Biologic aspects of flexor tendon laceration and repair

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery

Volumn 85, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 539-550

  Beredjiklian, Pedro K ^a  

^a PENN PRESBYTERIAN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN; CYTOKINE; DECORIN; FOCAL ADHESION KINASE; LIPOSOME; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR B; RECOMBINANT DNA;

ADHESION; ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY; DISABILITY; FETUS (ANATOMY); FLEXOR TENDON INJURY; HAND INJURY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; MESENCHYME CELL; NONHUMAN; NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBLEM SOLVING; REVIEW; RIGIDITY; SCAR FORMATION; STEM CELL; SUTURING METHOD; TENDON RECONSTRUCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; ANIMAL; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; LACERATION; PHYSIOLOGY; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TENDON; TENDON INJURY; WOUND HEALING;

ANIMALS; CYTOKINES; GENE THERAPY; HAND INJURIES; HUMANS; LACERATIONS; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TENDON INJURIES; TENDONS; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 0037365738     PISSN: 00219355     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200303000-00025     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Strickland JW. Flexor tendons - acute injuries. In: Green DP, Hotchkiss RN, Pederson WC, editors. Green's operative hand surgery. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1999. p 1851-97.
2. Hannafin JA, Arnoczky SP. Effect of cyclic and static tensile loading on water content and solute diffusion in canine flexor tendons: an in vitro study. J Orthop Res. 1994;12:350-6.
3. Manske PR, Lesker PA. Flexor tendon nutrition. Hand Clin. 1985;1:13-24.
4. Potenza AD. Critical evaluation of flexor-tendon healing and adhesion formation within artificial digital sheaths. An experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963;45:1217-33.
5. Trumble TE. Experimental studies of the structure and function of flexor tendons. In: TR, editor. Light Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Hand Surgery Update 2. 2nd ed. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1999. p 129-40.
6. Gelberman RH. Flexor tendon physiology: tendon nutrition and cellular activity in injury and repair. Instr Course Lect. 1985;34:351-60.
7. Gelberman RH, Manske PR, Akeson WH, Woo SL, Lundborg G, Amiel D. Flexor tendon repair. J Orthop Res. 1986;4:119-28.
8. Gelberman RH, Vandeberg JS, Manske PR, Akeson WH. The early stages of flexor tendon healing: a morphologic study of the first fourteen days. J Hand Surg Am. 1985;10:776-84.
9. Lundborg G. Experimental flexor tendon healing without adhesion formation - a new concept of tendon nutrition and intrinsic healing mechanisms. A preliminary report. Hand. 1976;8:235-8.
10. Khan U, Kakar S, Akali A, Bentley G, McGrouther DA. Modulation of the formation of adhesions during the healing of injured tendons. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82:1054-8.
11. Khan U, Occleston NL, Khaw PT, McGrouther DA. Differences in proliferative rate and collagen lattice contraction between endotenon and synovial fibroblasts. J Hand Surg Am. 1998;23:266-73.
12. Khan U, Edwards JC, McGrouther DA. Patterns of cellular activation after tendon injury. J Hand Surg Br. 1996;21:813-20.
13. Matthews P, Richards H. Factors in the adherence of flexor tendon after repair: an experimental study in the rabbit. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976;58:230-6.
14. Nyska M, Porat S, Nyska A, Rousso M, Shoshan S. Decreased adhesion formation in flexor tendons by topical application of enriched collagen solution - a histological study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1987;106:192-4.
15. Gelberman RH, Amifl D, Gonsalves M, Woo S, Akeson WH. The influence of protected passive mobilization on the healing of flexor tendons: a biochemical and microangiographic study. Hand. 1981;13:120-8.
16. Gelberman RH, Manske PR. Factors influencing flexor tendon adhesions. Hand Clin. 1985;1:35-42.
17. Green S, Szabo R, Langa V, Klein M. The inhibition of flexor tendon adhesions. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst. 1986;46:16-21.
18. Austin RT, Walker F. Flexor tendon healing and adhesion formation after Sterispon wrapping: a study in the rabbit. Injury. 1979;10:211-6.
19. Eskeland G, Eskeland T, Hovig T, Teigland J. The ultrastructure of normal digital flexor tendon sheath and of the tissue formed around silicone and polyethylene implants in man. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1977;59;206-12.
20. Siddiqi NA, Hamada Y, Ide T, Akamatsu N. Effects of hydroxyapatite and alumina sheaths on postoperative peritendinous adhesions in chickens. J Appl Biomater. 1995;6:43-53.
21. Hanff G, Hagberg L. Prevention of restrictive adhesions with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene diffusible membrane following flexor tendon repair: an experimental study in rabbits. J Hand Surg Am. 1998;23:658-64.
