Geo-ethnoarchaeology of pastoral sites: The identification of livestock enclosures in abandoned Maasai settlements

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 439-459

  Shahack Gross, Ruth ^a,b   Marshall, Fiona ^a   Weiner, Steve ^b  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE   (Israel)

Author keywords

East Africa; Ethnoarchaeology; Livestock enclosures; Micromorphology; Mineralogy; Pastoralism; Phytoliths

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; FOOD PRODUCTION; LIVESTOCK FARMING; PASTORALISM;

AFRICA;

EID: 0037391241     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jasc.2002.0853     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Akeret, O. & Rentzel, P. (2001). Micromorphology and plant macrofossil analysis of cattle dung from the Neolithic lake shore settlement of Arbon Bleiche 3. Geoarchaeology 16, 687-700.
2. Albert, R. M., Lavi, O., Estroff, L., Weiner, S., Tsatskin, A., Ronen, A. & Lev Yadun, S. (1999). Mode of occupation of Tabun Cave, Mt Carmel, Israel during the later Mousterian: a study of the sediments and phytoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science 26, 1249-1260.
3. Albert, R. M. & Weiner, S. (2001). Study of phytoliths in prehistoric ash layers using a quantitative approach. In (J. D. Meunier & F. Colin, Eds) Phytoliths, Applications in Earth Science and Human History. A. A. Balkema Publishers, pp. 251-266.
4. Alfrey, A. C. (1985). Disorders of magnesium metabolism. In (D. W. Seldin & G. Giebisch, Eds) The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. New York: Raven Press. pp. 1281-1295.
5. Ambrose, S. H. (1984). The introduction of pastoral adaptations to the highlands of East Africa. In (J. D. Clark & S. A. Brandt, Eds) From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 212-239.
6. Ambrose, S. H. (1998). Chronology of the Later Stone Age and food production in East Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 377-392.
7. Ambrose, S. H. (2001). East African Neolithic. In (P. N. Peregrine & M. Ember, Eds) Encyclopedia of Prehistory, volume 1: Africa. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 97-109.
8. Andersen, K. B. (1978). African Traditional Architecture. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
9. Banning, E. B. & Kohler-Rollefson, I. (1992). Ethnographic lessons for the pastoral past: camp locations and material remains near Beidha. Southern Jordan. In (O. Bar-Yosef & A. Khazanov, Eds) Pastoralism in the Levant: Archaeological Materials in Anthropological Perspectives. Chicago: Prehistory Press. Monographs in World Archaeology No. 10, pp. 181-204.
10. Blench, R. M. & Macdonald, K. C. (Eds) (2000). The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography, London: UCL Press.
11. Boschian, G. & Montagnari-Kokelj, E. (2000). Prehistoric shepherds and caves in the Trieste karst (Northeastern Italy). Geoarchaeology 15, 331-371.
12. Bower, J. (1991). The Pastoral Neolithic of East Africa. Journal of World Prehistory 5, 49-82.
13. Brochier, J. E. (1983). Combustion et parcage des herbivores domestiques. Le point de vue du sedimentologue. Bulletin de la Societe Prehistorique Francaise 80, 143-145.
14. Brochier, J. E., Villa, P. & Giacomara, M. (1992). Shepherds and sediments: geo ethnoarchaeology of pastoral sites. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11, 47-102.
15. Bull, I. D., Simpson, I. A., van Bergen, P. F. & Evershed, R. P. (1999). Muck 'n' molecules: organic geochemical methods for detecting ancient manuring. Antiquity 73, 86-96.
16. Bullock, P., Fedoroff, N., Jongerius, A., Stoops, G. & Tursina, T. (1985). Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description. Wolverhampton, England: Waine Research Publications.
17. Canti, M. G. (1997). An investigation of microscopic calcareous spherulites from herbivore dungs. Journal of Archaeological Science 24, 219-231.
18. Canti, M. G. (1998). The micromorphological identification of faecal spherulites from archaeological and modern materials. Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 435-444.
19. Canti, M. G. (1999). The production and preservation of faecal spherulites: animals, environment and taphonomy. Journal of Archaeological Science 26, 251-258.
20. Courty, M. A., Goldberg, P. & Macphail, R. I. (1989). Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
