Measuring sensitivity moment-by-moment: A microanalytic look at the transmission of attachment

Attachment and Human Development

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 38-63

  Peck, Sheryl Dickerson ^a  

^a The Family Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Attachment; Emotion regulation; Information processing; Microanalysis of behavior; Mother infant interaction; Transmission of attachment

Indexed keywords

CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; EMOTIONALITY; EXPECTATION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MATERNAL BEHAVIOR; META ANALYSIS; MICROANALYSIS; MOTHER CHILD RELATION; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONS; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; PSYCHOMETRICS;

EID: 0037355958     PISSN: 14616734     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1461673031000078661     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. J. (1974). Infant-mother attachment and social development: Socialization as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In M. P. M. Richards (Ed.), The integration of a child into a social world (pp. 99-135). London: Cambridge University Press.
2. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3. Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Marvin, R. S. (1995). On the shaping of attachment theory and research: An interview with Mary D. S. Ainsworth. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60, 3-21.
4. Atkinson, L., Niccols, A., Paglia, A., Coolbear, J., Parker, K., Poulton, K., Guger, S., & Sitarenios, G. (2000). A meta-analysis of time between maternal sensitivity and attachment assessments: Implications for internal working models in infancy/toddlerhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 791-810.
5. Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 65-122). New York: Academic Press.
6. Beebe, B., & Gerstman, L. J. (1980). The 'packaging' of maternal stimulation in relation to infant facial-visual engagement: A case study at four months. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 26, 321-337.
7. Beebe, B., Jaffe, J., Feldstein, S., Mays, K., & Alson, D. (1985). Interpersonal timing: The application of an adult dialogue model to mother-infant vocal and kinesic interactions. In T. Field & N. Fox (Eds), Social perception in infants (pp. 217-247). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
8. Beebe, B., & Lachmann, F. M. (1988). Mother-infant mutual influence and precursors of psychic structure. In A. Goldberg (Ed.), Frontiers in self psychology. Progress in self psychology (Vol 3. pp. 3-25). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
9. Beebe, B., & Lachmann, F. M. (1994). Representation and internalization in infancy: Three principles of salience. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 11, 127-165.
10. Beebe, B., Lachmann, F., & Jaffe, J. (1997). Mother-infant interaction structures and presymbolic self and object representations. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 7, 133-182.
11. Belsky, J., & Rovine, M. (1987). Temperament and attachment security in the Strange Situation: An empirical rapprochement. Child Development, 58, 787-795.
12. Belsky, J., Rovine, M., & Taylor, D. G. (1984). The Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project, III: The origins of individual differences in infant-mother attachment: Maternal and infant contributions. Child Development, 55, 718-728.
13. Benn, R. K. (1986). Factors promoting secure attachment relationships between employed mothers and their sons. Child Development, 57, 1224-1231.
14. Benoit, D., & Parker, K. C. (1994). Stability and transmission of attachment across three generations. Child Development, 65, 1444-1456.
15. Biringen, Z., Brown, D., Donaldson, L., Green, S., Krcmarik, S., & Lovas, G. (2000). The Adult Attachment Interview: Linkages with dimensions of emotional availability for mothers and their pre-kindergarteners. Attachment & Human Development, 2, 188-202.
16. Biringen, Z., Emde, R. N., & Pipp-Siegel, S. (1997). Dyssynchrony, conflict, and resolution: Positive contributions to infant development. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67, 4-19.
17. Blehar, M. C., Lieberman, A. F., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1977). Early face-to-face interaction and its relation to later infant-mother attachment. Child Development, 48, 182-194.
18. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1. New York: Basic Books.
19. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Vol. 2. London: Hogarth Press.
20. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
21. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowski, B., & Main, M. (1974). The origins of reciprocity in mother-infant interactions. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Eds), The effect of the infant on its caregiver. (pp. 49-76). New York: Wiley.
