Determining the incident electron fluence for Monte Carlo-based photon treatment planning using a standard measured data set

Medical Physics

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 574-582

  Keall, Paul J ^a   Siebers, Jeffrey V ^a   Libby, Bruce ^a   Mohan, Radhe ^a  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Beam modeling; Initial electron fluence; Monte Carlo

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATION; DOSIMETRY; ELECTRONS; GAUSSIAN BEAMS; LINEAR ACCELERATORS; MANUFACTURE; PHANTOMS; PHASE SPACE METHODS; RADIATION; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

BEAM MODEL; ELECTRON FLUENCES; INCIDENT ELECTRONS; MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY; MONTE CARLO CODES; PATIENT GEOMETRIES; PHASE-SPACE FILES; TREATMENT PLANNING;

MONTE CARLO METHODS;

WATER;

ARTICLE; DOSE CALCULATION; DOSIMETRY; IONIZATION CHAMBER; LINEAR ACCELERATOR; MEASUREMENT; MONTE CARLO METHOD; PHANTOM; PHOTON; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION BEAM; RADIATION DOSE; RADIOTHERAPY; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 0037395002     PISSN: 00942405     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1118/1.1561623     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. CRU-24, "Determination of absorbed dose in a patient by beams of X or gamma rays in radiotherapy procedures," International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 1976, p. 24.
2. ICRU-44, "Tissue substitutes in radiation dosimetry and measurement," International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 1988, p. 44.
3. M. Saiful Huq, H. Song, P. Andreo, and C. J. Houser, "Reference dosimetry in clinical high-energy electron beams: comparison of the AAPM TG-51 and AAPM TG-21 dosimetry protocols," Med. Phys. 28, 2077-2087 (2001).
4. R. J. Watts, "Comparative measurements on a series of accelerators by the same vendor," Med. Phys. 26, 2581-2685 (1999).
5. D. Sheikh-Bagheri, D. W. Rogers, C. K. Ross, and J. P. Seuntjens, "Comparison of measured and Monte Carlo calculated dose distributions from the NRC linac," Med. Phys. 27, 2256-2266 (2000).
6. C. L. Hartmann Siantar, R. S. Walling, T. P. Daly, B. Faddegon, N. Albright, P. Bergstrom, A. F. Bielajew, C. Chuang, D. Garrett, R. K. House, D. Knapp, D. J. Wieczorek, and L. J. Verhey, "Description and dosimetric verification of the PEREGRINE Monte Carlo dose calculation system for photon beams incident on a water phantom," Med. Phys. 28, 1322-1337 (2001).
7. A. E. Schach von Wittenau, L. J. Cox, P. M. Bergstrom, Jr., W. P. Chandler, C. L. Hartmann Siantar, and R. Mohan, "Correlated histogram representation of Monte Carlo derived medical accelerator photon-output phase space," Med. Phys. 26, 1196-1211 (1999).
8. A. E. Schach von Wittenau, P. M. Bergstrom, and L. J. Cox, "Patient-dependent beam-modifier physics in Monte Carlo photon dose calculations," Med. Phys. 27, 935-947 (2000).
9. A. E. Schach von Wittenau, L. J. Cox, P. J. Bergstrom, S. M. Hornstein, R. Mohan, B. Libby, Q. Wu, and D. M. J. Lovelock, "Treatment of patient-dependent beam modifiers in photon treatments by the Monte Carlo dose calculation code PEREGRINE," presented at the XII International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1997.
10. R. Jeraj, D. Wenman, J. Balog, D. Pearson, G. Olivera, P. Reckwerdt, and R. Mackie, "Monte Carlo characterization of the helical tomotherapy treatment unit," Med. Phys. 28, 1249 (2001), abstract.
11. B. Libby, Q. Wu, D. M. J. Lovelock, L. J. Cox, A. E. Schach von Wittenau, and R. Mohan, "Phase space description characteristics of linear accelerators," in Ref. 9.
12. B. Libby, J. Siebers, and R. Mohan, "Validation of Monte Carlo generated phase space descriptions of medical linear accelerators," Med. Phys. 26, 1476-1483 (1999).
13. J. V. Siebers, P. J. Keall, B. Libby, and R. Mohan, "Comparison of ECS4 and MCNP4b Monte Carlo codes for generation of photon phase space distributions for a Varian 2100C," Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 3009-3026.
14. R. Mohan, C. Chui, and L. Lidofsky, "Energy and angular distributions of photons from medical linear accelerators," Med. Phys. 12, 592-597 (1985).
15. E. L. Chaney, T. J. Cullip, and T. A. Gabriel, "A Monte Carlo study of accelerator head scatter," Med. Phys. 21, 1383-1390 (1994).
16. R. D. Lewis, S. J. S. Ryde, D. A. Hancock, and C. J. Evans, "An MCNP-based model of a linear accelerator x-ray beam," Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 1219-1230 (1999).
17. P. A. Love, D. G. Lewis, I. A. M. Al-Affan, and C. W. Smith, "Comparison of EGS4 and MCNP Monte Carlo codes when calculating radiotherapy depth doses," Phys. Med. Biol. 42, 1351-1357 (1998).
18. D. M. J. Lovelock, C. S. Chui, and R. Mohan, "A Monte Carlo model of photon beams used in radiation therapy," Med. Phys. 22, 1387-1394 (1995).
19. R. Mohan, "Monte Carlo simulation of radiation treatment machine heads," in Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons, edited by T. M. Jenkins, W. R. Nelson, and A. Rindi (Plenum, New York, 1988), pp. 453-468.
20. D. W. O. Rogers, B. A. Faddegon, G. X. Ding, C. M. Ma, J. We, and T. R. Mackie, "BEAM: a Monte Carlo code to simulate radiotherapy units," Med. Phys. 22, 503-524 (1995).
