Pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis revisited

Experimental and Molecular Pathology

Volumn 74, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 49-60

  Stehbens, William E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Biomechanical stresses; Congenital postural scoliosis, osteoarthrosis; Fatigue failure; Idiopathic scoliosis

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PATHOGENESIS; SCOLIOSIS; TENSILE STRENGTH; VERTEBRA; ANIMAL; BODY POSTURE; MECHANICAL STRESS; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SPINE;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; POSTURE; SCOLIOSIS; SPINE; STRESS, MECHANICAL;

EID: 0037316965     PISSN: 00144800     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0014-4800(03)80008-4     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Adams J.C., and Hamblen D.L. Outline of Orthopaedics 12th Ed. 1995 Churchill Livingstone Cold Spring Harbor, NY 120 123
2. Adams J.C., and Hamblen D.L. Outline of Orthopaedics 12th Ed. 1995 Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh 172 176
3. Adams J.C., and Hamblen D.L. Outline of Orthopaedics 12th Ed. 1995 Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh 182 184
4. Adams M.A., and Hutton W.C. Gradual disc prolapse Spine 10 1985 524 531
5. Aebi M. Correction of degenerative scoliosis of the lumbar spine. A preliminary report Clin. Orthop. 232 1988 80 86
6. Arkin A.M., and Simon N. Radiation scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 32A 1950 396 401
7. Ascani E., Bartolozzi P., Logroscino C.A., Marchetti P.E., Ponte A., Savini R., Travaglini F., Binazzi R., and Di Silvestre M. Natural history of untreated scoliosis after skeletal maturity Spine 11 1986 784 789
8. Astbury C., Bird H.A., McLaren A.M., and Robins S.P. Urinary excretion of pyridinium crosslinks of collagen correlated with joint damage in arthritis Br. J. Rheumatol. 33 1994 11 15
9. Benson P.F. Hydroxyproline excretion in idiopathic, congenital, and paralytic scoliosis Arch. Dis. Child. 47 1972 476
10. Berger K., and Sauvage L.R. Late fiber deterioration in Dacron arterial grafts Ann. Surg. 193 1981 477 491
11. Bisgard J.D., and Musselman M.M. Scoliosis. Its experimental production and growth correction: Growth and fusion of vertebral bodies Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 70 1940 1029 1036
12. Brooks H.L., Azen S.P., Gerberg E., Brooks R., and Chan L. Scoliosis: A prospective epidemiological study J. Bone Joint Surg. 57A 1975 968 972
13. Browne D.P. Congenital deformities of mechanical origin Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 29 1936 1409 1431
14. Browne D. Congenital postural scoliosis Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 49 1956 395 398
15. Browne D. Congenital postural scoliosis Br. Med. J. ii 1965 65 566
16. Browne D. Infantile Scoliosis Clin. Proc. Children's Hosp. Dist. of Columbia 25 1969 157 177
17. Buckwalter J.A., Cooper R.R., and Maynard J.A. Elastic fibers in human intervertebral discs J. Bone Joint. Surg. 58A 1976 73 76
18. Buckwalter J.A., and Lane N.E. Athletics and osteoarthritis Am. J. Sports Med. 25 1997 873 881
19. Buckwalter J.A., and Mankin H.J. Articular cartilage Part II: Degeneration and osteoarthrosis repair, regeneration, and transplantation J. Bone Joint Surg. 79A 1997 612 632
20. Buckwalter J.A., Maynard J.A., and Cooper R.R. Sheathing of collagen fibrils in human intervertebral discs J. Anat. 3 1978 615 618
21. Bullough P.G. The pathology of osteoarthritis R.W. Moskowitz D.S. Howell V.M. Goldberg H.J. Mankin Osteoarthritis Diagnosis and Medical/Surgical Management 2nd Ed. 1992 Saunders Edinburgh 39 67
22. Bunnell W.P. The natural history of idiopathic scoliosis Clin. Orthop. 229 1988 20 25
23. Byrd J.A. Current theories on the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis Clin. Orthop. 229 1988 114 119
24. Bywaters E.G.L. The pathological anatomy of idiopathic low back pain A.A. White S.L. Gordon Symposium on Idiopathic Low Back Pain 1982 Mosby Philadelphia 144 177
25. Caro C.G., and DuBois A.B. Pulmonary function in kyphoscoliosis Thorax 16 1961 282 290
