메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 39-57

Mechanisms and management of an incomplete epidural block for cesarean section

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BICARBONATE; BUPIVACAINE; CHLOROPROCAINE; DIAZEPAM; FENTANYL; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MIDAZOLAM; OPIATE;

EID: 0037353167     PISSN: 08898537     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8537(02)00055-X     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (40)

References (103)
  • 1
    • 0002069428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthesia care for obstetric patient in the United States
    • Reynolds F, editor. New York: Springer
    • Palmer SK. Anesthesia care for obstetric patient in the United States. In: Reynolds F, editor., Regional analgesia in obstetrics: a millennium update. New York: Springer; 2000. p. 3-10.
    • (2000) Regional Analgesia in Obstetrics: A Millennium Update , pp. 3-10
    • Palmer, S.K.1
  • 3
    • 0033933072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997
    • Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. Int J Obstet Anesth 2000;9:160-7.
    • (2000) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.9 , pp. 160-167
    • Shibli, K.U.1    Russell, I.F.2
  • 4
    • 0031042883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990
    • Hawkins JL, Koonin LM, Palmer SK, et al. Anesthesia-related deaths during obstetric delivery in the United States, 1979-1990. Anesthesiology 1997;86:277-84.
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.86 , pp. 277-284
    • Hawkins, J.L.1    Koonin, L.M.2    Palmer, S.K.3
  • 5
    • 0033639266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National obstetric anaesthetic practice in the UK 1997/1998
    • Khor LJ, Jeskins G, Cooper GM, et al. National obstetric anaesthetic practice in the UK 1997/1998. Anaesthesia 2000;55:1168-72.
    • (2000) Anaesthesia , vol.55 , pp. 1168-1172
    • Khor, L.J.1    Jeskins, G.2    Cooper, G.M.3
  • 6
    • 0024317730 scopus 로고
    • A comparison between open-end (single hole) and closed-end (three lateral holes) epidural catheters. Complications and quality of sensory blockade
    • Michael S, Richmond MN, Birks RJ. A comparison between open-end (single hole) and closed-end (three lateral holes) epidural catheters. Complications and quality of sensory blockade. Anaesthesia 1989;44:578-80.
    • (1989) Anaesthesia , vol.44 , pp. 578-580
    • Michael, S.1    Richmond, M.N.2    Birks, R.J.3
  • 8
    • 0022448401 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of epidural block provided for elective caesarcan section
    • Crawford JS, Davies P, Lewis M. Some aspects of epidural block provided for elective caesarcan section. Anaesthesia 1986;41:1039-46.
    • (1986) Anaesthesia , vol.41 , pp. 1039-1046
    • Crawford, J.S.1    Davies, P.2    Lewis, M.3
  • 9
    • 0031984205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complications of obstetric epidural analgesia and anaesthesia: A prospective analysis of 10995 cases
    • Paech MJ, Godkin R, Webster S. Complications of obstetric epidural analgesia and anaesthesia: a prospective analysis of 10995 cases. Int J Obstet Anesth 1998;7:5-11.
    • (1998) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.7 , pp. 5-11
    • Paech, M.J.1    Godkin, R.2    Webster, S.3
  • 10
    • 0031727219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of epidural catheter replacement in parturients: A retrospective chart review
    • Eappen S, Blinn A, Segal S. Incidence of epidural catheter replacement in parturients: a retrospective chart review. Int J Obstet Anesth 1998;7:220-5.
    • (1998) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.7 , pp. 220-225
    • Eappen, S.1    Blinn, A.2    Segal, S.3
  • 11
    • 4243515813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-partum epidural failure rates in a residency program: A quality improvement benchmark report. (Supp April 1999) Anthesiology abstracts of scientific papers presented at the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology 31st Annual Meeting, May 19-22, 1999, Denver, Colorado
    • Pratt SD, Hess PE, Kaon B, et al. Intra-partum epidural failure rates in a residency program: a quality improvement benchmark report. (Supp April 1999) Anthesiology abstracts of scientific papers presented at the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology 31st Annual Meeting, May 19-22, 1999, Denver, Colorado. Anesthesiology 1999;A63.
    • (1999) Anesthesiology
    • Pratt, S.D.1    Hess, P.E.2    Kaon, B.3
  • 12
    • 0027478627 scopus 로고
    • Extensive application of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in a university hospital: Incidence of complications related to technique
    • Tanaka K, Watanabe R, Harada T, et al. Extensive application of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in a university hospital: incidence of complications related to technique. Reg Anesth 1993;18:34-8.