21. M. Udale-Smith, "A Monte Carlo investigation of high-energy electron beams used in radiotherapy," Ph.D. thesis, Leeds, UK, 1990.
22. W. van der Zee and J. Welleweerd, "Calculating photon beam characteristics with Monte Carlo techniques," Med. Phys. 29, 1883-1892 (1999).
23. P. Francescon, C. Cavedon, S. Reccanello, and S. Cora, "Photon dose calculation of a three-dimensional treatment planning system compared to the Monte Carlo code BEAM," Med. Phys. 27, 1579-1587 (2000).
24. M. K. Fix, M. Stampanoni, P. Manser, E. J. Born, R. Mini, and P. Ruegsegger, "A multiple source model for 6 MV photon beam dose calculations using Monte Carlo," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 1407-1427 (2001).
25. B. A. Faddegon, P. O'Brien, and D. L. Mason, "The flatness of Siemens linear accelerator x-ray fields," Med. Phys. 26, 220-228 (1999).
26. G. X. Ding, "Energy spectra, angular spread, fluence profiles and dose distributions of 6 and 18 MV photon beams: results of Monte Carlo simulations for a Varian 2100EX accelerator," Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 1025-1046 (2002).
27. H. H. Liu, T. R. Mackie, and E. C. McCullough, "A dual source photon beam model used in convolution/superposition dose calculations for clinical megavoltage x-ray beams," Med. Phys. 24, 1960-1974 (1997).
28. D. Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. Rogers, "Monte Carlo calculation of nine megavoltage photon beam spectra using the BEAM code," Med. Phys. 29, 391-402 (2002).
29. D. Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. Rogers, "Sensitivity of megavoltage photon beam Monte Carlo simulations to electron beam and other parameters," Med. Phys. 29, 379-390 (2002).
30. C. M. Ma, E. Mok, A. Kapur, T. Pawlicki, D. Findley, S. Brain, K. Korster, and A. L. Boyer, "Clinical implementation of a Monte Carlo treatment planning system," Med. Phys. 26, 2133-2143 (1999).
31. C. M. Ma, B. A. Faddegon, D. W. O. Rogers, and T. R. Mackie, "Accurate characterization of Monte Carlo calculated electron beams for radiotherapy," Med. Phys. 24, 401-416 (1997).
32. D. W. O. Rogers, G. M. Ewart, A. F. Bielajew, and G. van Dyk, "Calculation of electron contamination in a 60-Co therapy beam," in the Proceedings of the IAEA International Symposium on Dosimetry in Radiotherapy, Vienna, 1988.
33. P. L. Petti, M. S. Goodman, J. M. Sisterson, P. J. Biggs, T. A. Gabriel, and R. Mohan, "Sources of electron contamination for the Clinac-35 25-MV photon beam," Med. Phys. 10, 856-861 (1983).
34. P. L. Petti, M. S. Goodman, T. A. Gabriel, and R. Mohan, "Investigation of buildup dose from electron contamination of clinical photon beams," Med. Phys. 10, 18-24 (1983).
35. C. J. Karzmark, C. S. Nunan, and E. Tanabe, Medical Electron Accelerators (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993).
36. D. A. Jaffray, J. J. Battista, A. Fenster, and P. Munro, "X-ray sources of medical linear accelerators: focal and extra-focal radiation," Med. Phys. 20, 1417-1427 (1993).
37. D. A. Jaffray, J. J. Battista, A. Fenster, and P. Munro, "X-ray sources of medical linear accelerators: Focal and extra-focal radiation," Med. Phys. 20, 1417-1427 (1993).
38. E. Tanabe and R. W. Hamm, "Compact multi-energy electron linear accelerators," Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res. B 10, 871-876 (1985).
39. W. R. Nelson, H. Hirayama, and D. W. O. Rogers, "The EGS4 Code System," SLAC-265, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 1985.
40. J. F. Briesmeister, "MCNP-A General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code, Version 4B," LA-13181, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1997.
41. C.-M. Ma, P. Reckwerdt, M. Holmes, D. W. O. Rogers, B. Geiser, and B. Walters, "DOSXYZ users manual," PIRS-0509b, National Research Council of Canada, 1995.
42. G. X. Ding, "Dose discrepancies between Monte Carlo calculations and measurements in the buildup region for a high-energy photon beam," Med. Phys. 29, 2459-2463 (2602).
43. B. Fraass, K. Doppke, M. Hunt, G. Kutcher, G. Starkschall, R. Stern, and J. Van Dyk, "American Association of Physicists in Medicine Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 53: Quality assurance for clinical radiotherapy treatment planning," Med. Phys. 25, 1773-1829 (1998).
44. P. Andreo, "Uncertainties in dosimetric data and beam calibration," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 19, 1233-1247 (1990).
45. J. O. Kim, J. V. Siebers, P. J. Keall, M. R. Arnfield, and R. Mohan, "A Monte Carlo study of radiation transport through multileaf collimators," Med. Phys. 28, 2497-2506 (2001).
46. P. J. Keall, J. V. Siebers, M. Arnfield, J. O. Kim, and R. Mohan, "Monte Carlo dose calculations for dynamic IMRT treatments," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 929-941 (2001).
47. J. V. Siebers, P. J. Keall, J. O. Kim, and R. Mohan, "A method for photon beam Monte Carlo multileaf collimator particle transport," Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 3225-3249 (2002).
48. H. H. Liu, T. R. Mackie, and E. C. McCullough, "Modeling photon output caused by backscattered radiation into the monitor chamber from collimator jaws using a Monte Carlo technique," Med. Phys. 27, 737-744 (2000).