History of fetal diagnosis and therapy: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia experience

Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 65-82

  Hedrick, Holly L ^a   Flake, Alan W ^a   Crombleholme, Timothy M ^a   Howell, Lori J ^a   Johnson, Mark P ^a   Wilson, R Douglas ^a   Adzick, N Scott ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Fetal surgery; Fetoscopy; Review

Indexed keywords

RECOMBINANT DNA;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGM HERNIA; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; FETUS; FETUS DISEASE; FETUS ECHOGRAPHY; FETUS MONITORING; FETUS SURGERY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GENE THERAPY; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; LUNG INJURY; MENINGOMYELOCELE; NECK TUMOR; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY; PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SACROCOCCYX TERATOMA; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TWIN TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME; UNITED STATES; WOUND HEALING;

FEMALE; FETAL DISEASES; HOSPITALS, UNIVERSITY; HUMANS; PHILADELPHIA; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, PRENATAL;

EID: 0037276676     PISSN: 10153837     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000068075     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Adzick NS, Harrison MR, Glick PL, Golbus MS, Anderson RL, Mahony BS, Callen PW, Hirsch JH, Luthy DA, Filly RA: Fetal cystic adenomatoid malformation: prenatal diagnosis and natural history. J Pediatr Surg 1984;19:649-657.
2. Cass DL, Crombleholme TM, Howell LJ, Stafford PW, Rucheli ED, Adzick NS: Cystic lung lesions with systemic arterial blood supply: A hybrid of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation and bronchopulmonary sequestration. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:986-990.
3. Adzick NS, Harrison MR; Crombleholme TM, Flake AW, Howell LJ: Fetal lung lesions: Management and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:884-889.
4. MacGillivray TE, Harrison MR, Goldstein RB, Adzick NS: Disappearing fetal lung lesions. J Pediatr Surg 1993;28:1321-1324.
5. Liechty KW, Crombleholme TM, Coleman BG, Howell LJ, Flake AW, Adzick NS: Elevated cystic adenomatoid malformation volume ratio (CVR) is associated with development of hydrops. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:S165.
6. Crombleholme TM, Coleman BG, Hedrick HL, Liechty KW, Howell LJ, Flake AW, Johnson MP, Adzick NS: Cystic adenomatoid malformation volume ratio (CVR) predicts outcome in prenatal diagnosis of cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:331-338.
7. Dommergues M, Louis-Sylvestre C, Mandelbrot L, Aubry MC, Revillon Y, Jarreau PH, Dumez Y: Congenital adenomatoid malformation of the lung: When is active fetal therapy indicated? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;177:953-958.
8. Baxter JK, Johnson MP, Wilson RD, King M, Kasperski S, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW, Hedrick HL, Howell LJ, Adzick NS: Thoracoamniotic shunts: Pregnancy outcome for congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) and pleural effusion (PE). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:S245.
9. d'Agostino S, Bonoldi E, Dante S, Meli S, Cappellari F, Musi L: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the lung arising in cystic adenomatoid malformation: Case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:1381-1383.
10. Granata C, Gambini C, Balducci T, Toma P, Michelazzi A, Conte M, Jasonni V: Bronchioalveolar carcinoma arising in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation in a child: A case report and review on malignancies originating in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. Pediatr Pulmonol 1998;25:62-66.
11. Kaslovsky RA, Purdy S, Dangman BC, McKenna BJ, Brien T, Ilves R: Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in a child with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. Chest 1997;112:548-551.
12. Flake AW: Fetal surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 1996;5:266-274.
13. Metkus AP, Filly RA, Stringer MD, Harrison MR, Adzick NS: Sonographic predictors of survival in fetal diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1996;31:148-152.
14. Albanese CT, Lopoo J, Goldstein RB, Filly RA, Feldstein VA, Calen PW, Jennings RW, Farrell JA, Harrison MR: Fetal liver position and perinatal outcome for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Prenat Diagn 1998;18:1138-1142.