    • (1993) Reg Anesth , vol.18 , pp. 34-38
    • Tanaka, K.1    Watanabe, R.2    Harada, T.3
  • 13
    • 0030961498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superiority of multi-orifice over single-orifice epidural catheters for labor analgesia and cesarean delivery
    • Segal S, Eappen S, Datta S. Superiority of multi-orifice over single-orifice epidural catheters for labor analgesia and cesarean delivery. J Clin Anesth 1997;9:109-12.
    • (1997) J Clin Anesth , vol.9 , pp. 109-112
    • Segal, S.1    Eappen, S.2    Datta, S.3
  • 14
    • 0030927310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of multiport and uniport epidural catheters in laboring patients
    • D'Angelo R, Foss ML, Livesay CH. A comparison of multiport and uniport epidural catheters in laboring patients. Anesth Analg 1997;84:1276-9.
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.84 , pp. 1276-1279
    • D'Angelo, R.1    Foss, M.L.2    Livesay, C.H.3
  • 16
    • 0025319141 scopus 로고
    • Visceral pain during caesarean section under spinal and epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine
    • Alahuhta S, Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, et al. Visceral pain during caesarean section under spinal and epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990;34:95-8.
    • (1990) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.34 , pp. 95-98
    • Alahuhta, S.1    Kangas-Saarela, T.2    Hollmen, A.I.3
  • 17
    • 0030064949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient comfort: Spinal versus epidural anesthesia for cesarean section
    • Keohane M. Patient comfort: spinal versus epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesth Analg 1996;82:219.
    • (1996) Anesth Analg , vol.82 , pp. 219
    • Keohane, M.1
  • 18
    • 0344608514 scopus 로고
    • Pain control
    • Abouleish E, editor. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott
    • Abouleish E. Pain Control. In: Abouleish E, editor. Obstetrics. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1977. p. 260-304.
    • (1977) Obstetrics , pp. 260-304
    • Abouleish, E.1
  • 19
    • 0025649699 scopus 로고
    • Epidural anesthesia for obstetrics after spinal surgery
    • Daley MD, Rolbin SH, Hew EM, et al. Epidural anesthesia for obstetrics after spinal surgery. Reg Anesth 1990;15:280-4.
    • (1990) Reg Anesth , vol.15 , pp. 280-284
    • Daley, M.D.1    Rolbin, S.H.2    Hew, E.M.3
  • 20
    • 0000610244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural analgesia for labor
    • Birnbach DJ, Gatt SP, Datta S, editors. New York: Churchill Livingstone
    • Paull J, Fanzca DE. Epidural analgesia for labor. In: Birnbach DJ, Gatt SP, Datta S, editors. Textbook of obstetric anesthesia. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. p. 145-56.
    • (2000) Textbook of Obstetric Anesthesia , pp. 145-156
    • Paull, J.1    Fanzca, D.E.2
  • 21
    • 0002439778 scopus 로고
    • Canalography
    • Luyendij W. Canalography. J Belge Radiol 1963;46:236-54.
    • (1963) J Belge Radiol , vol.46 , pp. 236-254
    • Luyendij, W.1
  • 22
    • 0023852376 scopus 로고
    • Anatomy of the human lumbar epidural space: New insights using CT-epidurography
    • Savolaine ER, Pandya JB, Greenblatt SH, et al. Anatomy of the human lumbar epidural space: new insights using CT-epidurography. Anesthesiology 1988;68:217-20.
    • (1988) Anesthesiology , vol.68 , pp. 217-220
    • Savolaine, E.R.1    Pandya, J.B.2    Greenblatt, S.H.3
  • 23
    • 0025652850 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and radiologic evidence of the epidural plica mediana dorsalis
    • Gallart L, Blanco D, Samso E, et al. Clinical and radiologic evidence of the epidural plica mediana dorsalis. Anesth Analg 1990;71:698-701.
    • (1990) Anesth Analg , vol.71 , pp. 698-701
    • Gallart, L.1    Blanco, D.2    Samso, E.3
  • 24
    • 0014042628 scopus 로고
    • Unilateral epidural analgesia
    • Singh A. Unilateral epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia 1967;22:147-9.
    • (1967) Anaesthesia , vol.22 , pp. 147-149
    • Singh, A.1
  • 25
    • 0022448901 scopus 로고
    • The dorsomedian connective tissue band in the lumbar epidural space of humans: An anatomical study using epiduroscopy in autopsy cases
    • Blomberg R. The dorsomedian connective tissue band in the lumbar epidural space of humans: an anatomical study using epiduroscopy in autopsy cases. Anesth Analg 1986;65:747-52.
