Management of the severely malnourished child: Perspective from developing countries

British Medical Journal

Volumn 326, Issue 7381, 2003, Pages 146-151

  Bhan, Maharaj K ^a   Bhandari, Nita ^a   Bahl, Rajiv ^a  

^a ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; COPPER; INFUSION FLUID; IODINE; IRON; MAGNESIUM; ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION; POTASSIUM; SELENIUM; SODIUM; VITAMIN; ZINC;

CALORIC INTAKE; CHILD NUTRITION; COCHRANE LIBRARY; DEHYDRATION; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; FATALITY; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOTHERMIA; INFECTION; INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION; MALNUTRITION; MEDLINE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN INTAKE; REVIEW; SHOCK; WEIGHT GAIN; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 0037452243     PISSN: 09598146     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.326.7381.146     Document Type: Review

References (38)

1. United Nations Children's Fund. The state of the world's children 2002. New York: Unicef, 2002.
2. International Institute for Population Sciences. National family health survey (MCH and family planning), 1992-1993. Mumbai, India: International Institute of Population Sciences, 1995.
3. International Institute for Population Sciences and ORC Macro. National family health survey (NFHS-2), 1998-99. Mumbai, India: International Institute of Population Sciences, 2000.
4. World Health Organization. Global forum for health research. Child health research: a foundation for improving child health. Geneva: WHO, 2002. www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/New_Publications/CHILD_HEALTH/GC/ HealthyChild.pdf (accessed 20 Nov 2002).
5. Rice AL, Sacco L, Hyder A, Black RE. Malnutrition as an underlying cause of childhood deaths associated with infectious diseases in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 2000;78:1207-21.
6. Schofield C, Ashworth A. Why have mortality rates for severe malnutrition remained so high. Bull World Health Organ 1996;74:223-9.
7. Ahmed T, Ali M, Ullah MM, Choudhary IA, Haque ME, Salam MA, et al. Mortality in severely malnourished children with diarrhoea and use of a standardised management protocol. Lancet 1999;353:1919-22.
8. Cavalcante AAM, Pinheiro LMP, Monte C, Guimaraes ARP, Ashworth A. Treatment of malnutrition in Brazil: simple solutions to common problems. Trop Doctor 1998;28:95-7.
9. World Health Organization. Management of the child with a serious infection or severe malnutrition. Guidelines for care at the first-referral level in developing countries. Geneva: WHO, 2000. www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/publications/referral_care/homepage.htm (accessed 20 Nov 2002).
10. Bern C, Zucker JR, Perkins BA, Otieno J, Oloo AJ, Yip R. Assessment of potential indicators for protein energy malnutrition in the algorithm for integrated management of childhood illness. Bull World Health Organ 1997;75:87-96.
11. Trowbridge FL. Clinical and biochemical characteristics associated with anthropometric nutritional categories. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:758-66.
12. de Onis M, Habicht J. Anthropometric reference data for international use: recommendations from a World Health Organization expert committee. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:650-8.
13. Briend A, Golden MHN. Treatment of severe child malnutrition in refugee camps. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993;47:750-4.
14. International Working Group on Persistent Diarrhoea. Evaluation of an algorithm for the treatment of persistent diarrhoea: a multicentre study. Bull World Health Organ 1996;74:479-89.
15. Khanum S, Ashworth A, Huttly SRA. Controlled trial of three approaches to the treatment of severe malnutrition. Lancet 1994;344:1728-32.
16. Schofield WN. Treatment of severe malnutrition [letter]. Lancet 1995;345:1303.
17. Fontaine, O. Effect of zinc supplementation on clinical course of acute diarrhoea. Report of a meeting, New Delhi. 7-8 May 2001. J Health Popul Nutr 2001;19:339-46.
18. Wharton BA, Howells GR, McCance RA. Cardiac failure in kwashiorkor. Lancet 1967;ii:384-7.
19. Bennish ML, Azad AK, Rahman O, Phillips RE. Hypoglycaemia during diarrhoea in childhood. Prevalence, pathophysiology, and outcome. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1357-63.
20. Fruchwald-Schultes B, Kern W, Dantz D, Born J, Fehm HL, Peters A. Preserved hypothermic response to hypoglycaemia after antecedent hypoglycaemia. Metabolism 2000;49:794-8.
21. Berkowitz FE. Infections in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:750-9.
22. Stegen G, Jones K, Kaplan P. Criteria for guidance in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Pediatrics 1969;43:260-3.
23. Manary MJ, Brewster DR. Potassium supplementation in kwashiorkor. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997;24:194-201.
24. Michaelsen KF, Clausen T. Inadequate supplies of potassium and magnesium in relief food: implications and countermeasures. Lancet 1987;1:1421-3.
25. Caddell JL. Studies in protein-calorie malnutrition: a double-blind clinical trial to assess magnesium therapy. N Engl J Med 1967;276:535-40.
26. Rosen EU, Campbell PG, Moosa GM. Hypomagnesemia and magnesium therapy in protein-calorie malnutrition. J Pediatr 1970;77:709-14.
27. Bhan MK, Bhandari N. The role of zinc and vitamin A in persistent diarrhoea among infants and young children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998;26:446-53.
28. Cordano A, Baertl JM, Graham GG. Copper deficiency in infancy. Pediatrics 1964;34:324-36.
29. Golden MH. Marasmus and kwashiorkor. In: Dickerson JWT, Lee MA, eds. Nutrition in the clinical management of disease. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1988:88-109.
30. Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group. Prevention of diarrhoea and pneumonia by supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Pediatr 1999;155:689-97.
31. Beaton GH, Martorell R, Aronson KJ, Edmonston B, Mccabe G, Ross AC, et al. Effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation in the control of young child morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Geneva: ACC/SCN, 1993. United Nations administrative committee on coordination/subcommittee on nutrition state of the art series. Nutrition policy discussion paper no 13.
32. Aukett M, Parks Y, Scott P, Wharton B. Treatment with iron increases weight gain and psychomotor development. Arch Dis Child 1986;61:849-57.
33. Stoltzfus R, Dreyfuss ML. Guidelines for the use of iron supplements to prevent and treat iron deficiency anaemia. International Nutritional Anaemia Consultative Group (INACG). Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute, 1998.
34. Castillo-Duran C, Fisberg M, Valenzuela A, Egana JI, Uauy R. Controlled trial of copper supplementation during the recovery from marasmus. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:898-903.
35. Castillo-Duran C, Uauy R. Copper deficiency impairs growth of infants recovering from malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:710-4.
36. Kessler L, Daley H, Malenga G, Graham S. The impact of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on the management of severe malnutrition in Malawi. Ann Trop Pediatr 2000;20:50-6.
37. Brewster DR, Manary MJ, Graham SM. Case management of kwashiorkor: an intervention project at seven nutrition rehabilitation centres in Malawi. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:139-47.
38. Elizabeth KE, Sathy N. The role of developmental stimulation in nutritional rehabilitation. Indian Pediatr 1997;34:681-95.