22. Bretherton, I. (1991). Pouring new wine into old bottles: The social self as internal working model. In M. R. Gunnar & L. A. Sroufe (Eds), Self processes in development (pp. 1-41). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Bush, L. K., Barr, C. L., McHugo, G. J., & Lanzetta, J. T. (1989). The effects of facial control and facial mimicry on subjective reactions to comedy routines. Motivation and Emotion, 13, 31-52.
24. Calkins, S. (1994). Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 59, 53-72.
25. Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influence of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 59, 228-249.
26. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. Cohn, D. A., Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C. P., & Pearson, J. (1992). Mothers' and fathers' working models of childhood attachment relationships, parenting styles, and child behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 417-431.
28. Cohn, J. F., & Elmore, M. (1988). Effect of contingent changes in mothers' affective expression on the organization of behavior in 3-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 11, 493-505.
29. Cohn, J. F., & Tronick, E. Z. (1983). Three-month old infants' reaction to simulated maternal depression. Child Development, 54, 185-193.
30. Cohn, J. F., & Tronick, E. Z. (1987). Mother-infant face-to-face interaction: The sequence of dyadic states at 3, 6, and 9 months. Developmental Psychology, 23, 68-77.
31. Cohn, J. F., & Tronick, E. (1989). Specificity of infant's response to mother's affective behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 242-248.
32. Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & Teti, L. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 59, 73-100.
33. Crowell, J. A., O'Connor, E., Wollmers, G., Spraufkin, J., & Rao, U. (1991). Mothers' conceptualizations of parent-child relationships: Relations to mother-child interaction and child behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 431-444.
34. Das Eiden, R. D., Teti, D. M., & Corns, K. M. (1995). Maternal working models of attachment, marital adjustment, and the parent-child relationship. Child Development, 66, 1504-1518.
35. De Wolff, M. S., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68, 571-591.
36. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Spinrad, T., Fabes, R., Shepard, S., Reiser, M., Murphy, B., Losoya, S., & Guthrie, I. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72, 1112-1134.
37. Einsenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Maszk, P., Smith, M., O'Boyle, C., & Suh, K. (1994). The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 776-797.
38. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Maszk, P., Smith, M., & Karbon, M. (1995). The role of emotionality and regulation in children's social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66, 1360-1384.
39. Eisenberg, B., Fabes, R. A., Nyman, M., Bernzweig, J., & Pinuelas, A. (1994). The relations of emotionality and regulation to children's anger-related reactions. Child Development, 65, 109-128.
40. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Schaller, M., Miller, P., Carlo, G., Poulin, R., Shea, C., & Shell, R. (1991). Personality and socialization correlates of vicarious emotional responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 459-470.
41. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1992). Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Emotion and social behavior: Review of personality and social psychology (pp. 119-150). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
42. Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Karbon, M., Troyer, D., & Switzer, T. (1994). The relations of children's emotion regulation to their vicarious emotional responses and comforting behaviors. Child Development, 65, 1678-1693.
43. Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1990). Maternal correlates of children's vicarious emotional responsiveness. Developmental Psychology, 26, 639-648.
44. Field, T. M. (1984). Early interactions between infants and their postpartum depressed mothers. Infant Behavior & Development, 7, 517-522.
45. Finkel, D., Wille, D. E., & Matheny, A. P. (1998). Preliminary results from a twin study of infant-caregiver attachment. Behavior Genetics, 28, 1-8.
46. Fonagy, P. (1994). Mental representations from an intergenerational cognitive science perspective. Infant Mental Health Journal, 15, 57-68.
47. Fonagy, P., Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1991). Maternal representations of attachment during pregancy predict the organization of infant-mother attachment at one year of age. Child Development, 62, 891-905.
48. Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Leigh, T., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., & Target, M. (1995). Attachment, the reflective self, and borderline states: The predictive specificity of the Adult Attachment Interview and pathological emotional development. In S. Goldberg & R. Muir (Eds), Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives (pp. 233-278). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
49. Goldberg, S., MacKay-Soroka, S., & Rochester, M. (1994). Affect, attachment, and maternal responsiveness. Infant Behavior and Development, 17, 335-339.