15. Hubbard AM, Adzick NS, Crombleholme TM, Haselgrove JC: Left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Value of prenatal MR imaging in preparation for fetal surgery. Radiology 1997;203:636-640.
16. Hubbard AM, Crombleholme TM, Adzick NS, Coleman BG, Howell LJ, Meyer JS, Flake AW: Prenatal MRI evaluation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Perinatol 1999;16:407-413.
17. Walsh DS, Hubbard AM, Olutoye OO, Howell LJ, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW, Johnson MP, Adzick NS: Assessment of fetal lung volumes and liver herniation with magnetic resonance imaging in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1067-1069.
18. Cohen MS, Rychik J, Bush DM, Tian Z, Howell LJ, Long T, Adzick NS, Flake AW, Johnson MP, Spray TL, Crombleholme TM: Influence of congenital heart disease on survival in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr 2002;141:25-30.
19. Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Flake AW: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: An unsolved problem. Semin Pediatr Surg 1993;2:109-112.
20. Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Flake AW, Vander-Wall KJ, Bealer JF, Howell LJ, Farrell JA, Filly RA, Rosen MA, Sola A, Goldberg JD: Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. VIII: Response of the hypoplastic lung to tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg 1996;31:1339-1348.
21. Harrison MR, Mychaliska GB, Albanese CT, Jennings RW, Farrell JA, Hawgood S, Sandberg P, Levine AH, Lobo E, Filly RA: Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. IX. Fetuses with poor prognosis (liver herniation and low lung-to-head ratio) can be saved by fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33:1017-1023.
22. Flake AW, Crombleholme TM, Johnson MP, Howell LJ, Adzick NS: Treatment of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia by fetal tracheal occlusion: Clinical experience with fifteen cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1059-1066.
23. Wilson JM, DiFiore JW, Peters CA: Experimental fetal tracheal ligation prevents the pulmonary hypoplasia associated with fetal nephrectomy: Possible application for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1993;28:1433-1440.
24. DiFiore JW, Fauza DO, Slavin R, Peters CA, Fackler JC, Wilson JM: Experimental fetal tracheal ligation reverses the structural and physiological effects of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:248-257.
25. Hedrick MH, Estes JM, Sullivan KM, Bealer JF, Kitterman JA, Flake AW, Adzick NS, Harrison MR: Plug the lung until it grows (PLUG): A new method to treat congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:612-617.
26. Altman RP, Randolph JG, Lilly JR: Sacrococcygeal teratoma: American Academy of Pediatrics Surgical Section Survey -1973. J Pediatr Surg 1974;9:389-398.
27. Flake AW: Fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Semin Pediatr Surg 1993;2:113-120.
28. Bond SJ, Harrison MR; Schmidt KG, Silverman NH, Flake AW, Slotnick RN, Anderson RL; Warsof SL, Dyson DC: Death due to high-output cardiac failure in fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. J Pediatr Surg 1990;25:1287-1291.
29. Holterman AX, Filiatrault D, Lallier M, Youssef S: The natural history of sacrococcygeal teratomas diagnosed through routine obstetric sonogram: A single institution experience. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33:899-903.
30. Kirkinen P, Partanen K, Merikanto J, Ryynanen M, Haring P, Heinonen K: Ultrasonic and magnetic resonance imaging of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997;76:917-922.
31. Alter DN, Reed KL, Marx GR, Anderson CF, Shenker L: Prenatal diagnosis of congestive heart failure in a fetus with sacrococcygeal teratoma. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:978-981.
32. Langer JC, Harrison MR, Schmidt KG, Silverman NH, Anderson RL, Goldberg JD, Filly RA, Crombleholme TM, Longaker MT, Golbus MS: Fetal hydrops and death from sacrococcygeal teratoma: Rationale for fetal surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:1145-1150.
33. Schmidt KG, Silverman NH, Harison MR, Callen PW: High-output cardiac failure in fetuses with large sacrococcygeal teratoma: Diagnosis by echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound. J Pediatr 1989;114:1023-1028.