    • (1986) Anesth Analg , vol.65 , pp. 747-752
    • Blomberg, R.1
  • 26
    • 0025243992 scopus 로고
    • A median epidural septum is not a common cause of unilateral epidural blockade
    • Asato F, Hirakawa N, Oda M, et al. A median epidural septum is not a common cause of unilateral epidural blockade. Anesth Analg 1990;71:427-9.
    • (1990) Anesth Analg , vol.71 , pp. 427-429
    • Asato, F.1    Hirakawa, N.2    Oda, M.3
  • 27
    • 0030027487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why obstetric epidurals fail: A study of epidurograms
    • Collier CB. Why obstetric epidurals fail: a study of epidurograms. Int J Obstet Anesth 1996;5:19-31.
    • (1996) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.5 , pp. 19-31
    • Collier, C.B.1
  • 28
    • 0016426129 scopus 로고
    • Quality of spinal extradural anaesthesia: The influence of spinal nerve root diameter
    • Galindo A, Hernandez J, Benavides O, et al. Quality of spinal extradural anaesthesia: the influence of spinal nerve root diameter. Br J Anaesth 1975;47:41-7.
    • (1975) Br J Anaesth , vol.47 , pp. 41-47
    • Galindo, A.1    Hernandez, J.2    Benavides, O.3
  • 29
    • 0029840445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiographic findings of unilateral epidural block
    • Asato F, Goto F. Radiographic findings of unilateral epidural block. Anesth Analg 1996;83:519-22.
    • (1996) Anesth Analg , vol.83 , pp. 519-522
    • Asato, F.1    Goto, F.2
  • 30
    • 0023836116 scopus 로고
    • Failure of extradural blockade in obstetrics. A new hypothesis
    • Narang VP, Linter SP. Failure of extradural blockade in obstetrics. A new hypothesis. Br J Anaesth 1988;60:402-4.
    • (1988) Br J Anaesth , vol.60 , pp. 402-404
    • Narang, V.P.1    Linter, S.P.2
  • 31
    • 0025027146 scopus 로고
    • Epidural catheter migration during labour: An hypothesis for inadequate analgesia
    • Crosby ET. Epidural catheter migration during labour: an hypothesis for inadequate analgesia. Can J Anaesth 1990;37:789-93.
    • (1990) Can J Anaesth , vol.37 , pp. 789-793
    • Crosby, E.T.1
  • 32
    • 0023278231 scopus 로고
    • Epidural catheter migration during labour
    • Phillips DC, Macdonald R. Epidural catheter migration during labour. Anaesthesia 1987;42:661-3.
    • (1987) Anaesthesia , vol.42 , pp. 661-663
    • Phillips, D.C.1    Macdonald, R.2
  • 33
    • 0026703846 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing epidural catheter migration
    • Bishton IM, Martin PH, Vernon JM, et al. Factors influencing epidural catheter migration. Anaesthesia 1992;47:610-2.
    • (1992) Anaesthesia , vol.47 , pp. 610-612
    • Bishton, I.M.1    Martin, P.H.2    Vernon, J.M.3
  • 34
    • 0030937375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the position of epidural catheters associated with patient movement
    • Hamilton CL, Riley ET, Cohen SE. Changes in the position of epidural catheters associated with patient movement. Anesthesiology 1997;86:778-84.
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.86 , pp. 778-784
    • Hamilton, C.L.1    Riley, E.T.2    Cohen, S.E.3
  • 35
    • 0026813199 scopus 로고
    • Disappearing epidural catheters
    • Gartrell P. Disappearing epidural catheters. Anaesth Intensive Care 1992;20:121-2.
    • (1992) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.20 , pp. 121-122
    • Gartrell, P.1
  • 36
    • 0028034991 scopus 로고
    • Epidural catheters for obstetrics. Terminal hole or lateral eyes?
    • Collier CB, Gatt SP. Epidural catheters for obstetrics. Terminal hole or lateral eyes? Reg Anesth 1994;19:378-85.
    • (1994) Reg Anesth , vol.19 , pp. 378-385
    • Collier, C.B.1    Gatt, S.P.2
  • 39
    • 0029102252 scopus 로고
    • The optimal distance that a multiorifice epidural catheter should be threaded into the epidural space
    • Beilin Y, Bernstein HH, Zucker-Pinchoff B. The optimal distance that a multiorifice epidural catheter should be threaded into the epidural space. Anesth Analg 1995;81:301-4.
    • (1995) Anesth Analg , vol.81 , pp. 301-304
    • Beilin, Y.1    Bernstein, H.H.2    Zucker-Pinchoff, B.3
  • 40
    • 0023184398 scopus 로고
    • Epidural bubbles as a cause of incomplete analgesia during epidural anesthesia
    • Dalens B, Bazin JE, Haberer JP. Epidural bubbles as a cause of incomplete analgesia during epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1987;66:679-83.