50. Goldberg, S., Perrotta, M., Minde, K., & Corter, C. (1986). Maternal behavior and attachment in low-birth weight twins and singletons. Child Development, 57, 34-46.
51. Goldsmith, H. H., & Alansky, J. A. (1987). Maternal and infant temperamental predictors of attachment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 805-816.
52. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 243-268.
53. Grossmann, K., Fremmer-Bombik, E., Rudolph, J., & Grossman, K. E. (1988). Maternal attachment representations as related to patterns of infant-mother attachment and maternal care during the first year. In R. A. Hinde & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds), Relationships within families: Mutual influences (pp. 241-260). New York: Oxford University Press.
54. Grossmann, K. E., & Grossmann, K. (1991). Attachment quality as an organizer of emotional and behavioral responses in a longitudinal perspective. In C. M. Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds), Attachment across the life cycle (pp. 93-114). London: Tavistock/Routledge.
55. Haft, W. L., & Slade, A. (1989). Affect attunement and maternal attachment: A pilot study. Infant Mental Health Journal, 10, 157-221.
56. Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1994). Automatic emotion: Attention and facial efference. In P.M. Niedenthal & S. Kitayama (Eds), The heart's eye (pp. 217-243). San Diego: Academic Press.
57. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2, 96-99.
58. Hodges, S. D., & Wegner, D. M. (1997). Automatic and controlled empathy. In W. J. Ickes (Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 311-339). New York: Guilford Press.
59. Howes, C., Galinsky, E., & Kontos, S. (1998). Child care caregiver sensitivity and attachment. Social Development, 7, 25-36.
60. Isabella, R. A. (1993). Origins of attachment: Maternal interactive behavior across the first year. Child Development, 64, 373-384.
61. Isabella, R. A., & Belsky, J. (1991). Interactional synchrony and the origins of infant-mother attachment: A replication study. Child Development, 62, 373-384.
62. Isabella, R. A., Belsky, J., & von Eye, A. (1989). The origins of infant-mother attachment: An examination of interactional synchrony during the infant's first year. Developmental Psychology, 25, 12-21.
63. Izard, C. E., Haynes, O. M., Chisholm, G., & Baak, K. (1991). Emotional determinants of infant-mother attachment. Child Development, 62, 906-917.
64. Jacobs, D. (1993). Theory and its relation to early affective experience. In S. Albon, D. Brown, E. Khantzian, & J. Mack, (Eds) Human feelings: Explorations in affect development and meaning (pp. 305-316). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
65. Jaffe, J., Beebe, B., Feldstein, S., Crown, C., & Jasnow, M. (2001). Rhythms of dialogue in infancy. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 66, Serial No. 265.
66. Kaye, K., & Fogel, A. (1980). The temporal structure of face-to-face communication between mothers and infants. Developmental Psychology, 16, 454-464.
67. Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59, 135-146.
68. Koulomzin, M., Beebe, B., Anderson, S., Jaffe, J., Feldstein, S., & Crown, C. (2002). Infant gaze, head, face, and self-touch at 4 months differentiate secure vs. avoidant attachment at 1 year: A microanalytic approach. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 3-24.
69. Lester, B., Hoffman, J., & Brazelton, T. B. (1985). The rhythmic structure of mother-infant interaction in term and preterm infants. Child Development, 56, 15-27.
70. Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity. Psychophysiology, 27, 363-384.
71. Levenson, R. W., & Ruef, A. M. (1997). Physiological aspects of emotional knowledge and rapport. In W. J. Ickes (Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 44-72). New York: Guilford.
72. Leyendecker, B., Lamb, M. E., Fracasso, M. P., Scholmerich, A., & Larson, C. (1997). Playful interaction and the antecedents of attachment: A longitudinal study of Central American and European mothers and infants. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 43, 24-47.
73. McCarter, L. M., Ruef, A. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1995). Empathic accuracy and emotional contagion. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley.