34. Smith B, Passaro E, Clatworthy HW: The vascular anatomy of sacrococcygeal teratomas: Its significance in surgical management. Surgery 1961;49:534-539.
35. Adzick NS, Crombleholme TM, Morgan MA, Quinn TM: A rapidly growing fetal teratoma. Lancet 1997,349:538.
36. Edmonds LD, James LM: Temporal trends in the prevalence of congenital malformations at birth based on the birth defects monitoring program, United States, 1979-1987. Mor Mortal Wkly Rep CDC Surveill Summ 1990;39:19-23.
37. Lary JM, Edmonds LD: Prevalence of spina bifida at birth - United States, 1983-1990: A comparison of two surveillance systems. Mor Mortal Wkly Rep CDC Surveill Summ 1996;45:15-26.
38. Shaw GM, Jensvold NG, Wasserman CR, Lammer EJ: Epidemiologic characteristics of phenotypically distinct neural tube defects among 0.7 million California births, 1983-1987. Teratology 1994;49:143-149.
39. Shurtleff DB, Luthy DA, Nyberg DA, Benedetti TJ, Mack LA. Meningocele: Management in utero and postnatum. Ciba Found Symp 1994;181:270-286.
40. Hunt GM: The median survival time in open spina bifida. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997;39:568.
41. Manning SM, Jennings R, Madsen JR: Pathophysiology, prevention, and potential treatment of neural tube defects. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2000;6:6-14.
42. Walsh DS, Adzick NS, Sutton LN, Johnson MP: The rationale for in utero repair of myelomeningocele. Fetal Diagn Ther 2001;16:312-322.
43. Luthy DA, Wardinsky T, Shurtleff DB, Hollenbach KA, Hickok DE, Nyberg DA, Benedetti TJ: Cesarean section before the onset of labor and subsequent motor function in infants with myelomeningocele diagnosed antenatally. N Engl J Med 1991;324:662-666.
44. Scheller JM, Nelson KB: Does cesarean delivery prevent cerebral palsy or other neurologic problems of childhood? Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:624-630.
45. Patten BM: Embryological stages in the establishment of myeloschisis with spina bifida. Am J Anat 1953;93:365-395.
46. Meuli M, Meuli-Simmen C, Hutchins GM, Seller MJ, Harrison MR, Adzick NS: The spinal cord lesion in human fetuses with myelomeningocele: Implications for fetal surgery. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:448-452.
47. Filly RA: Ultrasound of the fetal neural axis; in Callen PW (ed): Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1999, pp 189-234.
48. Villablanca JR, Hovda DA: Developmental neuroplasticity in a model of cerebral hemispherectomy and stroke. Neuroscience 2000;95:625-637.
49. Michejda M: Intrauterine treatment of spina bifida: Primate model. Z Kinderchir 1984;39:259-261.
50. Heffez DS, Aryanpur J, Hutchins GM, Freeman JM: The paralysis associated with myelomeningocele: Clinical and experimental data implicating a preventable spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery 1990;26:987-992.
51. Heffez DS, Aryanpur J, Rotellini NA, Hutchins GM, Freeman JM: Intrauterine repair of experimental surgically created dysraphism. Neurosurgery 1993;32:1005-1010.
52. Meuli M, Meuli-Simmen C, Yingling CD, Hutchins GM, Hoffman KM; Harrison MR, Adzick NS: Creation of myelomeningocele in utero: A model of functional damage from spinal cord exposure in fetal sheep. J Pediatr Surg 1995;30:1028-1033.
53. Meuli M, Meuli-Simmen C, Yingling CD, Hutchins GM, Timmel GB, Harrison MR, Adzick NS: In utero repair of experimental myelomeningocele saves neurological function at birth. J Pediatr Surg 1996;31:397-402.
54. Adzick NS, Sutton LN, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW: Successful fetal surgery for spina bifida. Lancet 1998;352:1675-1676.
55. Cochrane DD, Wilson RD, Steinbok P, Farquharson DF, Irwin B, Irvine B, Chambers K: Prenatal spinal evaluation and functional outcome of patients born with myelomeningocele: Information for improved prenatal counseling and outcome prediction. Fetal Diagn Ther 1996;11:159-168.