26. Catto M.E. Degenerative arthropathies J.R. Anderson Muir's Textbook of Pathology 12th Ed. 1985 Edward Arnold St. Louis, MO 23.49 23.50
27. Chapple C.C., and Davidson D.T. A study of the relationship between fetal position and certain congenital deformities J. Pediatr. 18 1941 483 493
28. Collins D.H. The Pathology of Articular and Spinal Diseases 1949 Edward Arnold London
29. Collis D.K., and Ponsetti I.V. Long-term follow-up of patients with idiopathic scoliosis not treated surgically J. Bone Joint Dis. 51A 1969 425 445
30. Cotran R.S., Kumar V., and Robbins S.L. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease 4th Ed. 1989 Saunders London 1346 1349
31. Denison D.M., Bellamy D., and Pierce R.J. Some observations on lung function in scoliosis P.A. Zorab D.L. Siegler Scoliosis 1979 1980 Academic Press Philadelphia 137 147
32. Dickson R.A. Scoliosis in the community Br. Med. J. 286 1983 615 618
33. Dickson R.A. Screening for scoliosis Br. Med. J. 289 1984 269 427
34. Dickson R.A. Conservative treatment for idiopathic scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 67B 1985 176 181
35. Dickson R.A. Spinal deformities of children R.B. Duthie G. Bentley Mercer's Orthopaedic Surgery 9th Ed. 1996 Arnold London 475 548
36. Dunn P.M. Congenital postural deformities Br. Med. Bull. 32 1976 71 76
37. Ehrlich M.G., Armstrong A.L., Treadwell B.V., and Mankin H.J. The role of proteases in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis J. Rheumatol. 14 Suppl 14 1987 30 32
38. Faraday J.A. Current principles in the nonoperative management of structural adolescent idiopathic scoliosis Phys. Ther. 63 1983 512 523
39. Farkas A. Physiological scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 23 1941 607 627
40. Farkas A. The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 36A 1954 617 654
41. Figueiredo U.M., and James J.I.P. Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 63B 1981 61 66
42. Fraser R.D., Osti O.L., and Vernon-Roberts B. Intervertebral disc degeneration Europ. Spine J. 1 1993 205 213
43. Freeman M.A.R. The pathogenesis of primary osteoarthrosis: An hypothesis Mod. Trends Orthopaed. 6 1972 40 94
44. Freeman M.A.R. The fatigue of cartilage in the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis Acta Orthop. Scand. 56 1975 323 328
45. Freeman M.A.R. Is collagen fatigue failure a cause of osteoarthrosis and prosthetic component migration? A hypothesis J. Orthopaed. Res. 17 1999 3 8
46. Galasko C.S.B. Spinal problems in children P.J. Maddison D.A. Isenberg P. Woo D.N. Glass Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology Vol. 1 1998 Oxford Univ. Press London 131 134
47. Gross C., Graham J., Neuwirth M., and Pugh J. Scoliosis and growth Clin. Orthop. 175 1983 243 250
48. Hadley-Miller N., Mims B., and Milewicz D.M. The potential role of the elastic fiber system in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 76A 1994 1193 1206
49. Howell D.S., Treadwell B.V., and Trippel S.B. Etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis R.W. Moskowitz D.S. Howell V.M. Goldberg H.J. Mankin Osteoarthritis. Diagnosis and Medical/Surgical Management 2nd Ed. 1992 Saunders Oxford 233 252
50. Hukins D.W.L. Disc structure and function P. Ghosh The Biology of the Intervertebral Disc Vol. 1 1988 CRC Press Philadelphia 1 37
51. Hull M.T., and Warfel K.A. Ultrastructure of abnormal collagen in human tumors Ultrastruct. Pathol. 10 1986 293 301
52. James J.I.P. Two curve patterns in idiopathic structural scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 33B 1951 399 406
53. James J.I.P. Classification and prognosis P.A. Zorab Proceedings of a Symposium on Scoliosis 1965 Action for the Crippled Child Monograph Boca Raton, FL 11 17
54. James J.I.P., Lloyd-Roberts G.C., and Pilcher M.F. Infantile structural scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 41B 1959 719 735
55. Kane W.J. Scoliosis prevalence Clin. Orthopaedics 126 1977 3 46
56. Kausch H.H. Polymer Fracture 2nd Ed. 1987 Springer-Verlag London 142 162
57. Kausch H.H. Polymer Fracture 2nd Ed. 1987 Springer-Verlag Berlin 187 194