22. Gudemez E, Eksioglu F, Korkusuz P, Asan E, Gursel I, Hasrci V. Chondroitin sulfate-coated polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate membrane prevents adhesion in full-thickness tendon tears of rabbits. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27:293-306.
23. Kapetanos G.The effect of the local corticosteroids on the healing and biomechanical properties of the partially injured tendon. Clin Orthop. 1982;163:170-9.
24. Kulick MI, Brazlow R, Smith S, Hentz VR. Injectable ibuprofen: preliminary evaluation of its ability to decrease peritendinous adhesions. Ann Plast Surg. 1984;13:459-67.
25. Kulick MI, Smith S, Hadler K. Oral ibuprofen: evaluation of its effect on peritendinous adhesions and the breaking strength of a tenorrhaphy. J Hand Surg Am. 1986;11:110-20.
26. Szabo RM, Younger E. Effects of indomethacin on adhesion formation after repair of zone II tendon lacerations in the rabbit. J Hand Surg Am. 1990;15:480-3.
27. Albrechtsen SJ, Harvey, JS Jr. Dimethyl sulfoxide. Biomechanical effects on tendons. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10:177-9.
28. Herzog M, Lindsay WK, McCan WG. Effect of beta-aminioproprionitrile on adhesions following digital flexor tendon repair in chickens. Surg Forum. 1970;21:509-11.
29. Salti NI, Tuel RJ, Mass DP. Effect of hyaluronic acid on rabbit profundus flexor tendon healing in vitro. J Surg Res. 1993;55:411-5.
30. Thomas SC, Jones LC, Hungerford DS. Hyaluronic acid and its effect on postoperative adhesions in the rabbit flexor tendon. A preliminary look. Clin Orthop. 1986;206:281-9.
31. Khan U, Occleston NL, Khaw PT, McGrouther DA. Single exposures to 5-fluorouracil: a possible mode of targeted therapy to reduce contractile scarring in the injured tendon. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:465-71.
32. Moran SL, Ryan CK, Orlando GS, Pratt CE, Michalko KB. Effects of 5-fluorouracil on flexor tendon repair. J Hand Surg Am. 2000;25:242-51.
33. Adzick NS, Longaker MT. Scarless fetal healing. Therapeutic implications. Ann Surg. 1992;215:3-7.
34. Roberts AB, Sporn MB. Transforming growth factor beta. In: Clark RA, editor. The molecular and cellular biology of wound repair. 2nd ed. New York; Plenum; 1996. p 275-98.
35. Burrington JD. Wound healing in the fetal lamb. J Pediatr Surg. 1971;6:523-8.
36. Rowlatt U. Intrauterine wound healing in a 20 week human fetus. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol. 1979;381:353-61.
37. Lin KY, Posnick JC, al-Qattan MM, Vajsar J, Becker LE. Fetal nerve healing: an experimental study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;93:1323-33.
38. Namba RS, Meuli M, Sullivan KM, Le AX, Adzick NS. Spontaneous repair of superficial defects in articular cartilage in a fetal lamb model. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:4-10.
39. Slate RK, Posnick JC, Wells MD, Goldstein JA, Keeley FW, Thorner PS. Fetal tibial bone healing in utero: the effects of miniplate fixation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;92:874-83.
40. Weinzweig J, Panter KE, Pantaloni M, Spangenberger A, Harper, JS, Lui F, Gardner D, Wierenga TL, Edstrom LE. The fetal cleft palate: I. Characterization of a congenital model. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103:419-28.
41. Weinzweig J, Panter KE, Pantaloni M, Spangenberger A, Harper JS, Lui F, James LF, Edstrom LE. The fetal cleft palate; II. Scarless healing after in utero repair of a congenital model. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:1356-64.
42. Flanagan CL, Soslowsky LJ, Lovvorn HN, Crombleholme TM, Adzck NS. A preliminary comparative study on the healing characteristics of fetal and adult sheep tendon. Trans Orthop Res. 1999;24:1080.
43. Lorenz HP, Lin RY, Longaker MT, Whitby DJ, Adzick NS. The fetal fibroblast: the effector cell of scarless fetal skin repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995; 96:1251-9.
44. Peled ZM, Rhee SJ, Hsu M, Chang J, Krummel TM, Longaker MT. The ontogeny of scarless healing II: EGF and PDGF-B gene expression in fetal rat skin and fibroblasts as a function of gestational age. Ann Plast Surg. 2001;47:417-24.
45. Chang J, Most D, Stenicki E, Siebert JW, Longaker MT, Hui K, Lineaweaver WC. Gene expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 in rabbit zone II flexor tendon wound healing: evidence for dual mechanisms of repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100:937-44.
46. Chang J, Thunder R, Most D, Longaker MT, Lineaweaver WC. Studies in flexor tendon wound healing: neutralizing antibody to TGF-beta 1 increases postoperative range of motion. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:148-55.
47. Evans CH. Cytokines and the role they play in the healing of ligaments and tendons. Sports Med. 1999;28:71-6.
48. Fenwick SA, Curry Y, Harrall RL, Hazleman BL, Hackney R, Riley GP. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms and their receptors in chronic tendinosis. J Anat. 2001;199:231-40.