    • (1987) Anesth Analg , vol.66 , pp. 679-683
    • Dalens, B.1    Bazin, J.E.2    Haberer, J.P.3
  • 41
    • 0024731011 scopus 로고
    • Epidural air-filled bubbles and unblocked segments
    • Boezaart AP, Levendig BJ. Epidural air-filled bubbles and unblocked segments. Can J Anaesth 1989;36:603-4.
    • (1989) Can J Anaesth , vol.36 , pp. 603-604
    • Boezaart, A.P.1    Levendig, B.J.2
  • 42
    • 0033739789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of analgesia when air versus saline is used for identification of the epidural space in the parturient
    • Beilin Y, Arnold I, Telfeyan C, et al. Quality of analgesia when air versus saline is used for identification of the epidural space in the parturient. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000;25:596-9.
    • (2000) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.25 , pp. 596-599
    • Beilin, Y.1    Arnold, I.2    Telfeyan, C.3
  • 43
    • 0023918432 scopus 로고
    • A single dose epidural technique for caesarean section. A comparison between 0.5% bupivacaine plain and 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenaline
    • Laishley RS, Morgan BM. A single dose epidural technique for caesarean section. A comparison between 0.5% bupivacaine plain and 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenaline. Anaesthesia 1988;43:100-3.
    • (1988) Anaesthesia , vol.43 , pp. 100-103
    • Laishley, R.S.1    Morgan, B.M.2
  • 44
    • 0023302078 scopus 로고
    • Epidural block for cesarean section
    • Shah JL. Epidural block for cesarean section. Anaesthesia 1987;42:327-8.
    • (1987) Anaesthesia , vol.42 , pp. 327-328
    • Shah, J.L.1
  • 45
    • 0030970220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of catheter vs needle injection of local anesthetic for induction of epidural anesthesia for cesarean section
    • Husain FJ, Herman NL, Karuparthy VR, et al. A comparison of catheter vs needle injection of local anesthetic for induction of epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth 1997;6:101-6.
    • (1997) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.6 , pp. 101-106
    • Husain, F.J.1    Herman, N.L.2    Karuparthy, V.R.3
  • 47
    • 0345470684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional anesthesia for Cesarean section
    • Birnbach DJ, Gatt SP, Datta S, editors. St. Louis: Churchill Livingstone
    • Rout CC. Regional anesthesia for cesarean section. In: Birnbach DJ, Gatt SP, Datta S, editors. Textbook of obstetric anesthesia. St. Louis: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. p. 245-66.
    • (2000) Textbook of Obstetric Anesthesia , pp. 245-266
    • Rout, C.C.1
  • 48
    • 0031863843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of diluent volume of a single dose of epidural bupivacaine in parturients during the first stage of labor
    • Christiaens F, Verborgh C, Dierick A, et al. Effects of diluent volume of a single dose of epidural bupivacaine in parturients during the first stage of labor. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998;23:134-41.
    • (1998) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.23 , pp. 134-141
    • Christiaens, F.1    Verborgh, C.2    Dierick, A.3
  • 49
    • 0019360045 scopus 로고
    • Effect of lateral position and volume on the spread of epidural anaesthesia in the parturient
    • Rolbin SH, Cole AF, Hew EM, et al. Effect of lateral position and volume on the spread of epidural anaesthesia in the parturient. Can Anaesth Soc J 1981;28:431-5.
    • (1981) Can Anaesth Soc J , vol.28 , pp. 431-435
    • Rolbin, S.H.1    Cole, A.F.2    Hew, E.M.3
  • 50
    • 0020535190 scopus 로고
    • Posture and the spread of extradural analgesia in labour
    • Merry AF, Cross JA, Mayadeo SV, et al. Posture and the spread of extradural analgesia in labour. Br J Anaesth 1983;55:303-7.
    • (1983) Br J Anaesth , vol.55 , pp. 303-307
    • Merry, A.F.1    Cross, J.A.2    Mayadeo, S.V.3
  • 51
    • 0023102627 scopus 로고
    • Effect of gravity on the spread of extradural anaesthesia for caesarean section
    • Norris MC, Dewan DM. Effect of gravity on the spread of extradural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1987;59:338-41.
    • (1987) Br J Anaesth , vol.59 , pp. 338-341
    • Norris, M.C.1    Dewan, D.M.2
  • 52
    • 0034492362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved epidural analgesia in the parturient in the 30 degree tilt position
    • Beilin Y, Abramovitz SE, Zahn J, et al. Improved epidural analgesia in the parturient in the 30 degree tilt position. Can J Anaesth 2000;47:1176-81.