58. Kennelly K.P., and Stokes M.J. Pattern of asymmetry of paraspinal muscle size in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis examined by real-time ultrasound imaging Spine 18 1993 913 917
59. Leaver J.M., Alvik A., and Warren M.D. Prescriptive screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A review of the evidence Int. J. Epidemiol. 11 1982 101 111
60. Lehnert-Schroth C. Introduction to the three-dimensional scoliosis treatment according to Schroth Physiotherapy 78 1992 810 821
61. Lloyd-Roberts G.C., and Pilcher M.F. Structural idiopathic scoliosis in infancy. A study of the natural history of 100 patients J. Bone Joint Surg. 47B 1965 520 523
62. Lonstein J.E., Bjorklund S., Wanninger M.H., and Nelson R.P. Voluntary school screening for scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 64A 1982 481 488
63. Lonstein J.E., and Carlson J.M. The prediction of curve progression in untreated idiopathic scoliosis during growth J. Bone Joint Surg. 66A 1984 1061 1071
64. Mankin H.J., and Brandt K.D. Biochemistry and metabolism of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis R.W. Moskowitz D.S. Howell V.M. Goldberg N.J. Mankin Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and Medical/Surgical Management 2nd Ed. 1992 Saunders Berlin 109 154
65. McMaster M.J., and Ohtsuka K. The natural history of congenital scoliosis J Bone Joint Surg. 64A 1982 1228 1247
66. Miller N.H. Genetics of familial idiopathic scoliosis Spine 25 2000 2416 2418
67. Moskowitz R.W. Primary osteoarthritis: Epidemiology, clinical aspects, and general management Am. J. Med. 83 Suppl 5A 1987 5 10
68. Mow V.C., Ratcliffe A., and Poole A.R. Cartilage and diarthrodial joints as paradigms for heirarchical materials and structures Biomaterials 13 1992 67 97
69. Nachemson A. A longterm follow-up study of non-treated scoliosis Acta Orthop. Scand. 39 1968 466 476
70. Nash C.L. Current concepts review. Scoliosis Bracing J. Bone Joint Surg. 62A 1980 848 852
71. Odell J.A., Keller A., and Miles M.J. A method for studying flow-induced polymer degradation: Verification of chain halving Polymer Commun. 24 1983 7 10
72. Panjabi M.H., Andersson B.J., Jorneus L., Hult E., and Mattsson L. In vivo measurements of spinal column vibrations J. Bone Joint Surg. 68A 1986 695 702
73. Pelletier J-P., Martel-Pelletier J., and Howell D.S. Etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis W.J. Koopman 13th Ed. Arthritis and Allied Conditions. A Textbook of Rheumatology Vol. 2 1997 William & Wilkins Philadelphia 1969 1984
74. Peyron J.G., and Altman R.D. The epidemiology of osteoarthritis R.W. Moskowitz D.S. Howell V.M. Goldberg H.J. Mankin Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and Medical/Surgical Management 2nd Ed. 1992 Saunders Baltimore 15 37
75. Pincott J.R., Davies J.S., and Taffs L.F. Scoliosis caused by section of dorsal spinal nerve roots J. Bone Joint Surg. 66B 1984 27 29
76. Ponseti I.V. Skeletal lesions produced by aminonitriles Clin. Orthop. 9 1957 131 144
77. Radin E.L. The relationship between biological and mechanical factors in the etiology of osteoarthritis J. Rheumatol. Suppl 9 1983 20 21
78. Radin E.L. Osteoarthrosis - the orthopedic surgeon's perspective Acta Orthop. Scand. 66 Suppl 266 1995 6 9
79. Radin E.L., Paul J.L., and Rose R.M. Role of mechanical factors in pathogenesis of primary osteoarthritis Lancet i 1972 519 522
80. Riseborough E.J., and Wynne-Davies R. A genetic survey of idiopathic scoliosis in Boston, Massachusetts J. Bone Joint Surg. 55A 1973 974 982
81. Roaf R. Scoliosis 1966 E & S Livingstone Philadelphia
82. Robin G., Spanm Y., Makin M., and Steinberg R. Scoliosis in the elderly: Idiopathic or osteoporotic? P.A. Zorab Scoliosis 1977 Academic Press Edinburgh 215 229
83. Robin G.C., and Stein H. Experimental scoliosis in primates. Failure of a technique J. Bone Joint Surg. 57B 1975 142 145
84. Scott J.C. Differential diagnosis of infantile scoliosis Proc. Ry. Soc. Med. 49 1956 398 401
85. Scott J.C., and Morgan T.H. The natural history and prognosis of infantile idiopathic scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 37B 1955 400 413
