Molecular fatigue in steamed wood

International Journal of Fatigue

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 489-497

  Kärenlampi, Petri P ^a   Tynjälä, Pekka ^a   Ström, Pasi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

Author keywords

Cell wall porosity; Energy dissipation; Molecular fatigue; Picea Abies; Strain amplitude; Strain level; Thermoporosimetry

Indexed keywords

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; ENERGY DISSIPATION; LOADING; POROSITY; SOFTWOODS; STEAM; STIFFNESS; STRAIN CONTROL; STRESS ANALYSIS;

MOLECULAR FATIGUE; PLASTIC STRAIN;

FATIGUE TESTING;

EID: 0037409702     PISSN: 01421123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0142-1123(02)00175-5     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Kersavage P.C. Moisture content effect on tensile properties of individual Douglas fir latewood tracheids. Wood Fiber. 5:(2):1973;105-117.
2. Cousins W.J. Elasticity of isolated lignin: Young's modulus by a continuous indentation method. NZ J Forest Sci. 7:(1):1977;107-112.
3. Cousins W.J. Young's modulus of hemicellulose as related to moisture content. Wood Sci Tech. 12:1978;161-167.
4. Salmén L. Viscoelastic properties of in situ lignin under water-saturated conditions. J Mater Sci. 19:(9):1984;3090-9036.
5. Salmén L. Responses of paper properties to changes in moisture content and temperature. Tenth Fundamental Research Symposium, Oxford: 1993;369-430 Pira International, Leatherhead (UK).
6. Irvine G.M. The significance of the glass transition of lignin in thermomechanical pulping. Wood Sci Tech. 19:1985;139-149.
7. Salmén L, Fellers C. The fundamentals of energy consumption during viscoelastic and plastic deformation of wood. International Mechanical Pulping Conference, EUCEPA, Oslo, 16-19 June, session VI, paper 1; 1981.
8. Björkqvist T, Liukkonen S, Lucander M, Saharinen E. Kuidutuspinnan ja puun tehokkaampi vuorovaikutus (KUPU). Loppuraportti. Tampere University of Technology, Automation and Control Institute, report 4; 1998.
9. Page D.H., Schulgasser K. Evidence for a laminate model for paper. Mechanics of cellulosic and polymeric materials. 1989;35-39 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York.
10. Gibson L.J., Ashby J.B. Cellular solids. 1988;Pergamon Press, Oxford.
11. Christensen R.M. Mechanics of cellular and other low-density materials. Int J Solids Struct. 37:2000;104-133.
12. Bodig J. The effect of anatomy on the initial stress-strain relationship in transverse compression. Forest Prod J. 15:1965;197-202.
13. Easterling K.E., Harrysson R., Gibson L.J., Ashby M.F. On the mechanics of balsa and other woods. Proc R Soc Lond A. 383:1982;31-41.
14. Grill J., Norimoto M. Birkinshaw C., Morlier P., Seoane I. COST 508 - wood mechanics, workshop on wood: plasticity and damage: 1993;135-143 CEC.
15. Uhmeier A. Some aspects on solid and fluid mechanics of wood in relation to mechanical pulping. Dissertation, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm; 1995.
16. Uhmeier A., Salmén L. Influence of radial strain rate and temperature on the radial compression behavior of wet spruce. ASME JEMT. 118:1996;289-294.
17. Uhmeier A., Salmén L. Repeated large radial compression of heated spruce. Nordic Pulp Paper Res J. 11:(3):1996;171-176.
18. March HW, Smith CB. Buckling loads of flat sandwich panels in compression. Various types of edge conditions. D.S.D.A. Forest Service, Forest Prods. Lab., Madison, Wis., report 1525, March 1945.
19. Kunesh R.H. Strength and elastic properties of wood in transverse compression. Forest Prod J. 18:(1):1967;65-72.
20. Bienfait J.L. Relation of the manner of failure to the structure of wood under compression parallel to the grain. J Agric Rec. 33:(2):1926;183-194.
21. Kitahara R., Tsutsumi J., Matsumoto T. Observations on the cell wall response and mechanical behavior in wood subjected to repeated static bending load. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 27:(1):1981;1-7.
22. Kärenlampi PP, Tynjälä P, Ström P. Mechanical behavior of steam-treated spruce wood under compressive strain. Submitted for publication.
23. Bach L. Frequency-dependent fracture in wood under pulsating loading. Forest Products Research Society Annual Meeting 1975, June 15, Portland, OR (The Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering, Building Materials Laboratory, technical report 68/79); 1979.
24. Clorius C.O., Pedersen M.U., Hoffmeyer P., Damkilde L. Compressive fatigue in wood. Wood Sci Tech. 34:2000;21-37.
25. Keith C.T. The mechanical behavior of wood in longitudinal compression. Wood Sci. 4:(4):1972;234-244.
26. Kärenlampi PP. Viscoplasticity of steam-treated wood. Submitted for publication.
27. Kärenlampi P.P., Tynjälä P., Ström P. Dynamic mechanical behavior of steam-treated wood. Mech Mater. 34:(6):2002;333-347.