    • (2000) Can J Anaesth , vol.47 , pp. 1176-1181
    • Beilin, Y.1    Abramovitz, S.E.2    Zahn, J.3
  • 53
    • 0032909128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain during elective caesarean section under epidural anaesthesia: The effect of a 10 degree head-up tilt position
    • Chan YK, Ali A, Oh L. Pain during elective caesarean section under epidural anaesthesia: the effect of a 10 degree head-up tilt position. Int J Obstet Anesth 1999;8:101-4.
    • (1999) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.8 , pp. 101-104
    • Chan, Y.K.1    Ali, A.2    Oh, L.3
  • 54
    • 0029038011 scopus 로고
    • A multifactorial analysis to explain inadequate surgical analgesia after extradural block
    • Curatolo M, Orlando A, Zbinden AM, et al. A multifactorial analysis to explain inadequate surgical analgesia after extradural block. Br J Anaesth 1995;75:274-81.
    • (1995) Br J Anaesth , vol.75 , pp. 274-281
    • Curatolo, M.1    Orlando, A.2    Zbinden, A.M.3
  • 55
    • 3643119739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors of inadequate pain relief during epidural analgesia for labour and delivery
    • Le Coq G, Ducot B, Benhamou D. Risk factors of inadequate pain relief during epidural analgesia for labour and delivery. Can J Anaesth 1998;45:719-23.
    • (1998) Can J Anaesth , vol.45 , pp. 719-723
    • Le Coq, G.1    Ducot, B.2    Benhamou, D.3
  • 56
    • 0027146662 scopus 로고
    • Anesthetic and obstetric outcome in morbidly obese parturients
    • Hood DD, Dewan DM. Anesthetic and obstetric outcome in morbidly obese parturients. Anesthesiology 1993;79:1210-8.
    • (1993) Anesthesiology , vol.79 , pp. 1210-1218
    • Hood, D.D.1    Dewan, D.M.2
  • 57
    • 0034982832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failed epidural in an obese patient-blame it on Pythagoras!
    • Wasson C. Failed epidural in an obese patient-blame it on Pythagoras! Anaesthesia 2001;56:605-6.
    • (2001) Anaesthesia , vol.56 , pp. 605-606
    • Wasson, C.1
  • 58
    • 0027963274 scopus 로고
    • Repeat epidural analgesia and unilateral block
    • Withington DE, Weeks SK. Repeat epidural analgesia and unilateral block. Can J Anaesth 1994;41:568-71.
    • (1994) Can J Anaesth , vol.41 , pp. 568-571
    • Withington, D.E.1    Weeks, S.K.2
  • 59
    • 0034063964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Awake fibreoptic intubation following failed regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in a parturient with Still's disease
    • Popat MT, Chippa JH, Russell R. Awake fibreoptic intubation following failed regional anaesthesia for caesarean section in a parturient with Still's disease. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2000;17:211-4.
    • (2000) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.17 , pp. 211-214
    • Popat, M.T.1    Chippa, J.H.2    Russell, R.3
  • 60
    • 0033859473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlating obstetric epidural anaesthesia performance and psychomotor aptitude
    • Dashfield AK, Coghill JC, Langton JA. Correlating obstetric epidural anaesthesia performance and psychomotor aptitude. Anaesthesia 2000;55:744-9.
    • (2000) Anaesthesia , vol.55 , pp. 744-749
    • Dashfield, A.K.1    Coghill, J.C.2    Langton, J.A.3
  • 62
    • 0024557333 scopus 로고
    • Complications of spinal anaesthesia following extradural block for caesarean section
    • Stone PA, Thorburn J, Lamb KS. Complications of spinal anaesthesia following extradural block for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1989;62:335-7.
    • (1989) Br J Anaesth , vol.62 , pp. 335-337
    • Stone, P.A.1    Thorburn, J.2    Lamb, K.S.3
  • 63
    • 0029121608 scopus 로고
    • Is spinal anesthesia contraindicated after failed epidural anesthesia
    • Adams TJ, Peter EA, Douglas MJ. Is spinal anesthesia contraindicated after failed epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1995;81:659.
    • (1995) Anesth Analg , vol.81 , pp. 659
    • Adams, T.J.1    Peter, E.A.2    Douglas, M.J.3
  • 64
    • 0026654405 scopus 로고
    • Failed extradural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Complication of subsequent spinal block
    • Beck GN, Griffiths AG. Failed extradural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Complication of subsequent spinal block. Anaesthesia 1992;47:690-2.
    • (1992) Anaesthesia , vol.47 , pp. 690-692
    • Beck, G.N.1    Griffiths, A.G.2
  • 65
    • 0027250233 scopus 로고
    • Unexpectedly high spinal anaesthesia following failed extradural anaesthesia for caesarean section
    • Dell RG, Orlikowski CE. Unexpectedly high spinal anaesthesia following failed extradural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48:641.