74. Main, M. (1981). Avoidance in the service of attachment: A working paper. In K. Immelmann, G., Barlow, L. Petrinovich, & M. Main (Eds), Behavioral development: The Bielefeld Interdisciplinary Project (pp. 651-693). New York: Cambridge University Press.
75. Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 66-104.
76. Malatesta, C. Z., Culver, C., Tesman, J. R., & Shepard, B. (1989). The development of emotion expression during the first two years of life. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 54, 1-104.
77. Matias, R., Cohn, J. F., & Ross, S. (1989). A comparison of two systems that code infant affective expression. Developmental Psychology, 25, 483-489.
78. Miyake, K., Chen, S., & Campos, J. (1985). Infant temperament, mother's mode of interaction, and attachment In Japan: An interim report. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 276-297.
79. Murphy, B., Shepard, S., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R., & Guthrie, I. (1999). Contemporaneous and longitudinal relations of dispositional sympathy to emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 66-97.
80. Nelson, K., & Gruendel, J. (1981). Generalized event representations: Basic building blocks of cognitive development. In M. E. Lamb & A. Brown (Eds), Advances in developmental psychology (pp. 131-158). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
81. Oyen, A. -S., Landy, S., & Hilburn-Cobb, C. (2000). Maternal attachment and sensitivity in an at-risk sample. Attachment & Human Development, 2, 203-217.
82. Pederson, D. R., Gleason, K. E., Moran, G., & Bento, S. (1998). Maternal attachment representations, maternal sensitivity, and the infant-mother attachment relationship. Developmental Psychology, 34, 925-933.
83. Pederson, D. R., & Moran, G. (1995). A categorical description of infant-mother relationships in the home and its relation to Q-sort measures of infant-mother interaction. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60, 111-145.
84. Pederson, D. R., Moran, G., Sitko, C., Campbell, K., Ghesquire, K., & Acton, H. (1990). Maternal sensitivity and the security of infant-mother attachment: A Q-sort study. Child Development, 61, 1974-1983.
85. Pelaez-Nogueras, M., Field, T., Hossain, Z., & Pickens, J. (1996). Depressed mothers' touching increases infants' positive affect and attention in still-face interactions. Child Development, 67, 1780-1792.
86. Raval, V., Goldberg, S., Atkinson, L., Benoit, D., Myhal, N., Poulton, L., & Zwiers, M. (2002). Maternal attachment, maternal responsiveness and infant attachment. Infant Behavior and Development, 24, 281-304.
87. Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L., and the PDP Research Group (Eds) (1986). Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Cambridge: MIT Press.
88. Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
89. Schank, R. C. (1982). Dynamic memory: A theory of reminding and learning in computers and people. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
90. Seifer, R., Schiller, M., Sameroff, A. J., Resnick, S., & Riordan, K. (1996). Attachment, maternal sensitivity, and infant temperament during the first year of life. Developmental Psychology, 32, 12-25.
91. Shaver, P. R., Collins, N., & Clark, C. L. (1996). Attachment styles and internal working models of self and relationship partners. In G. J. O. Fletcher, & J. Fitness (Eds), Knowledge structures in close relationships: A social psychological approach (pp. 25-61). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
92. Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Nelligan, J. S. (1992). Support seeking and support giving within couples in an anxiety-provoking situation: The role of attachment styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 310-320.
93. Slee, P. T. (1984). The nature of mother-infant gaze patterns during interaction as a function of emotional expression. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 385-391.
94. Smith, P. B., & Pederson, D. R. (1988). Maternal sensitivity and patterns of infant-mother attachment. Child Development, 59, 1097-1101.
95. Spangler, G., & Grossmann, K. E. (1993). Biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants. Child Development, 64, 1439-1450.
96. Sroufe, L. A. (1990). An organizational perspective on the self. In D. Cicchetti & M. Beeghly (Eds), The self in transition: Infancy to childhood (pp. 281-307). University of Chicago Press.
97. Steele, H., Steele, M., & Fonagy, P. (1996). Associations among attachment classifications of mothers, fathers, and their infants. Child Development, 67, 541-555.