28. Kärenlampi P.P., Tynjälä P., Ström P. Off-axis fatigue loading of steamed wood. Int J Fatigue. 24:(12):2002;1235-1242.
29. Kärenlampi PP, Tynjälä P, Ström P. The effect of temperature and compression on the mechanical behavior of steam-treated wood. J Wood Sci 2003; 49.
30. Rennie G.K., Clifford J. Melting of ice in porous solids. J Chem Soc F1. 73:(4):1977;680-689.
31. Homshaw L.G. Calorimetric determination of porosity and pore size distribution (PSD): effect of heat on porosity, pore form and PSD in water-saturated polyacrylonitrile fibers. J Colloid Interface Sci. 84:(7):1981;127-140.
32. Ishikiriyama K., Todoki M. Pore size distribution measurements of silica gels by means of differential scanning calorimetry. J Colloid Interface Sci. 171:(1):1995;103-111.
33. Maloney T.C., Paulapuro H., Stenius P. Hydration and swelling of pulp fibres measured with differential scanning calorimetry. Nordic Pulp Paper Res J. 13:(1):1998;31-36.
34. Maloney T.C., Paulapuro H. The formation of pores in the cell wall. J Pulp Paper Sci. 25:(12):1999;430-436.
35. Maloney TC. Thermoporosimetry by isothermal step melting. In: Proc. Pre-symp. of the 10th ISWPC, Seoul; 1999. p. 245-53.
36. Stone J.E., Scallan A.M. The effect of component removal upon the porous structure of the cell wall of wood. II. Swelling in water and the fiber saturation point. Tappi. 50:(10):1967;496-501.
37. Stone J.E., Scallan A.M., Abrahamson B. Influence of beating on the cell wall swelling and internal fibrillation. Sv Papperstidning. 71:(19):1968;687-694.
38. Scallan AM. The accommodation of water within pulp fibers. In: 6th Fundamental Research Symposium 1977 (fiber-water interactions in papermaking). London; 1978. p. 9-29.
39. Salmén L.T., Tigerström A., Fellers C. Fatigue of wood-characterization of mechanical defibration. J Pulp Paper Sci. 11:(3):1985;68-73.
40. Tynjälä P, Kärenlampi PP. Spruce cell wall porosity - variation within annual ring and drying response. First International Conference of the European Society of Wood Mechanics, 19-21 April, Lausanne, Swizerland; 2001. p. 39-45.
41. Höglund H., Sohlin U., Tistad G. Physical properties of wood in relation to chip refining. Tappi. 59:(6):1976;144-147.
42. Becker H., Höglund H., Tistad G. Frequency and temperature in chip refining. Pap Puu. 59:(3):1977;123-130.
43. Coffin L.F.A. study on the effect of cyclic thermal stresses on a ductile metal. Trans Am Soc Mech Eng. 76:1954;931-950.
44. Manson SS. Behavior of materials under conditions of thermal stress. National Advisory Commission on Aeronautics: report 1170. Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, Cleveland, OH; 1954.
45. Suresh S. Fatique of materials. 2nd ed: 1998;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
46. Kärenlampi PP. The effect of material disorder on fatigue damage induced by unidirectional loading. In: Gualgliano M, Aliabadi MH, editors. Advances in Fracture and Damage Mechanics II, Milan, Italy, 18-20 September. 2001. p. 87-92.
47. Doolittle A.K. Studies in Newtonian flow. II. The dependence of the viscosity of liquids on free space. J Appl Phys. 22:(12):1951;1471-1475.
48. Doolittle A.K., Doolittle D.B. Studies in Newtonian flow. V. Further verification of the free-space viscosity equation. J Appl Phys. 28:1957;901-905.
49. Ferry J.D., Stratton R.A. The free volume interpretation of viscosities and viscoelastic relaxation times on concentration, pressure, and tensile strain. Kolloid Zeitschrift. 171:(2):1960;107-111.
50. Ferry J.D. Viscoelastic properties of polymers. 1961;John Wiley & Sons, New York.
51. Smith T.L.S. Stress-strain-time-temperature relationship for polymers. ASTM Materials Sci Series 3, STP-325. 1962;60-89 ASTM, New York.
52. Williams M.I., Landel R.F., Ferry J.D. Temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass-forming liquids. J Am Chem Soc. 77:1955;3701-3707.
53. Berlin E., Kliman P.G., Pallansch M.J. Changes in state of water in proteinaceous systems. J Colloid Interface Sci. 34:(4):1970;488-494.
54. Berthold J., Despières J., Rinaudo M., Salmén L. Types of absorbed water in relation to the ionic groups and their counter-ions for some cellulose derivatives. Polymer. 35:(26):1994;5729-5736.
55. Berthold J, Rinaudo M, Salmén L. Associaton of water to polar groups; estimations by an adsorption model for lignocellulosic materials. In: 8th Int. Symp. Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Helsinki, Finland, 6-9 June. 1995. p. 575-80.
56. Salmén L, Berthold J. The swelling ability of pulp fibers. In: 11th Fundamental Research Symposium, Cambridge, UK, 21-26 Sept. 1997. p. 683-701.
57. Plouchly J., Biros J., Benes S. Heat capacities of water swollen hydrophilic polymers above and below 0 °C. Macromol Chem. 180:(3):1979;745-760.