    • (1993) Anaesthesia , vol.48 , pp. 641
    • Dell, R.G.1    Orlikowski, C.E.2
  • 66
    • 0028964717 scopus 로고
    • Risk of high spinal anesthesia following failed epidural block for cesarean delivery
    • Furst SR, Reisner LS. Risk of high spinal anesthesia following failed epidural block for cesarean delivery. J Clin Anesth 1995;7:71-4.
    • (1995) J Clin Anesth , vol.7 , pp. 71-74
    • Furst, S.R.1    Reisner, L.S.2
  • 67
    • 0028072221 scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia after failed epidural anesthesia
    • Goldstein MM, Dewan DM. Spinal anesthesia after failed epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1994;79:1206-7.
    • (1994) Anesth Analg , vol.79 , pp. 1206-1207
    • Goldstein, M.M.1    Dewan, D.M.2
  • 68
    • 0030069531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia after failed epidural anesthesia
    • Gupta A. Spinal anesthesia after failed epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1996;82:214-5.
    • (1996) Anesth Analg , vol.82 , pp. 214-215
    • Gupta, A.1
  • 69
    • 0030064870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section in women with incomplete extradural analgesia
    • Stoneham M, Souter A. Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section in women with incomplete extradural analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1996;76:476.
    • (1996) Br J Anaesth , vol.76 , pp. 476
    • Stoneham, M.1    Souter, A.2
  • 70
    • 0028220774 scopus 로고
    • Response to spinal anesthesia after inadequate epidural anesthesia
    • Waters JH, Leivers D, Hullander M. Response to spinal anesthesia after inadequate epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1994;78:1033-4.
    • (1994) Anesth Analg , vol.78 , pp. 1033-1034
    • Waters, J.H.1    Leivers, D.2    Hullander, M.3
  • 71
    • 0344176769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section after failed labor epidural analgesia - Retrospective analysis of two dosing regimens
    • Vadhera RB, Siswawala F, Portnoy D, et al. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section after failed labor epidural analgesia - retrospective analysis of two dosing regimens. Anesthesiology 2002;(Suppl April 2002):2.
    • (2002) Anesthesiology , Issue.SUPPL. APRIL 2002 , pp. 2
    • Vadhera, R.B.1    Siswawala, F.2    Portnoy, D.3
  • 72
    • 0033739788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of epidural injection on spinal block during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery
    • Choi DH, Park NK, Cho HS, et al. Effects of epidural injection on spinal block during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000;25:591-5.
    • (2000) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.25 , pp. 591-595
    • Choi, D.H.1    Park, N.K.2    Cho, H.S.3
  • 73
    • 0019456448 scopus 로고
    • Influence of cerebrospinal fluid on epidural pressure
    • Shah JL. Influence of cerebrospinal fluid on epidural pressure. Anaesthesia 1981;36:627-31.
    • (1981) Anaesthesia , vol.36 , pp. 627-631
    • Shah, J.L.1
  • 74
    • 0019779984 scopus 로고
    • Total spinal block after epidural injection into an interspace adjacent to an inadvertent dural perforation
    • Hodgkinson R. Total spinal block after epidural injection into an interspace adjacent to an inadvertent dural perforation. Anesthesiology 1981;55:593-5.
    • (1981) Anesthesiology , vol.55 , pp. 593-595
    • Hodgkinson, R.1
  • 75
    • 0027164416 scopus 로고
    • Is spinal anesthesia after failed epidural anesthesia contraindicated for cesarean section?
    • Mets B, Broccoli E, Brown AR. Is spinal anesthesia after failed epidural anesthesia contraindicated for cesarean section? Anesth Analg 1993;77:629-31.
    • (1993) Anesth Analg , vol.77 , pp. 629-631
    • Mets, B.1    Broccoli, E.2    Brown, A.R.3
  • 76
    • 0023694732 scopus 로고
    • Epidural versus combined spinal epidural block for caesarean section
    • Carrie LE. Epidural versus combined spinal epidural block for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1988;32:595-6.
    • (1988) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.32 , pp. 595-596
    • Carrie, L.E.1
  • 77
    • 0020111561 scopus 로고
    • A failed spinal following an epidural block
    • Dennison B. A failed spinal following an epidural block. Anaesthesia 1982;37:348-9.
    • (1982) Anaesthesia , vol.37 , pp. 348-349
    • Dennison, B.1
  • 78
    • 0025853298 scopus 로고
    • Spinal anaesthesia in obstetrics
    • Kestin IG. Spinal anaesthesia in obstetrics. Br J Anaesth 1991;66:596-607.
