Preventing microvascular diabetic complications in children and adolescents: Looking beyond glycaemic control

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 525-532

  Verroti, Alberto ^a   Trotta, Daniela ^a   Salladini, Carmela ^a   Laura, Madonna ^a   Chiarelli, Francesco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Children; Diabetes; Microangiopathy; Prevention

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENALAPRIL; ENALAPRIL MALEATE PLUS NITRENDIPINE; IRBESARTAN; PLACEBO;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DOSE RESPONSE; GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; METABOLIC REGULATION; MICROANGIOPATHY; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN RESTRICTION; PUBERTY; REVIEW; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; EXPERT TESTIMONY; HUMANS;

EID: 0037399136     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.4.4.525     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. DECKERT T, FELDT-RASMUSSEN B, BORCH-JOHNSEN K, JENSEN T, KOFOED-ENEVOLDSEN A: Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage: the Steno hypothesis. Diabetologia (1989) 32:219-226.
2. BREYER JA: Diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1992) 20:533-547.
3. DANNE T, KORDONOURI O, HÖVENER G, WEBER B: Diabetic angiopathy in children. Diabet. Med. (1997) 14:1012-1025.
4. DECKERT T, YOKOYAMA H, MATHIESEN E et al.: Cohort of study of predictive value of urinary albumin excretion for atherosclerotic vascular disease in patients with insulin dependnt diabetes. Br. Med. J. (1996) 312:871-874.
5. DALQUIST G, RUDBERG S: The prevalence of microalbuminuria in diabetic children and its relation to puberty. Acta Paediatr. Scand. (1987) 76:795-800.
6. STEHOUWER CDA, SCHAPER NC: The pathogenesis of vascular complications of diabetes mellitus: one voice or many? Eur. J. Clin. Invest. (1996) 26:535-543.
7. STEHOUWER CDA, DONKER AJM: Urinary albumin excretion and cardiovascular disease risk in diabetes mellitus: is endothelial dysfunction the missing link? J. Nephrol. (1993) 6:72-92.
8. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The diabetes control and complications trial research group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1993) 329:977-986.
9. SOCHETT E, DANEMAN D: Early diabetes-related complications in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Implications for screening and intervention. Ped. Endocrinol. (1999) 28:865-882.
10. ROSS R: The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature (1993) 362:801-809.
11. DIAMOND JR, KARNOVSKY MJ: Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis: analogies to atherosclerosis. Kidney Int. (1988) 33:917-924.
12. STEHOUWER CDA: von Willebrand factor, dysfunction of the vascular endothelium, and the development of renal and vascular complications in diabetes. In: The Kidney and Hypertension in Diabetes Mellitus, (3rd Edn.), Mogensen CE (Ed.), Kluwer, Boston, MA, USA (1997):155-163.
13. STEHOUWER CDA, STROES ESG, HACKENG WHL, MULDER PGH, DEN OTTOLANDER GJH: von Willebrand factor and development of diabetic nephropathy in IDDM. Diabetes (1991) 40:971-976. (Erratum, Diabetes [1991] 40:1746).
14. SCHMIDT AM, CRANDALL J, HORI O, CAD R, LAKATTA E: Elevated plasma levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in diabetic patients with microalbuminuria: a marker of vascular dysfunction and progressive vascular disease. Br. J. Haematol. (1996) 92:747-750.
15. ELLIOTT TG, COCKCROFT JR, GROOP PH, VIBERTI GC, RITTER JM: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in forearm vasculature of insulin-dependent diabetic patients: blunted vasoconstriction in patients with microalbuminuria. Clin. Sci. (1993) 83:687-693.
16. LORENZI M: Glucose toxicity in the vascular complications of diabetes: the cellular perspective. Diabetes Metab. Rev. (1992) 8:85-103.
17. BAUMGARTNER-PARZER SM, WAGNER L, PETTERMANN M, GRILLARI J, GESSL A, WALDHAUSL W: High-glucose-triggered apoptosis in cultured endothelial cells. Diabetes (1995) 44:1323-1327.
18. STEHOUWER CDA, LAMBERT J, DONKER AJM, VAN HINSBERG VICTOR WM: Endothelial dysfunction and pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy. Cardiovasc. Res. (1997) 34:55-68.