21. Courty, M. A., Macphail, R. I. & Wattez, J. (1991). Soil micromorphological indicators of pastoralism; with special reference to Arene Candide, Finale Ligure, Italy. Rivista di Studi Liguri, A. LVII, 127-150.
22. di Lernia, S. (1998). Cultural control over wild animals during the early Holocene: the case of Barbary sheep in central Sahara. In (S. di Lernia & G. Manzi, Eds) Before Food Production in North Africa, A.B.A.C.O. Edizioni, pp. 113-126.
23. Dyson-Hudson, R. & Dyson-Hudson, N. (1980). Nomadic pastoralism. Annual Review in Anthropology 15, 15-61.
24. Evershed, R. P., Bethell, P. H., Reynolds, P. J. & Walsh, N. J. (1997). 5β stigmastanol and related 5β-stanols as biomarkers of manuring: analysis of modern experimental material and assessment of the archaeological potential. Journal of Archaeological Science 24, 485-495.
25. Galaty, J. G. (1981). Land and livestock among Kenyan Maasai. Journal of African Studies 16, 68-88.
26. Gebauer, A. B. & Price, T. D. (1992). Foragers to farmers: an introduction. In (A. B. Gebauer & T. D. Price, Eds) Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory. Chicago: Prehistory Press. Monographs in World Archaeology No. 4, pp. 1-10.
27. Gifford, D. P. (1978). Ethnoarchaeological observations of natural processes affecting cultural materials. In (R. A. Gould, Ed.) Explanation in Ethnoarchaeology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 77-101.
28. Gifford-Gonzalez, D. P. (1998). Gender and early pastoralists in East Africa. In (S. Kent, Ed.) Gender in African Prehistory. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, pp. 115-137.
29. Goldberg, P. & Whitbread, I. (1993). Micromorphological study of a Bedouin tent floor. In (P. Goldberg, D. T. Nash & M. D. Petraglia, Eds) Formation Processes in Archaeological Context. Madison, Wisconsin: Prehistory Press, pp. 165-188.
30. Goren, Y. (1999). On determining use of pastoral cave sites: a critical assessment of spherulites in archaeology. Journal of The Israel Prehistoric Society 29, 123-128.
31. Grandin, B. E., De Leeuw, P. N. & Lembuya, P. (1989). Drought, resource distribution, and mobility in two Maasai group ranches. southeastern Kajiado District. In (T. E. Downing, K. W. Gitu & C. M. Kamau, Eds) Coping with Drought in Kenya. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 245-263.
32. Harris, D. R. (1996). The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia: an overview. In (D. R. Harris, Ed.) The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 552-573.
33. Jones, A. K. G., Hutchinson, A. R. & Nicholson, C. (1988). The worms of Roman horses and other finds of intestinal parasite eggs from unpromising deposits. Antiquity 62, 275-276.
34. Karkanas, P., Bar-Yosef, O., Goldberg, P. & Weiner, S. (2000). Diagenesis in prehistoric caves: the use of minerals that form in situ to assess the completeness of the archaeological record. Journal of Archaeological Science 27, 915-929.
35. Kruuk, H. (1980). The effects of large carnivores on livestock and animal husbandry in Marsabit District, Kenya. IPAL (Integrated Project in Arid Lands) Technical Report E-4 (ITE Project 675), Unesco Programm on Man and the Biosphere.
36. Lamprey, R. & Waller, R. (1990). The Loita-Mara region in historical times: patterns of subsistence, settlement and ecological change. In (P. Robertshaw, Ed.) Early Pastoralists of South-western Kenya. Nairobi: Memoirs of the British Institute in Eastern Africa no. 11. British Institute in Eastern Africa, pp. 16-35.
37. LeGeros, R. Z. (1991). Calcium Phosphates in Oral Biology and Medicine. In (H. M. Myers, Ed.) Monographs in Oral Science. vol. 15. Basel, Switzerland: Karger.
38. Lillios, K. T. (1992). Phosphate fractionation of soils at Agroal, Portugal. American Antiquity 57, 495-506.
39. Macphail, R. I. & Goldberg, P. (1995). Recent advances in micro-morphological interpretations of soils and sediments from archaeological sites. In (A. J. Barham & R. I. Macphail, Eds) Archaeological Sediments and Soils: Analysis, Interpretation and Management, London: University College London, pp. 1-24e.
40. Marean, C. (1992). Hunter to herder: large mammal remains from the hunter-gatherer occupation at Enkapune ya Muto rockshelter, central rift, Kenya. African Archaeological Review 10, 65-127.
41. Marshall, F. (1990). Origins of specialized pastoral production in East Africa. American Anthropologist 92, 873-894.
