. D. Larichev, J. K. Duknowicz, and R. D. Smith, Isoneutral diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 805-830, 1998.
19. Hasumi, H., and N. Suginohara, Atlantic deep circulation controlled by heating in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1873-1876, 1999.
20. Hellerman, S., and M. Rosenstein, Normal monthly wind stress over the world with error estimate, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1093-1104, 1983.
21. Hu, D., On the sensitivity of thermocline depth and meridional heat transport to vertical diffusivity in OGCMs, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1480-1494, 1996.
22. Huang, B., and Z. Liu, Temperature trend of the last 40 yr in the upper Pacific Ocean, J. Clim., 14, 3738-3750, 2001.
23. Huang, R., Real freshwater flux as a natural boundary condition for the salinity balance and thermohaline circulation forced by evaporation and precipitation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2428-2446, 1993.
24. Huang, R., and R. L. Chou, Parameter sensitivity study of the saline circulation, Clim. Dyn., 9, 391-409, 1994.
25. Isemer, H. J., and L. Hasse, The scientific Beaufort equivalent scale: Effects on wind statistics and climatological air-sea flux estimates in the North Atlantic Ocean, J. Clim., 4, 819-836, 1991.
26. Jenkins, W. J., Determination of isopycnal diffusivity in the Sargasso Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1058-1061; 1991.
27. Jiang, S., P. H. Stone, and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, An assessment of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ocean model with coarse resolution: Annual mean climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 25,623-25,645, 1999.
28. Kalnay, E., S. K. Park, Z. X. Pu, and J. Gao, Application of the quasi-inverse method to data assimilation, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 864-875, 2000.
29. Kamenkovich, I. V., and P. J. Goodman, The dependence of AABW transport in the Atlantic on vertical diffusivity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3739-3742, 2000.
30. Kamenkovich, I. V., A. Sokolov, and P. H. Stone, A coupled atmospheric-ocean model of intermediate complexity for climate change, Clim. Dyn., in press, 2002.
31. Large, W. G., G. Danabasoglu, S. C. Doney, and J. C. McWilliams, Sensitivity to surface forcing and boundary layer mixing in a global ocean model: Annual-mean climatology, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 2418-2447, 1997.
32. Ledwell, J. R., and A. Bratkovich, A tracer study of mixing in the Santa Cruz Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20,681-20,704, 1995.
33. Ledwell, J. R., and B. M. Hickey, Evidence for enhanced boundary mixing in the Santa Monica Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20,665-20,679, 1995.
34. Ledwell, J. R., E. T. Montgomery, K. L. Polzin, L. C. St. Laurent, R. W. Schmitt, and J. M. Toole, Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean, Nature, 403, 179-182, 2000.
35. Levitus, S., and T. P. Boyer, World Ocean Atlas 1994, vol. 4, Temperature, NOAA Atlas NESDIS, vol. 4, 117 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md., 1994.
36. Levitus, S. R. Burgett, and T. P. Boyer, World Ocean Atlas 1994, vol. 3, Salinity, NOAA Atlas NESDIS, vol. 3, 99 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md., 1994.
37. Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, T. P. Boyer, and C. Stephens, Warming of the world ocean, Science, 287, 2225-2229, 2000.
38. Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, J. Wang, T. L. Delworth, K. W. Dixon, and A. J. Broccoli, Anthropogenic warming of Earth's climate system, Science, 292, 267-270, 2001.
39. Marotzke, J., Boundary mixing and dynamics of three-dimensional thermohaline circulations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1713-1728, 1997.
40. Marotzke, J., R. Giering, K. Q. Zhang, D. Stammer, C. Hill, and T. Lee, Construction of the adjoint MIT ocean general model and application to Atlantic heat transport sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 29,529-29,547. 1999.
41. Mashall, J., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, L. Perelman, and C. Heisey, A finite volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5753-5766, 1997a.
42. Marshall, J., C. Hill, L. Perelman, and A. Adcroft, Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic ocean modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5733-5752, 1997b.
43. Marshall, J., H. Jones, and C. Hill, Efficient ocean modeling using non-hydrostatic algorithms, J. Mar. Syst., 18, 115-134, 1998.
44. 2-induced changes of the ocean's circulation and climate, Clim. Dyn., 16, 627-642, 2000.
45. Nakamura, M., and Y. Cao, On the eddy isopycnal thickness diffusivity of the Gent-McWilliams subgrid mixing parameterization, J. Clim., 13, 502-510, 2000.
46. Pierce, D. W., T. P. Barnett, and U. Mikolajewicz, Competing roles of heat and freshwater flux in forcing the thermohaline oscillation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2046-2064, 1995.
47. Polzin, K. L., J. M. Toole, J. R. Ledwell, and R. W. Schmitt, Spatial variability of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean, Science, 276, 93-96, 1997.
48. Rahmstorf, S., Bifurcation of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes in the hydrological cycle, Nature, 378, 145-149, 1995.
49. Rahmstorf, S., On the freshwater forcing and transport of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation, Clim. Dyn., 12, 799-811, 1996.
50. Redi, M. H., Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1154-1158, 1982.
51. Schmitt, R. W., P. S. Bogden, and C. E. Dorman, Evaporation minus precipitation and density fluxes for the North Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1208-1221, 1989.
52. Scott, J. R., and Marotzke, Diapycnal stirring and meridional overturning circulation: Does it matter where the mixing occurs?, J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press, 2002.
53. Sun, F., Water Exchange Between the Subpolar and Subtropical North Pacific Ocean, M.S. thesis, 62 pp., Univ. of Wisc.-Madison, Madison, 2000.
54. Toggweiler, J. R., and B. Samuels, Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 42, 477-500, 1995.
55. Trenberth, K. E., J. G. Olson, and W. G. Large, A Global Ocean Wind Stress Climatology Based on ECMWF Analysis, Tech Note NCAR/TN-338+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1989.
56. Tsujino, H., and N. Suginohara, Thermohaline circulation enhanced by wind forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1506-1516, 1999.
57. Tsujino, H., H. Hasumi, and N. Suginohara, Deep Pacific circulation controlled by vertical diffusivity at the lower thermocline depths, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 2853-2865, 2000.
58. 2 exchange in tundra ecosystems by the adjoint method, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2801-2816, 1995.
59. Weaver, A., J. Marotzke, P. E. Cummins, and E. S. Sarachik, Stability and variability of the thermohaline circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 39-60, 1993.
60. Winguth, A. M. E., D. Archer, E. Maier-Reimer, and U. Mikolajewicz, Paleonutrient Data Analysis of the Glacial Atlantic Using an Adjoint Ocean General Circulation Model, Rep. 281, 20 pp., Max-Planck-Inst. für Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany, 1998.
61. Yu, L., and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, Inverse modeling of seasonal variations in the North Atlantic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 902-922, 1998.
62. Zaucker, F., T. F. Stocker, and W. S. Brocker, Atmospheric freshwater fluxes and their effect on the global thermohaline circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,443-12,457, 1994.
63. Zhang, J., R. W. Schmitt, and R. X. Huang, The relative influence of diapycnal mixing and hydrological forcing on the stability of the thermocline circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1096-1108, 1999.
64. Zhang, H. M., M. D. Prater, and T. Rossby, Isopycnal Lagrangian statistics from North Atlantic Current RAFOS float observations, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 13,817-13,836, 2001.