Developmental aspects of consciousness: How much theory of mind do you need to be consciously aware?

Consciousness and Cognition

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 63-82

  Perner, Josef ^a   Dienes, Zoltán ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Access consciousness; Development; Executive tasks; Explicit memory; Higher order thoughts; Phenomenal consciousness; Theory of mind

Indexed keywords

AGE; ARTICLE; CHILD; COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT; CONSCIOUSNESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; INFANT; MEMORY; TASK PERFORMANCE; VERBAL COMMUNICATION;

EID: 0037335357     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1053-8100(02)00010-7     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Ach N. Über die Willenstätigkeit und das Denken. 1905;Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen.
2. Armstrong D.M. A materialist theory of the mind. 1968;Humanities Press, New York.
3. Babelot G., Marcos H. Comprehension of directives in young children: Influences of social situation and linguistic form. First Language. 19:1999;165-186.
4. Baddeley A., Hitch G.J. Working memory. Bower G.H. The psychology of learning and motivation. 1974;47-89 Academic Press, New York.
5. Baillargeon R., Spelke E.S., Wasserman S. Object permanence in five-month-old infants. Cognition. 20:1985;191-208.
6. Bartsch K., Wellman H.M. Children talk about the mind. 1995;Oxford University Press, UK.
7. Bates E., Camaioni L., Volterra V. The acquisition of performatives prior to speech. Merrill Palmer Quarterly. 21:1975;205-226.
8. Bates E., Benigni L., Bretherton I., Camaioni L., Volterra V. Cognition and communication from nine to thirteen months: Correlational findings. Bates E. The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy. 1979;Academic Press, New York.
9. Bianchi L. The mechanism of the brain and the function of the frontal lobes. 1922;Livingstone, Edinburgh.
10. Block N. On a confusion about a function of consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 18(2):1995;227-287.
11. Bretherton I., McNew S., Beeghley-Smith M. Early person knowledge as expressed in gestural and verbal communication: When do infants acquire a "Theory of Mind"? Lamb M.E., Sherrod L.R. Infant social cognition. 1981;333-373 Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
12. Bridgeman B., Kirch M., Sperling A. Segregation of cognitive and motor aspects of visual function using induced motion. Perception and Psychophysics. 29:1981;336-342.
13. Bridgeman B., Gemmer A., Forsman T., Huemer V. Processing spatial information in the sensorimotor branch of the visual system. Vision Research. 40:2000;3539-3552.
14. Carpenter M., Nagell K., Tomasello M. Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age. With commentary by George Butterworth and Chris Moore. Monographs of the Society in Child Development. 63(4, No. 255):1998;1-174.
15. Carruthers P. Language, thought and consciousness. An essay in philosophical psychology. 1996;Cambridge University Press, UK.
16. Carruthers P. Natural theories of consciousness. European Journal of Philosophy. 6(2):1998;204-222.
17. Carruthers P. Phenomenal consciousness: A naturalistic theory. 2000;Cambridge University Press, UK.
18. Chalmers D.J. The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. 1996;Oxford University Press, New York.
19. Cheney D.L., Seyfrath R.M. How monkeys see the world. 1990;University of Chicago Press, USA.
20. Churchland P.M. Matter and consciousness: A contemporary introduction to the philosophy of mind. 1984;MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
21. Dennett D.C. Brainstorms. 1978;Bradford, Montgomery, VT.
22. Dienes Z., Perner J. A theory of implicit and explicit knowledge (target article). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 22:1999;735-755.
23. Duncan J. Disorganisation of behaviour after frontal lobe damage. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 3(3):1986;271-290.
24. Eimas P.D., Siqueland E.R., Jusczyk P., Vigorito J. Speech perception in infants. Science. 171:1971;303-306.
25. Evans C.S., Evans L., Marler P. On the meaning of alarm calls: Functional reference in an avian vocal system. Animal Behaviour. 46:1993;23-38.