42. Marshall, F. (2000). The origins of domesticated animals in Eastern Africa. In (K. C. McDonald & R. M. Blench, Eds) The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography. London: University College London Press, pp. 191-221.
43. Marshall, F. & Hildebrand, E. (2002). Cattle before crops: the beginnings of food production in Africa. Journal of World Prehistory, (in press).
44. Mbae, N. B. (1986). Aspects of Maasai Ethnoarchaeology: Implications for Archaeological Interpretation. Masters Thesis. University of Nairobi.
45. Middleton, W. D. & Price, T. D. (1996). Identification of activity areas by multi element characterization of sediments from modern and archaeological house floors using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science 23, 673-687.
46. Mulholland, S. C. & Rapp, G. Jr (1992). A morphological classification of grass silica bodies. In (G. Rapp, Jr & S. C. Mulholland, Eds) Phytolith Systematics. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 65-89.
47. Mutundu, K. K. (1999). Ethnohistoric Archaeology of the Mukogodo in north-central Kenya: Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence and the Transition to Pastoralism in Secondary Settings. BAR International Series 775.
48. Powers, A. H., Padmore, J. & Gilbertson, D. D. (1989). Studies of late prehistoric and modern opal phytoliths from coastal sand dunes and machair in northwest Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science 16, 27-45.
49. Price, T. D. & Gebauer, A. B. (1995). New perspectives on the transition to agriculture. In (T. D. Price & A. B. Gebauer, Eds) Last Hunters, First Farmers. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research Press, pp. 3-19.
50. Robertshaw, P. T. (1978). The archaeology of an abandoned pastoralist camp-site. South African Journal of Science 74, 29-31.
51. Robertshaw, P. & Marshall, F. (1990). Ngamuriak. In (P. Robertshaw, Ed.) Early Pastoralists of South-western Kenya. Memoirs of the British Institute in Eastern Africa no. 11, British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi, pp. 54-72.
52. Ryan, K., Munene, K., Kahinju, S. M. & Kunoni, P. K. (2000). Ethnographic perspectives on cattle management in semi-arid environments: a case study from Maasailand. In (K. C. McDonald & R. M. Blench, Eds) The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography. London: University College London Press, pp. 462-477.
53. Sanchez, A., Canabate, M. L. & Lizcano, R. (1996). Phosphorus analysis at archaeological sites: an optimization of the method and interpretation of the results. Archaeometry 38, 151-164.
54. Schelvis, J. (1992). The identification of archaeological dung deposits on the basis of remains of predatory mites (Acari: Gamasida). Journal of Archaeological Science 19, 677-682.
55. Simpson, I. A., Dockrill, S. J., Bull, I. D. & Evershed, R. P. (1998). Early anthropogenic soil formation at Tofts Ness, Sanday, Orkney. Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 729-746.
56. Smith, A. B. (1992). Pastoralism in Africa: Origins and Development Ecology. Ohio University Press.
57. Thomas, G. W. (1996). Soil pH and soil acidity. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America, Book Series no. 5, pp. 475-490.
58. Touber, L. (1983). Soils and vegetation of the Amboseli-Kibwezi area. In (B. J. A. van der Pouw & V. W. P. van Engelen. Eds) Reconnaissance Soil Survey Report No. R6. Nairobi: Kenya Soil Survey.
59. van der Veen, M. (1999). The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa. New York: Klewer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
60. Wattez, J., Courty, M. A. & Macphail, R. I. (1990). Burnt organo-mineral deposits related to animal and human activities in prehistoric caves. In (L. A. Douglas, Ed.) Soil Micromorphology: A Basic and Applied Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 431-439.
61. Weiner, S., Goldberg, P. & Bar-Yosef, O. (1993). Bone preservation in Kebara Cave. Israel using on-site Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry. Journal of Archaeological Science 20, 613-627.
62. Western, D. & Dunne, T. (1979). Environmental aspects of settlement site decisions among pastoral Maasai. Human Ecology 7, 75-98.
63. Yellen, J. E. (1984). The integration of herding into prehistoric hunting and gathering economics. In (A. Hall, G. Avery, D. M. Avery, M. L. Wilson & J. B. Humphreys, Eds) Frontiers: Southern African Archaeology Today. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 10, BAR International Series 207, pp. 53-64.