Mechanisms of adhesion in geckos

Integrative and Comparative Biology

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 1081-1090

  Autumn, Kellar ^a   Peattie, Anne M ^a,b  

^a LEWIS AND CLARK COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; GEKKO; GEKKO GECKO; GEKKONIDAE; SQUAMATA;

EID: 0037509988     PISSN: 00031569     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icb/42.6.1081     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (87)

1. Alexander, R. M. N. 1992. Exploring biomechanics: Animals in motion. Scientific American, New York.
2. Aristotle, Historia Animalium, trans. D. A. W. Thompson. 1918. Clarendon, Oxford, http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/history_anim.html.
3. Attygalle, A. B., D. J. Aneshansley, J. Meinwald, and T. Eisner. 2000. Defense by foot adhesion in a chrysomelid beetle (Hemisphaerota cyanea): Characterization of the adhesive oil. Zoology (Jena). 103:1-6.
4. Autumn, K., S. T. Hsieh, D. M. Dudek, J. Chen, C. Chitaphan, and R. J. Full. 1999a. Dynamics of geckos running vertically. Amer. Zool. 38:84A.
5. Autumn, K., S. T. Hsieh, D. M. Dudek, J. Chen, C. Chitaphan, and R. J. Full. 1999b. Function of feet in ascending and descending geckos. Amer. Zool. 38:84A.
6. Autumn, K., Y. A. Liang, S. T. Hsieh, W. Zesch, W.-P. Chan, W. T. Kenny, R. Fearing, and R. J. Full. 2000b. Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair. Nature 405:681-685.
7. Autumn, K., M. J. Ryan, and D. B. Wake. 2002. Integrating historical and mechanistic biology enhances the study of adaptation. Q. Rev. Biol. (In press).
8. Baier, R. E., E. G. Shafrin, and W. A. Zisman. 1968. Adhesion: Mechanisms that assist or impede it. Science 162:1360-1368.
9. Bauchhenss, E. and M. Renner. 1977. Pulvillus of Calliphora erythrocephala Meig (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. 6:225-227.
10. Bauer, A. M. and A. P. Russell. 1990. Alternative digital scansor design in the New Caledonian Gekkonid genera Bavayia and Eurydactylodes. Mem. Queensland Mus. 29:299-310.
11. Betz, O. 1996. Function and evolution of the adhesion-capture apparatus of Stenus species (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Zoomorphology 116:15-34.
12. Blackwall, J. 1845. On the means by which walk various animals on the vertical surface of polished bodies. Ann. Nat. Hist. XV:115.
13. Brainerd, E. L. 1994. Adhesion force of ants on smooth surfaces. Amer. Zool. 34:128A.
14. Cartier, O. 1872. Studien über den feineren Bau der Haut bei den Reptilien. 1. Abt. Epidermis der Geckotiden. Verhandl. Würz. Phys.-med. Gesell. 1:83-96.
15. Cartier, O. 1874. Studien über den feineren Bau der Epidermis bei den Reptilien. II. Abt. Über die Wachsthumserscheinungen der Oberhaut von Schlangen und Eidechsen bei der Häutung. Arb. zool.-zoot. Inst. Würz. 1:239-258.
16. Christenson, H. K. 1993. Adhesion and surface energy of mica in air and water. J. Phys. Chem. 97:12034-41.
17. Chui, B. W., T. W. Kenny, H. J. Mamin, B. D. Terris, and D. Rugar. 1998. Independent detection of vertical and lateral forces with a sidewall-implanted dual-axis piezoresistive cantilever. Appl. Phys. Lett. 72:1388-1390.
18. Dellit, W.-D. 1934. Zur anatomie und physiologie der Geckozehe. Jena. Z. Naturw. 68:613-656.
19. Dickinson, M. H., C. T. Farley, R. J. Full, M. A. Koehl, R. Kram, and S. Lehman. 2000. How animals move: An integrative view. Science 288:100-106.
20. Dixon, A. F. G., P. C. Croghan, and R. P. Gowing. 1990. The mechanism by which aphids adhere to smoth surfaces. J. Exp. Biol. 152:243-253.
21. Edwards, J. S. and M. Tarkanian. 1970. The adhesive pads of Heteroptera: A re-examination. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London 45:1-5.
22. Eisner, T. and D. J. Aneshansley. 2000. Defense by foot adhesion in a beetle (Hemisphaerota cyanea). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:6568-6573.
23. Emerson, S. B. and D. Diehl. 1980. Toe pad morphology and mechanisms of sticking in frogs. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 13:199-216.
24. Gadow, H. 1901. The Cambridge natural history. Vol. 8. Amphibia and reptiles. McMillan and Co., London.
25. Gay, C. 2002. Stickiness - Some fundamentals of adhesion. Integr. Comp. Biol. 42:1123-1126.
26. Gay, C. and L. Leibler. 1999. Theory of tackiness. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82:936-939.
27. Gennaro, J. G. J. 1969. The gecko grip. Nat. Hist. 78:36-43.
28. Gillett, J. D. and V. B. Wigglesworth. 1932. The climbing organ of an insect, Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Proc. R. Soc. London B 111:364-376.