26. Fabricius, W. V., Bailey, A. L., & Prost, J. (2001). Perception desire and belief in me and you: Young children's reference to mental states in self and others. Unpublished manuscript, Arizona State University.
27. Fenson, L., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., Bates, E., Thal, D. J., & Pethick, S. J. (1994). Variability in early communicative development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Serial No. 242, Vol. 59, No. 5. Chicago: Society for Research in Child Development.
28. Flavell J.H., Everett B.A., Croft K., Flavell E.R. Young children's knowledge about visual perception: Further evidence for the Level 1-Level 2 distinction. Developmental Psychology. 17:1981;99-103.
29. Flavell J.H., Flavell E.R., Green F.L. Development of the appearance-reality distinction. Cognitive Psychology. 15:1983;95-120.
30. Frith U., Happé F. Theory of mind and self-consciousness: What is it like to be autistic? Mind & Language. 14:1999;1-22.
31. Furrow D., Moore C., Davidge J., Chiasson L. Mental terms in mothers' and children's speech: Similarities and relationships. Journal of Child Language. 19:1992;617-631.
32. Gardner, J. M., Feldman, I. J., Karmel, B. Z., & Freedland, R. L. (2000, September). Development of focused attention from 10 to 16 months: Effects of CNS pathology and intra-uterine cocaine exposure. Poster presented at the European Research Conference on Brain Development and Cognition in Human Infants: Development and Functional Specialization of the Cortex, Agelonde, France.
33. Gopnik A. How we know our minds: The illusion of first-person knowledge of intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 16(1):1993;1-113.
34. Gordon R.M. Simulation without introspection or inference from me to you. Davies M., Stone T. Mental simulation: Evaluations and applications. 1995;53-67 Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
35. Haake R.J., Somerville S.S. Development of logical search skills in infancy. Developmental Psychology. 21:1985;176-186.
36. Harris, P. L., & Kavanaugh, R. D. (1993). Young children's understanding of pretence. Society for Research in Child Development Monographs (Serial No. 237).
37. Jacoby L.L. A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language. 30:1991;513-541.
38. Locke J. An essay concerning human understanding. Vol. I:1959;Dover Publications, New York.
39. Luria A. Higher cortical functions in man. 1966;Basic Books, New York.
40. MacWhinney B. The CHILDES project. 3rd ed. 2000;Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
41. McDonough L., Mandler J.M., McKee R.D., Squire L.R. The deferred imitation task as a nonverbal measure of declarative memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 92:1995;7580-7584.
42. McGinn C. The problem of consciousness. 1991;Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
43. Meltzoff A.N. Immediate and deferred imitation in fourteen- and twenty-four-month-old infants. Child Development. 56(1):1985;62-72.
44. Meltzoff A.N. Infant imitation after a 1-week delay: Long-term memory for novel acts and multiple stimuli. Developmental Psychology. 24:1988;470-476.
45. Milner B. Some effects of frontal lobectomy in man. Warren J.M., Akert K. The frontal granular cortex and behaviour. 1964;313-331 McGraw-Hill, New York.
46. Nagel T. What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review. 4:1974;435-450.
47. Neumann O., Klotz W. Motor responses to nonreportable, masked stimuli: Where is the limit of direct parameter specification? Umilta C., Moscovitch M. Attention and performance XV: Conscious and nonconscious information processing. Attention and performance series. 1994;123-150 Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
48. Norman D.A., Shallice T. Attention to Action. Willed and automatic control of behavior. Center for Human Information Processing Technical Report No. 99. Davidson R.J., Schwartz G.E., Shapiro D. Consciousness and self-regulation. Vol. 4:1986;1-18 Plenum Press, New York.
49. O'Neill D.K., Astington J.W., Flavell J.H. Young children's understanding of the role that sensory experiences play in knowledge acquisition. Child Development. 63:1992;474-490.
50. Perner J. The meta-intentional nature of executive functions and theory of mind. Carruthers P., Boucher J. Language and thought. 1998;270-283 Cambridge University Press, MA, USA.