19. BROWNLEE M: Glycation and diabetic complications. Diabetes (1994) 43:836-841.
20. VLASSARA H, BUCALA R, STRIKER L: Pathogenic effects of advanced glycosylation: biochemical, biologic, and clinical implications for diabetes and ageing. Lab. Invest. (1994) 70:138-151.
21. BUCALA R, MAKITA Z, KOSCHINSKY T, CERAMI A, VLASSARA H: Lipid advanced glycosylation: pathway for lipid oxidation in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90:6434-6438.
22. BUCALA R, MAKITA Z, VEGA G et al: Modification of low density lipoprotein by advanced glycation end products contributes to the dyslipidemia of diabetes and renal insufficiency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:9441-9445.
23. KUME S, TAKEYA M, MORI T et al: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural detection of advanced glycation end products in atherosclerotic lesions of human aorta with a novel specific monoclonal antibody. Am. J. Pathol. (1995) 147:654-667.
24. PALINSKI W, KOSCHINSKY T, BUTLER SW et al: Immunological evidence for the presence of advanced glycosylation end products in atherosclerotic lesions of euglycemic rabbits. Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1995) 15:571-582.
25. VLASSARA H, STRIKER LJ, TEICHBERG S, FUH H, LI YM, STEFFE S: Advanced glycation end products induce glomerular sclerosis and albuminuria in normal rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91:11704-11708.
26. VLASSARA H, FUH H, MAKITA Z, KRUNGKRAI S, CERAMI A, BUCALA R: Exogenous advanced glycosylation end products induce complex vascular dysfunction in normal animals: a model for diabetic and aging complications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:12043-12047.
27. ELKHOURY J, THOMAS CA, LOIKE JD, HICKMAN SE, CAO L, SILVERSTEIN SC: Macrophages adhere to glucose-modified basement membrane collagen IV via their scavenger receptors. I. Biol. Chem. (1994) 269:10197-10200.
28. BEISSWENGER PJ, MAKITA Z, CURPHEY TJ et al: Formation of immunochemical advanced glycosylation end products precedes and correlates with early manifestations of renal and retinal disease in diabetes. Diabetes (1995) 44:824-829.
29. BAYNES JW: Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes. Diabetes (1991) 40:405-412.
30. KOFOED-ENEVOLDSEN A: Inhibition of glomerular glucosaminyl N-deacetylase in diabetic rats. Kidney Int. (1992) 41:763-767.
31. CERIELLO A, GIACOMELLO R, STEL G et al: Hyperglycemia-induced thrombin formation in diabetes. The possible role of oxidative stress. Diabetes (1995) 44:924-928.
32. LEROITH D, TAYLOR SI, OLEFSKY JM Diabetes Mellitus. A fundamental and clinical text, (2nd Edn.), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA (2000).
33. KOHNER EM, SLEIGHTHOLM M: Does microaneurysm count reflect severity of early diabetic retinopathy? Ophthalmology (1986) 93:586-589.
34. KLEIN R, MEUER SM, MOSS SE, KLEIN BEK: The relationship of retinal microaneurysm counts to the 4-year progression of diabetic retinopathy Arch. Ophthalmol. (1989) 107:1780.
35. KLEIN R, MEUER SM, MOSS SE, KLEIN BEK: Retinal microaneurysm counts and 10-year progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. (1995) 113:1386.
36. PATZ A, SCHATZ H, BERKOW JW, GITTELSOHN AM, TICHO U: Macular edema: an overlooked complication of diabetic retinopathy. Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol. (1977) 77:34.
37. FERRIS FL, PATZ A: Macular edema: a complication of diabetic retinopathy Surv. Ophthalmol (1984) 28:452.
38. COGAN DG, TOUSSAINT D, KUWABARA T: Retinal vascular patterns: IV. Diabetic retinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. (1961) 66:366.
39. WISE GN: Retinal neovascularization. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. (1956) 54:729.
40. DANNE T, KORDONOURI O, CASANI A, TUMINI S, CHIARELLI F: Recent advances on the pathogenesis and management of both diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy with particolar reference to children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Nutr. Metab. (1999) 12:1-7.
41. BOJESTIG M, ARNQVIST HJ, HERMANSSON G, KARLBERG BE, LUDVIGSSON J: Declining incidence of nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. (1994) 330:15-18.
42. MACKENZIE HS, BRENNER BM: Current strategies for retarding progression of renal disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1998) 31:161-170.
43. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complication in patients with Type 2 diabetes. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet (1998) 352:837-853.