98. Stern, D. (1974). Mother and infant at play: The dyadic interaction involving facial, vocal, and gaze behaviors. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Eds), The effect of the infant on its caregiver. New York: Wiley.
99. Stern, D. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. New York: Basic Books.
100. Stern, D. (1988). Affect in the context of the infant's lived experience: Some considerations. International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 69, 233-238.
101. Stern, D. (1989). The representation of relational patterns: Developmental considerations. In A. Sameroff & R. Emde (Eds), Relationship disturbances in early childhood (pp. 52-69). New York: Basic.
102. Stern, D. (1994). One way to build a clinically relevant baby. Infant Mental Health Journal, 15, 9-25.
103. Stern, D., Hofer, L., Haft, W., & Dore, J. (1984). Affect attunement: The sharing of feeling states between mother and infant by means of inter-modal fluency. In T. Field & N. Fox (Eds), Social perception in infants (pp. 249-268). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
104. Strack, F., Martin, L., & Stepper, W. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 768-777.
105. Thompson, R. A. (1988). Emotion and self-regulation. In R. A. Thompson (Ed.) Socioemotional development (pp. 367-467). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
106. Thompson, R. A. (1997). Sensitivity and security: New questions to ponder. Child Development, 68, 595-597.
107. Thompson, R. A., Flood, M. F., & Lundquist, L. (1995). Emotional regulation: Its relations to attachment and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds), Emotion, cognition, and representation. Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology Vol 6 (pp. 261-299). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
108. Tronick, E., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 1-13.
109. Tronick, E., Als, H., & Brazelton, T. B. (1980). Monadic phases: A structural descriptive analysis of infant-mother face to face interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 26, 3-24.
110. Tronick, E. Z., & Cohn, J. C. (1989). Infant-mother face-to-face interaction: Age and gender differences in coordination and the occurrence of miscoordination. Child Development, 60, 85-92.
111. Tronick, E. Z., Ricks, M., & Cohn, J. (1982). Maternal and infant affective exchange: Patterns of adaptation. In T. Field & A. Fogel (Eds), Emotion and early interaction (pp. 83-100). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
112. van den Boom, D. C. (1994). The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: An experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants. Child Development, 65, 1457-1477.
113. van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 387-403.
114. van IJzendoorn, M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1996). Attachment representations in mothers, father, adolescents, and clinical groups: A meta-analytic search for normative data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 8-21.
115. van IJzendoorn, M., Kranenburg, M. D., Zwart-Woudstra, H. A., van Busschback, A. M., & Lambermon, M. W. E. (1991). Parental attachment and children's socio-emotional development. Some findings on the validity of the Adult Attachment Interview in the Netherlands. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 14, 375-394.
116. Vaughn, B. E., & Jost, K. K. (1999). Attachment and temperament: Redundant, independent, or interacting influences on interpersonal adaptation and personality development? In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (pp. 198-225). New York: Guilford Press.
117. Vaughn, B. E., Lefever, G. B., Selfer, R., & Barglow, P. (1989). Attachment behavior, attachment security, and temperament during infancy. Child Development, 60, 728-737.
118. Vereijken, C. M. J. L., Riksen-Walraven, M., & Kondo-Ikemura, K. (1997). Maternal sensitivity and infant attachment security in Japan: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 35-49.
119. Weber, R. A., Levitt, M. J., & Clark, M. C. (1986). Individual variation in attachment security and Strange Situation behavior: The role of maternal and infant temperament. Child Development, 57, 56-65.
120. Weinberg, M. K., & Tronick, E. Z. (1994). Beyond the face: An empirical study of infant affective configurations of facial, vocal, gestural, and regulatory behaviors. Child Development, 65, 1503-1515.
121. Wiesenfeld, A. R., Whitman, P. B., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1984). Individual differences among adult women in sensitivity to infants: Evidence in support of an empathy concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 118-124.
122. Zimmermann, P. (1999). Structure and functions of internal working models of attachment and their role for emotion regulation. Attachment & Human Development, 1, 291-306.