86. Skaggs D.L., and Bassett G.S. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an update Am. Fam. Physician 53 1996 2327 2334
87. Smith R.M., and Dickson R.A. Experimental structural scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 69B 1987 576 581
88. Sommer J. Congenital functional scoliosis Acta Orthop. Scand. 39 1968 447 455
89. Stanitski C.L., McMaster J.M., and Scranton P.E. On the nature of stress fractures Am. J. Sports Med. 6 1978 391 396
90. Stehbens W.E. Hemodynamics and diseases of systemic blood vessels W.E. Stehbens Hemodynamics and the Blood Vessel Wall 1979 C.C. Thomas London 294 427
91. Stehbens W.E. Atherosclerosis and degenerative diseases of blood vessels W.E. Stehbens J.T. Lie Vascular Pathology 1995 Chapman & Hall Springfield 175 269
92. Stehbens W.E. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A critical evaluation of the evidence Cardiovasc. Pathol. 6 1997 123 153
93. Stehbens W.E. Mechanisms underlying arterial fragility and the complications of atherosclerosis Pathobiology 65 1997 1 13
94. Stehbens W.E. The significance of apoptosis and matrix vesicles in atherogenesis Cell. Mol. Biol. 46 2000 99 110
95. Strayer L.M. The incidence of scoliosis in the postpartum female on Cape Cod J. Bone Joint Dis. 55A 1973 436
96. Tolo V.T., and Gillespie R. The characteristics of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis and results of its treatment J. Bone Joint Surg. 60B 1978 181 188
97. Torell G., Nachemson A., Haderspeck-Grib K., and Schultz A. Standing and supine Cobb measures in girls with idiopathic scoliosis Spine 11 1986 425 427
98. van der Korst J.K., Sokoloff L., and Miller E.J. Senescent pigmentation of cartilage and degenerative joint disease Arch. Pathol. 86 1968 40 47
99. Vanderpool D.W., Jamesm J.I.P., and Wynne-Davies R. Scoliosis in the elderly J. Bone Joint Surg. 51A 1969 446 455
100. Vernon-Roberts B. Disc pathology and disease states P. Ghosh The Biology of the Intervertebral Disc Vol. 2 1988 CRC Press London 73 119
101. Vernon-Roberts B., and Pirie C.J. Healing trabecular microfractures in the bodies of lumbar vertebrae Ann. Rheum. Dis. 32 1973 406 412
102. Vernon-Roberts B., and Pirie C.J. Degenerative changes in the discs of the lumbar spine and their sequelae Rehab. 116 1977 13 21
103. Weightman B.O., Freeman M.A.R., and Swanson S.A.V. Fatigue of articular cartilage Nature 244 1973 303 304
104. Weinstein S.L. Natural history Spine 24 1999 2592 2600
105. Weiss H.R. The effect of an exercise program on vital capacity and rib mobility in patients with idiopathic scoliosis Spine 16 1991 88 93
106. Willner S. A study of height, weight and menarche in girls with idiopathic structural scoliosis Acta Orthop. Scand. 46 1975 71 83
107. Willner S., and Udén A. A prospective prevalence study of scoliosis in Southern Sweden Acta Orthop. Scand. 53 1982 233 237
108. Wiltse L.L. The effect of the common anomalies of the lumbar spine upon disc degeneration and low back pain Orthop. Clin. Nth. Am. 2 1971 569 582
109. Winter R.B. Natural history of spinal deformity J.E. Lonstein D.S. Bradford R.B. Winter J.W. Ogilvie Moe's Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities 3rd Ed. 1995 Saunders Boca Raton, FL 87 93
110. Wollheim F.A. New insight into joint damage from analysis of released biochemical markers Br. J. Rheumatol. 33 1994 1 2
111. Wu D.D., Burr D.B., Boyd R.D., and Radin E.L. Bone and cartilage changes following experimental varus or valgus tibial angulation J. Orthopaed. Res. 8 1990 572 585
112. Wynne-Davies R. Familial (idiopathic) scoliosis J. Bone Joint Surg. 50B 1968 24 30
113. Wynne-Davies R. Infantile idiopathic scoliosis. Causative factors, particularly in the first six months of life J. Bone Joint Surg. 57B 1975 138 141
114. Zaleske D.J., Ehrlich M.G., and Hall J.E. Association of glycosaminoglycan depletion and degradative enzyme activity in scoliosis Clin. Orthop. 148 1980 177 181
115. Zorab P.A., Clark S., Cotrel Y., and Harrison A. Bone collagen turnover in idiopathic scoliosis from total hydroxyproline excretion Arch. Dis. Child. 46 1971 828 832