29. Gorb, S. N. 1998. The design of the fly adhesive pad: Distal tenent setae are adapted to the delivery of an adhesive secretion. Proc. R. Soc. London B 265:747-752.
30. Gorb, S. N. 2001. Attachment devices of insect cuticle. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
31. Gorb, S. N. and R. G. Beutel. 2001. Evolution of locomotory attachment pads of hexapods. Naturwissenschaften. 88:530-534.
32. Gorb, S. N., E. Gorb, and V. Kastner. 2001. Scale effects on the attachment pads and friction forces in syrphid flies (Diptera, Syrphidae). J. Exp. Biol. 204:1421-1431.
33. Green, D. M. 1981. Adhesion and the toe-pads of treefrogs. Copeia 4:790-796.
34. Gregg, K. and G. E. Rogers. 1984. Feather keratin: Composition, structure, and biogenesis. In J. Bereiter-Hahn, A. G. Matoltsy, and K. S. Richards (eds.), Biology of the integument 2: Vertebrates, pp. 666-694. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.
35. Haase, A. 1900. Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Entwicklung der Haftlappen bei den Geckotiden. Archiv. f. Naturgesch. 66:321-345.
36. Hanna, G. and W. J. P. Barnes. 1991. Adhesion and detatchment of the toe pads of tree frogs. J. Exp. Biol. 155:103-125.
37. Hepworth, J. 1854. On the structure of the foot of the fly. Q. J. Micros. Sci. 2:158-163.
38. Hill, D. E. 1977. The pretarsus of salticid spiders. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 60:319-338.
39. Hiller, U. 1968. Untersuchungen zum Feinbau und zur Funktion der Haftborsten von Reptilien. Z. Morph. Tiere. 62:307-362.
40. Hiller, U. 1969. Correlation between corona-discharge of polyethylene-films and the adhering power of Tarentola m. mauritanica (Rept.). Forma et functio. 1:350-352.
41. Hiller, U. 1975. Comparative studies on the functional morphology of two gekkonid lizards. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 73:278-282.
42. Hora, S. L. 1923. The adhesive apparatus on the toes of certain geckos and tree frogs. J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 9:137-145.
43. Irschick, D. J., C. C. Austin, K. Petren, R. Fisher, J. B. Losos, and O. Ellers. 1996. A comparative analysis of clinging ability among pad-bearing lizards. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 59:21-35.
44. Israelachvili, J. 1992. Intermolecular and surface forces. Academic Press, New York.
45. Israelachvili, J. 2001. Tribology of ideal and non-ideal surfaces and fluids. In B. Bhushan, Fundamentals of tribology - bridging the gap between the macro-, micro-, and nano-scales, pp. 631-650. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
46. Kinloch, A. J. 1987. Adhesion and adhesives: Science and technology. Chapman and Hall, New York.
47. Koelsch, G. 2000. The ultrastructure of glands and the production and function of the secretion in the adhesive capture apparatus of Stenus species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Can. J. Zool. 78:465-475.
48. Kunzig, R. 1999. Why does it stick? Bubbles, bubbles everywhere, each one a small suction cup. Discover. 27-29.
49. Lauder, G. V. 1991. Biomechanics and evolution: Integrating physical and historical biology in the study of complex systems. In J. M. V. Rayner and R. J. W. (eds.), Biomechanics in evolution, pp. 1-19. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
50. Lee, Y. I., M. Kogan, and J. R. J. Larsen. 1986. Attachment of the potato leafhopper to soybean plant surfaces as affected by morphology of the pretarsus. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 42:101-107.
51. Lees, A. D. and J. Hardie. 1988. The organs of adhesion in the aphid Megoura viciae. J. Exp. Biol. 136:209-228.
52. Liang, Y. A., K. Autumn, S. T. Hsieh, W. Zesch, W.-P. Chan, R. Fearing, R. J. Full, and T. W. Kenny. 2000. Adhesion force measurements on single gecko setae. Technical Digest of the 2000 Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop. 2000:33-38.
53. Maderson, P. F. A. 1964. Keratinized epidermal derivatives as an aid to climbing in gekkonid lizards. Nature 203:780-781.
54. Mahendra, B. C. 1941. Contributions to the bionomics, anatomy, reproduction and development of the Indian house gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis Rüppell. Part II. The problem of locomotion. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Sec. B 13:288-306.
55. Nachtigall, W. 1974. Biological mechanisms of attachment: The comparative morphology and bioengineering of organs for linkage, sunction, and adhesion. Springer-Verlag, New York.
56. Noy, A., C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, M. S. Wrighton, and C. M. Lieber. 1995. Chemical force microscopy: Exploiting chemically-modified tips to quantify adhesion, friction, and functional group distributions in molecular assemblies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:7943-7951.