51. Perner J. Understanding the representational mind. 1991;MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
52. Perner, J. (in press). Dual control and the causal theory of action. In N. Eilan & J. Roessler (Eds.), Agency and self-awareness. UK: Oxford University Press.
53. Perner J., Leekam S.R., Wimmer H. Three-year olds' difficulty with false belief: The case for a conceptual deficit. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 5:1987;125-137.
54. Piaget J. The origin of intelligence in the child. 1936/1953;Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
55. Piaget J. The construction of reality in the child. 1937;Basic Books, New York.
56. Pöppel E., Held R., Frost D. Residual visual function after brain wounds involving the central visual pathways in man. Nature. 243:1973;295-296.
57. Premack D., Woodruff G. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1:1978;516-526.
58. Rosenthal, D. (forthcoming). "Consciousness and higher-order thought," in the Macmillan Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Macmillan Publishers.
59. Rosenthal D.M. Two concepts of consciousness. Philosophical Studies. 49:1986;329-359.
60. Rosenthal, D. M. (2000). Sensory qualities, consciousness, and perception. Unpublished manuscript, City University of New York.
61. Rovee-Collier C. Dissociations in infant memory: Rethinking the development of implicit and explicit memory. Psychological Review. 104(3):1997;467-498.
62. Schacter D.L. Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. 13:1987;501-518.
63. Sellars W. Empiricism and the philosophy of mind. Gunderson K. Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. 1:1956;253-329 University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
64. Shallice T. From neuropsychology to mental structure. 1988;Cambridge University Press, UK.
65. Shatz M. Children's comprehension of their mothers' directive questions. Journal of Child Language. 5:1978;39-46.
66. Spelke E.S. Where perceiving ends and thinking begins: The apprehension of objects in infancy. Yonas A. The Minnesota symposia on child psychology. Vol. 20:1988;197-234 Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
67. Suddendorf T., Whiten A. Mental evolution and development: Evidence for secondary representation in children, great apes, and other animals. Psychological Bulletin. 127:2001;629-650.
68. Taylor M., Esbensen B., Bennett R.T. Children's understanding of knowledge acquisition: The tendency for children to report they have always known what they have just learned. Child Development. 65:1994;1581-1604.
69. Tomasello M. The cultural origins of human cognition. 1999;Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
70. Tye M. Ten problems of consciousness: A representational theory of the phenomenal mind. 1995;The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
71. Weiskrantz L., Sanders M.D., Marshall J. Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation. Brain. 97:1974;709-728.
72. Weiskrantz L. Blindsight: A case study and implications. 1998;Oxford University Press, UK.
73. Wellman H.M., Cross D., Watson J. Meta-analysis of theory of mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development. 72:2001;655-684.
74. Wells C.G. Learning through interaction: The study of language development. 1981;Cambridge University Press, UK.
75. Welsh M.C., Pennington B.F. Assessing frontal lobe functioning in children: Views from developmental psychology. Developmental Neuropsychology. 4(3):1988;199-230.
76. Wheeler M.A. Varieties of consciousness and memory in the developing child. Tulving E. Memory consciousness and the brain: The Tallinn conference. 2000;188-199 Psychology Press, Philadelphia.
77. Willatts P. Development of problem-solving in infancy. Slater A., Bremner G. Infant development. 1989;143-182 Erlbaum, Hove, UK.
78. Willatts P. Development of means-end behavior in young infants: Pulling a support to retrieve a distant object. Developmental Psychology. 35:1999;651-667.
79. Wimmer H., Perner J. Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition. 13:1983;103-128.
80. Wimmer H., Hogrefe J., Perner J. Children's understanding of informational access as source of knowledge. Child Development. 59:1988;386-396.
81. Zelazo P.D., Reznick J.S. Age-related asynchrony of knowledge and action. Child Development. 62:1991;719-735.