49. Jaibaji M. Advances in the biology of zone II flexor tendon healing and adhesion formation. Ann Plast Surg. 2000;45:83-92.
50. Ngo M, Pham H, Longaker MT, Chang J. Differential expression of transforming growth factor-beta receptors in a rabbit zone II flexor tendon wound healing model. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108:1260-7.
51. Shah M, Foreman DM, Ferguson MW. Neutralisation of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 or exogenous addition of TGF-beta 3 to cutaneous rat wounds reduces scarring. J Cell Sci. 1995;108:985-1002.
52. Abrahamsson SO. Similar effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I and II on cellular activities in flexor tendons of young rabbits: experimental studies in vitro. J Orthop Res. 1997;15:256-62.
53. Abrahamsson SO, Lohmander S. Differential effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on matrix and DNA synthesis in various regions and types of rabbit tendons. J Orthop Res. 1996;14:370-6.
54. Abrahamsson SO, Lundborg G, Lohmander LS. Long-term explant culture of rabbit flexor tendon: effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I and serum on matrix metabolism. J Orthop Res. 1991;9:503-15.
55. Abrahamsson SO, Lundborg G, Lohmander LS. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates in vitro matrix synthesis and cell proliferation in rabbit flexor tendon. J Orthop Res. 1991;9:495-502.
56. Duffy FJ Jr, Seller JG, Gelberman RH, Hergrueter CA. Growth factors and canine flexor tendon healing: initial studies in uninjured and repair models. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20:645-9.
57. Nakamura N, Shino K, Natsuume T, Horibe S, Matsumoto N, Kaneda Y, Ochl T. Early biological effect of in vivo gene transfer of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B into healing patellar ligament. Gene Ther. 1998; 5:1165-70.
58. Yoshikawa Y, Abrahamsson SO. Dose-related cellular effects of platelet-derived growth factor-BB differ in various types of rabbit tendons in vitro. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001;72:287-92.
59. Chan BP, Chan KM, Maffulli N, Webb S, Lee KK. Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor. An in vitro study of tendon healing. Clin Orthop. 1997;342:239-47.
60. Chan BP, Fu S, Qin L, Lee K, Rolf CG, Chan K. Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on early stages of tendon healing: a rat patellar tendon model. Acta Orthop Scand. 2000;71:513-8.
61. Chang J, Most D, Thunder R, Mehrara B, Longaker MT, Lineaweaver WC. Molecular studies in flexor tendon wound healing the role of basic fibroblast growth factor gene expression. J Hand Surg Am. 1998;23:1052-8.
62. Jann HW, Stein LE, Slater DA. In vitro effects of epidermal growth factor or insulin-like growth factor on tenoblast migration on absorbable suture material. Vet Surg. 1999;28:268-78.
63. Kurtz CA, Loebig TG, Anderson DD, DeMeo PJ, Campbell PG. Insulin-like growth factor I accelerates functional recovery from Achilles tendon injury in a rat model. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:363-9.
64. Crombleholme TM. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2000;8:460-72.
65. Yao F, Eriksson E. Gene therapy in wound repair and regeneration. Wound Repair Regen. 2000;8:443-51.
66. Goomer RS, Maris TM, Gelberman R, Boyer M, Silva M, Amiel D. Nonviral in vivo gene therapy for tissue engineering of articular cartilage and tendon repair. Clin Orthop. 2000;379 Suppl:S189-200.
67. Lou J, Kubota H, Hotokezaka S, Ludwig FJ, Manske PR. In vivo gene transfer and overexpression of focal adhesion kinase (pp125 FAK) mediated by recombinant adenovirus-induced tendon adhesion formation and epitenon cell change. J Orthop Res. 1997;15:911-8.
68. Lou J, Manske PR, Aoki M, Joyce ME. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into tendon and tendon sheath. J Orthop Res. 1996;14;513-7.
69. Lou J, Tu Y, Burns M, Silva MJ, Manske P. BMP-12 gene transfer augmentation of lacerated tendon repair. J Orthop Res. 2001;19:1199-202.
70. Nakamura N, Hart DA, Boorman RS, Kaneda Y, Shrive NG, Marchuk LL, Shino K, Ochi T, Frank CB. Decorin antisense gene therapy improves functional healing of early rabbit ligament scar with enhanced collagen fibrillogenesis in vivo. J Orthop Res. 2000;18:517-23.
71. Weber IT, Harrison RW, Iozzo RV. Model structure of decorin and implications for collagen fibrillogenesis. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:31767-70.
72. Caplan AI, Bruder SP. Mesenchymal stem cells: building blocks for molecular medicine in the 21st century. Trends Mol Med. 2001;7:259-64.
73. Caterson EJ, Nesti LJ, Albert T, Danielson K, Tuan R. Application of mesenchymal stem cells in the regeneration of musculoskeletal tissues. MedGenMed. 2001:E1.
74. Caplan AI. The mesengenic process. Clin Plast Surg. 1994;21:429-35.
75. Young RG, Butler DL, Weber W, Caplan AI, Gordon SL, Fink DJ. Use of mesenchymal stem cells in a collagen matrix for Achilles tendon repair. J Orthop Res. 1998;16:406-13.