    • (1991) Br J Anaesth , vol.66 , pp. 596-607
    • Kestin, I.G.1
  • 79
    • 0027415368 scopus 로고
    • Unexpectedly high spinal anaesthesia following failed extradural anaesthesia for caesarean section
    • Kick O, Bohrer H. Unexpectedly high spinal anaesthesia following failed extradural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993;48:271.
    • (1993) Anaesthesia , vol.48 , pp. 271
    • Kick, O.1    Bohrer, H.2
  • 80
    • 0027303947 scopus 로고
    • Subarachnoid block as an adjunct to extradural anaesthesia
    • Rutter JM, Lyons G. Subarachnoid block as an adjunct to extradural anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1993;48:831-2.
    • (1993) Anaesthesia , vol.48 , pp. 831-832
    • Rutter, J.M.1    Lyons, G.2
  • 81
    • 85087586490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In response to Gupta A. Spinal anesthesia after failed epidural anesthesia
    • Mets B. In response to Gupta A. Spinal anesthesia after failed epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1996;82:214-5.
    • (1996) Anesth Analg , vol.82 , pp. 214-215
    • Mets, B.1
  • 82
    • 0024147017 scopus 로고
    • The difficult airway in obstetric anesthesia: Techniques for airway management and the role of regional anesthesia
    • Malan Jr. TP, Johnson MD. The difficult airway in obstetric anesthesia: techniques for airway management and the role of regional anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 1988;1:104-11.
    • (1988) J Clin Anesth , vol.1 , pp. 104-111
    • Malan T.P., Jr.1    Johnson, M.D.2
  • 83
    • 0032168176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous spinal anesthesia for cesarean section in a parturient with severe preeclampsia
    • Overdyk FJ, Harvey SC. Continuous spinal anesthesia for cesarean section in a parturient with severe preeclampsia. J Clin Anesth 1998;10:510-3.
    • (1998) J Clin Anesth , vol.10 , pp. 510-513
    • Overdyk, F.J.1    Harvey, S.C.2
  • 84
    • 0029845349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in a patient with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. A clinical report
    • Rozkowski A, Smyczek D, Birnbach DJ. Continuous spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in a patient with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. A clinical report. Reg Anesth 1996;21:477-9.
    • (1996) Reg Anesth , vol.21 , pp. 477-479
    • Rozkowski, A.1    Smyczek, D.2    Birnbach, D.J.3
  • 85
    • 0033960280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of combined spinal epidural anesthesia and epidural anesthesia for cesarean section
    • Choi DH, Kim JA, Chung IS. Comparison of combined spinal epidural anesthesia and epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000;44:214-9.
    • (2000) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.44 , pp. 214-219
    • Choi, D.H.1    Kim, J.A.2    Chung, I.S.3
  • 86
    • 0001489503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery
    • Norris MC, editor. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
    • Norris MC. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Norris MC, editor. Obstetric anesthesia. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999. p. 415-39.
    • (1999) Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd Edition , pp. 415-439
    • Norris, M.C.1
  • 87
    • 0021268109 scopus 로고
    • Bupivacaine toxicity in association with extradural analgesia for caesarean section
    • Thorburn J, Moir DD. Bupivacaine toxicity in association with extradural analgesia for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1984;56:551-3.
    • (1984) Br J Anaesth , vol.56 , pp. 551-553
    • Thorburn, J.1    Moir, D.D.2
  • 88
    • 0024722743 scopus 로고
    • Complications of spinal anaesthesia following extradural block for caesarean section
    • Wildsmith JA. Complications of spinal anaesthesia following extradural block for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1989;63:366-7.
    • (1989) Br J Anaesth , vol.63 , pp. 366-367
    • Wildsmith, J.A.1
  • 90
    • 0020047704 scopus 로고
    • Use of two epidural catheters to provide analgesia of unblocked segments in a patient with lumbar disc disease
    • Schachner SM, Abram SE. Use of two epidural catheters to provide analgesia of unblocked segments in a patient with lumbar disc disease. Anesthesiology 1982;56:150-1.
    • (1982) Anesthesiology , vol.56 , pp. 150-151
    • Schachner, S.M.1    Abram, S.E.2
  • 91
    • 0022762356 scopus 로고
    • Median epidural septum and multiple cannulation
    • Bailey PW. Median epidural septum and multiple cannulation. Anaesthesia 1986;41:881-2.
    • (1986) Anaesthesia , vol.41 , pp. 881-882
    • Bailey, P.W.1
  • 92
    • 0029969343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failed intubation revisited: 17-Yr experience in a teaching maternity unit
    • Hawthorne L, Wilson R, Lyons G, et al. Failed intubation revisited: 17-yr experience in a teaching maternity unit. Br J Anaesth 1996;76:680-4.
