Symptoms and signs of community-acquired pneumonia in children

Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 52-56

  Juvén, Taina ^a   Ruuskanen, Olli ^a   Mertsola, Jussi ^a  

^a TURKU UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Bacterial infection; Pneumonia; Viral infection

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; CHILD; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PNEUMONIA; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS PNEUMONIA;

CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS; FEMALE; FINLAND; HUMANS; MALE; PNEUMONIA, BACTERIAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 0037355094     PISSN: 02813432     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02813430310000573     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Ruuskanen O, Mertsola J. Childhood community-acquired pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 1999;14:163-72.
2. Cherian T, John TJ, Simoes E, Steinhoff MC, John M. Evaluation of simple clinical signs for the diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract infection. Lancet 1988;ii:125-8.
3. Shann F, Hart K, Thomas D. Acute lower respiratory tract infection in children: possible criteria for selection of patients for antibiotic therapy and hospital admissions. Bull WHO 1984;62:749-53.
4. Dai Y, Foy HM, Zhu Z, Chen B, Tong F. Respiratory rate and signs in roentgenographically confirmed pneumonia among children in China. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:48-50.
5. Juvén T, Mertsola J, Waris M, Leinonen M, Meurman O, Roivainen M, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. A 3-year prospective study on 254 hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:293-8.
6. Toikka P, Virkki R, Mertsola J, Ashorn P, Eskola J, Ruuskanen O. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in children. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:568-72.
7. Berman S, Simoes EA. Respiratory rate and pneumonia in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1991;66:81-4.
8. Mulholland EK, Simoes EAF, Costales MOD, McGrath EJ, Manalac EM, Gove S. Standardized diagnosis of pneumonia in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:77-81.
9. Bang AT, Bang RA, Tale O, Sontakke P, Solanki J, Wargantiwar R, et al. Reduction in pneumonia mortality and total childhood mortality by means of community based intervention trial in Gadchiroli, India. Lancet 1990;336:201-6.
10. Shann F, Barker J, Poore P. Clinical signs that predict death in children with severe pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8:852-5.
11. Taylor JA, Beccaro MD, Done S, Winters W. Establishing clinically relevant standards for tachypnea in febrile children younger than 2 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995;149:283-7.
12. Grossman LK, Caplan SE. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological information in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children. Ann Emerg Med 1988;17:43-6.
13. Zukin DD, Hoffman JR, Cleveland RH, Kushner DC, Herman TE. Correlation of pulmonary signs and symptoms with chest radiographs in the pediatric age group. Ann Emerg Med 1986;15:792-6.
14. Khamaripid T, Glezen WP. Clinical and radiographic assessment of acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children. Semin Respir Infect 1987;2:130-44.
15. Lehtomäki K. Clinical diagnosis of pneumococcal, adenoviral, mycoplasmal and mixed pneumonias in young men. Eur Respir J 1988;1:324-9.
16. McGarthy PL, Jekel JF, Dolan TF. Temperature greater than or equal to 40°C in children less than 24 months of age: a prospective study. Pediatrics 1977;59:663-8.
17. Toikka P, Irjala K, Juvén T, Virkki R, Mersola J, Leinonen M, et al. Serum procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 for distinguishing bacterial and viral pneumonia in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:598-602.
18. Putto A, Ruuskanen O, Meurman O. Fever in respiratory virus infections. Am J Dis Child 1986;140:1159-63.
19. Ruuskanen O, Meurman O, Sarkkinen H. Adenoviral diseases in children: a study of 105 hospital cases. Pediatrics 1985;76:79-83.
20. Brady MT. Influenza virus infections in children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1998;9:92-102.
21. Piirilä P. Changes in crackle characteristics during the course of pneumonia. Chest 1992;102:176-83.
22. Schidlow DV, Callahan CW. Pneumonia. Pediatr Rev 1996;17:300-9.
23. Leventhal JM. Clinical predictors of pneumonia as s guide to ordering chest roentgengrams. Clin Pediatr 1982;21:730-4.
24. Fang G-D, Fine M, Orloff J, Arisumi D, Yu V, Kapoor W, et al. New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy. A prospective multicenter study for 359 cases. Medicine 1990;69:307-16.
25. Turner R, Lande A, Chase P, Hilton N, Weinberg D. Pneumonia in pediatric outpatients: cause and clinical manifestations. J Pediatr 1987;111:194-200.