44. HOVIND P, ROSSING P, TARNOW L, SMIDT UM, PARVING HH: Remission and regression in the nephropathy of Type 1 diabetes when blood pressure is controlled aggressively. Kidney Int. (2001) 60:277-283.
45. MOGENSEN CE: Definition of diabetic renal disease in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus based on renal function tests. In: The Kidney and Hypertension in Diabetes Mellitus. Mogensen CE, (2nd Edn.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, USA (1994) 1(4):1-14.
46. COOPER ME: Pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Lancet (1998) 352:213-219.
47. CHIARELLI F, CASANI A, TUMINI S, KORDONOURI O, DANNE T: Diabetic nephropathy in childhood and adolescents. Diabetes Nutr. Metab. (1999) 12:144-153.
48. BAKRIS GL, WILLIAMS M, DWORKIN L et al: Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (2000) 36:646-661.
49. PARVING HH, ANDERSEN AR, SMIDT UM, HOMMEL E, MATHIESEN ER, SVENDSEN PA: Effect of antihypertensive treatment on kidney function in diabetic nephropathy Br. Med. J. (1987) 294:1443-1447.
50. MOGENSEN CE: Long-term antihypertensive treatment inhibiting progression of diabetic nephropathy. Br. Med. J. (1982) 285:685-688.
51. ZATZ R, DUNN BR, MEYER TW, ANDERSON S, RENKE HG, BRENNER BM: Prevention of diabetic glomerulopathy by pharmacological amelioration of glomerular capillary hypertension. J. Can. Invest. (1986) 77:1925-1930.
52. CHATURVEDI N, SJOLIE AK, STEPHENSON JM et al: Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with Type 1 diabetes. The EUCLID Study Group. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Lancet (1998) 351:28-31.
53. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of lisinopril in normotensive patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria. The EUCLID Study Group. Lancet (1997) 349:1787-1792.
54. MARRE M, CHATELLIER G, LEBLANC H et al.: Prevention of diabetic nephropathy with enalapril in normotensive diabetics with microalbuminuria. Br. Med. J. (1988) 297:1092-1095.
55. RUDBERG S, OSTERBY R, BANGSTAD HJ, DAHLQUIST G, PERSSON B: Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or beta blocker on glomerular structural changes in young microalbuminuric patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia (1999) 42:589-595.
56. LEWIS EJ, HUNSICKER LG, CLARKE WR et al: renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:851-860.
57. PARVING HH, LEHNERT H, BROCHNER-MORTENSEN J et al.: The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:870-878.
58. WELLS T. FRAME V, SOFFER B, SHAW W, ZHANG Z, HERRERA P, SHAHINFAR S: Enalapril Pediatric Hypertension Collaborative Study Group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose response study of the effectiveness and safety of enalapril for children with hypertension. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2002) 42:870-880.
59. CHASE HP, GARG SK, MARSHALL G, BERG CL, HARRIS S, JACKSON WE, HAMMAN RE: Cigarette smoking increases the risk of albuminuria among subjects with Type I diabetes. JAMA (1991) 265:614-617.
60. PEDRINI MT, LEVEY AS, LAU J, CHALMERS TC, WANG PH: The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med (1996) 124:627-632.
61. SEAQUIST ER, GOETZ FC, RICH S, BARBOSAJ: Familial clustering of diabetic kidney disease. Evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. (1989) 320:1161-1165.
62. RIPPIN JD, PATEL A, BAIN SC: Genetics of diabetic nephropathy. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2001) 15:345-358.
63. RUDBERG S, RASMUSSEN LM, BANGSTAD HJ, OSTERBY R. Influence of insertion/deletion polymorphism, in the ACE-I gene on the progression of diabetic glomerulopathy in Type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care (2000) 23:544-548.
64. HADJADJ S, BELLOUM R, BOUHANICK B et al: Prognostic value of angiotensin-I converting enzyme I/D polymorphism for nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (2001) 12:541-549.
65. DUNCAN JA, SCHOLEY JW, MILLER JA: Angiotensin II Type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms in humans: physiology and pathophysiology of the genotypes. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. (2001) 10:111-116.
66. CARAMORI ML, FIORETTO P, MAUER M: The need for early predictors of diabetic nephropathy risk: is albumin excretion rate sufficient? Diabetes (2000) 49:1399-1408.