    • (1996) Br J Anaesth , vol.76 , pp. 680-684
    • Hawthorne, L.1    Wilson, R.2    Lyons, G.3
  • 93
    • 0026688844 scopus 로고
    • Relative risk analysis of factors associated with difficult intubation in obstetric anesthesia
    • Rocke DA, Murray WB, Rout CC, et al. Relative risk analysis of factors associated with difficult intubation in obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1992;77:67-73.
    • (1992) Anesthesiology , vol.77 , pp. 67-73
    • Rocke, D.A.1    Murray, W.B.2    Rout, C.C.3
  • 94
    • 0016612751 scopus 로고
    • Advantages of local anesthesia for cesarean section
    • Ranney B, Stanage WF. Advantages of local anesthesia for cesarean section. Obstet Gynecol 1975;45:163-7.
    • (1975) Obstet Gynecol , vol.45 , pp. 163-167
    • Ranney, B.1    Stanage, W.F.2
  • 95
    • 0030991650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey of how British obstetric anaesthetists test regional anaesthesia before caesarean section
    • Bourne TM, deMelo AE, Bastianpillai BA, et al. A survey of how British obstetric anaesthetists test regional anaesthesia before caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1997;52:901-3.
    • (1997) Anaesthesia , vol.52 , pp. 901-903
    • Bourne, T.M.1    DeMelo, A.E.2    Bastianpillai, B.A.3
  • 96
    • 12944262420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bupivacaine-sparing effect of fentanyl in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery
    • Choi DH, Ahn HJ, Kim MH. Bupivacaine-sparing effect of fentanyl in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000;25:240-5.
    • (2000) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.25 , pp. 240-245
    • Choi, D.H.1    Ahn, H.J.2    Kim, M.H.3
  • 97
    • 0028917441 scopus 로고
    • Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block
    • Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. Int J Obstet Anesth 1995;4:71-7.
    • (1995) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.4 , pp. 71-77
    • Russell, I.F.1
  • 98
    • 0034913850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The futility of using sharp pinprick (or cold) to assess spinal or epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery
    • Russell IF. The futility of using sharp pinprick (or cold) to assess spinal or epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001;26:385-7.
    • (2001) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.26 , pp. 385-387
    • Russell, I.F.1
  • 99
    • 0344176768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery
    • Norris MC, editor. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
    • Gaiser RR. Epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. In: Norris MC, editor. Obstetric anesthesia. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999. p. 397-413.
    • (1999) Obstetric Anesthesia. 2nd Edition , pp. 397-413
    • Gaiser, R.R.1
  • 100
    • 0027163095 scopus 로고
    • Alkalinization improves the quality of lidocaine-fentanyl epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section
    • Capogna G, Celleno D, Costantino P, et al. Alkalinization improves the quality of lidocaine-fentanyl epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Can J Anaesth 1993;40:425-30.
    • (1993) Can J Anaesth , vol.40 , pp. 425-430
    • Capogna, G.1    Celleno, D.2    Costantino, P.3
  • 101
    • 0030942045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthetic quality during cesarean section following subarachnoid or epidural administration of bupivacaine with or without fentanyl
    • Olofsson C, Ekblom A, Skoldefors E, et al. Anesthetic quality during cesarean section following subarachnoid or epidural administration of bupivacaine with or without fentanyl. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997;41:332-8.
    • (1997) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.41 , pp. 332-338
    • Olofsson, C.1    Ekblom, A.2    Skoldefors, E.3
  • 102
    • 0033624749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripartum general anaesthesia without tracheal intubation: Incidence of aspiration pneumonia
    • Ezri T, Szmuk P, Stein A, et al. Peripartum general anaesthesia without tracheal intubation: incidence of aspiration pneumonia. Anaesthesia 2000;55:421-6.
    • (2000) Anaesthesia , vol.55 , pp. 421-426
    • Ezri, T.1    Szmuk, P.2    Stein, A.3
  • 103
    • 0035570297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The laryngeal mask airway is effective (and probably safe) in selected healthy parturients for elective cesarean section: A prospective study of 1067 cases
    • Han TH, Brimacombe J, Lee EJ, et al. The laryngeal mask airway is effective (and probably safe) in selected healthy parturients for elective cesarean section: a prospective study of 1067 cases. Can J Anaesth 2001;48:1117-21.
    • (2001) Can J Anaesth , vol.48 , pp. 1117-1121
    • Han, T.H.1    Brimacombe, J.2    Lee, E.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.