57. Persson, B. N. J. 1999. Sliding friction. Surf. Sci. Rep. 33:83-119.
58. Peterson, J. A. and E. E. Williams. 1981. A case study in retrograde evolution: The onca lineage in anoline lizards. II. Subdigital fine structure. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 149:215-268.
59. Roscoe, D. T. and G. Walker. 1991. The adhesion of spiders to smooth surfaces. Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 8:224-226.
60. Rosenberg, H. I. and R. Rose. 1999. Volar adhesive pads of the feathertail glider, Acrobates pygmaeus (Marsupialia; Acrobatidae). Can. J. Zool. 77:233-248.
61. Rovner, J. S. 1978. Adhesive hairs in spiders: Behavioral functions and hydraulically mediated movement. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 42:99-108.
62. Ruibal, R. and V. Ernst. 1965. The structure of the digital setae of lizards. J. Morph. 117:271-294.
63. Russell, A. P. 1972. The foot of gekkonid lizards: A study in comparative and functional anatomy. Ph.D. Diss., University of London.
64. Russell, A. P. 1975. A contribution to the functional morphology of the foot of the tokay, Gekko gecko (Reptilia, Gekkonidae). J. Zool. London 176:437-476.
65. Russell, A. P. 1976. Some comments concerning the interrelationships amongst gekkonine geckos. In A. d. A. Bellairs and C. B. Cox (eds.), Morphology and biology of reptiles, pp. 217-244. Academic Press, London.
66. Russell, A. P. 1979. Parallelism and integrated design in the foot structure of gekkonine and diplodactyline geckos. Copeia 1979:1-21.
67. Russell, A. P. 1981. Descriptive and functional anatomy of the digital vascular system of the tokay, Gekko gecko. J. Morph. 169:293-323.
68. Russell, A. P. 1986. The morphological basis of weight-bearing in the scansors of the tokay gecko (Reptilia: Sauria). Can. J. Zool. 64:948-955.
69. Russell, A. P. 2002. Integrative functional morphology of the gekkotan adhesive system (Reptila: Gekkota). Integr. Comp. Biol. 42:1154-1163.
70. Ryan, M. J., K. Autumn, and D. B. Wake. 1998. Is integrative biology a luxury or necessity? A consideration from sexual selection. Int. Biol. Iss. News & Rev. 2:68-72.
71. Savageau, M. A. 1991. Reconstructionist molecular biology. New Biol. 3:190-198.
72. Scherge, M. and S. N. Gorb. 2001. Biological micro- and nanotribology: Nature's solutions. Springer, Berlin.
73. Scherge, M., X. Li, and J. A. Schaefer. 1998. The effect of water on friction of MEMS. Tribol. Lett. 215-220.
74. Schleich, H. H. and W. Kästle. 1986. Ultrastrukturen an Gecko-Zehen (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae). Amphibia-Reptilia. 7:141-166.
75. Schmidt, H. R. 1904. Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Geckopfote. Jena Z. Naturw. 39:551.
76. Simmermacher, G. 1884. Untersuchungen über Haftapparate an Tarsalgliedern von Insekten. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool. 40:481-556.
77. Sponberg, S., W. Hansen, A. Peattie, and K. Autumn. 2001. Dynamics of isolated gecko setal arrays. Amer. Zool. 41:1594A.
78. Stork, N. E. 1980. Experimental analysis of adhesion of Chrysolina polita (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) on a variety of surfaces. J. Exp. Biol. 88:91-107.
79. Stork, N. E. 1983. A comparison of the adhesive setae on the feet of lizards and arthropods. J. Nat. Hist. 17:829-835.
80. Thomas, R. C., J. E. Houston, R. M. Crooks, K. Taisun, and T. A. Michalske. 1995. Probing adhesion forces at the molecular scale. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:3830-3834.
81. von Wittich. 1854. Der Mechanismus der Haftzehen von Hyla arborea. Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys. 180.
82. Wagler, J. 1830. Naturliches System der Amphibien. J. G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung, Munich.
83. Wainwright, S. A., W. D. Biggs, J. D. Currey, and J. M. Gosline. 1982. Mechanical design in organisms. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
84. Walker, G., A. B. Yule, and J. Ratcliffe. 1985. The adhesive organ of the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria: A functional approach (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J. Zool. London 205:297-307.
85. Weitlaner, F. 1902. Eine Untersuchung über den Haftfuß des Gecko. Verhdl. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 52:328-332.
86. Wigglesworth, V. B. 1987. How does a fly cling to the under surface of a glass sheet? J.Exp. Biol. 129:373-376.
87. Williams, E. E. and J. A. Peterson. 1982. Convergent and alternative designs in the digital adhesive pads of scincid lizards. Science 215:1509-1511.