56. Johnson MP, Rintoul NE, Sutton LN, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW, Jowell LJ, Oxman M, Wilson RD, Adzick NS: Fetal myelomeningocele (MMC) repair: Short term outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:S78.
57. Rintoul NE, Sutton LN, Hubbard AM, Cohen B, Mechionni J, Pasquariello PS, Adzick NS: A new look at myelomeningoceles: Functional level, vertebral level, shunting and the implications for fetal intervention. Pediatrics 2002;109:409-413.
58. D'Alton ME, Simpson LL: Syndromes in twins. Semin Perinatol 1995;19:375-396.
59. Carr SR, Aronson MP, Coustan DR: Survival rates of monoamniotic twins do not decrease after 30 weeks' gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:719-722.
60. Malone FD, D'Alton ME: Multiple gestation: Clinical characteristics and management; in Creasy RK, Resnik R (eds): Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1999, pp 598-615.
61. Eglowstein M, D'Alton ME: Intrauterine demise in multiple gestation: Theory and management. J Matern Fetal Med 1993;2:272-275.
62. James WH: A note on the epidemiology of acardiac monsters. Teratology 1997;16:211-216.
63. Moore TR, Gale S, Benirschke K: Perinatal outcome of forty-nine pregnancies complicated by acardiac twinning. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:907-912.
64. Weir PE, Ratten GJ, Beischer NA: Acute polyhydramnios - A complication of monozygous twin pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1979;86:849-853.
65. Steinberg LH, Hurley VA, Desmedt E, Beischer NA: Acute polyhydramnios in twin pregnancies. J Obstet Gynecol 1990:30:196-200.
66. Milner R, Crombleholme TM: Troubles with twins: Fetoscopic therapy. Semin Perinatol 1999;23:474-483.
67. Johnson MP, Crombleholme TM, Hedrick HL, King M, Kasperski S, Wilson RD, Flake AW, Howell LJ, Adzick NS: Bipolar umbilical cord cauterization for selective termination of complicated monochorionic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:S245.
68. Thomas D: Fetal uropathy. Br J Urol 1990;66:225-231.
69. Johnson MP, Bukowski TP, Reitleman C, Isada NB, Pryde PG, Evans MI: In utero surgical treatment of fetal obstructive uropathy: A new comprehensive approach to identify appropriate candidates for vesicoamniotic shunt therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:1770-1779.
70. Johnson MP, Corsi P, Bradfield W, Hume RF, Smith C, Flake AW, Qureshi F, Evans MI: Sequential urinalysis improves evaluation of fetal renal function in obstructive uropathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:59.
71. Hassan S, Mariona L, Kasperski S, et al: Complications of vesicoamniotic shunting. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:583.
72. Johnson MP, Feldman B, Kasperski S, Qureshi F, Jacques S, Gonzales R, Evans MI: Prenatal evaluation and shunting for fetal obstructive uropathy: Management of nearly 100 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990:S30.
73. Quintero RA, Johnson MP, Romero R, Smith C, Arias F, Guevara-Zuloaga F, Cotton DB, Evans MI: In-utero percutaneous cystoscopy in the management of fetal lower obstructive uropathy. Lancet 1995;346:537-540.
74. Hedrick MH, Ferro MM, Filly RA, Flake AW, Harrison MR, Adzick NS: Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS): A potential for perinatal intervention. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:271-274.
75. Kelly MF, Berenholz L, Rizzo KA, Greco R, Wolfson P, Zwillenberg DA: Approach for oxygenation of the newborn with airway obstruction due to a cervical mass. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1990:99:179-182.
76. Catalano PJ, Urken ML, Alvarez M, Norten K, Wedgewood J, Holzman I, Biller HF: New approach to the management of airway obstruction in 'high risk' neonates. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;118:306-309.
77. Hubbard A, Crombleholme TM, Adzick NS: Prenatal MRI evaluation of giant neck masses in preparation for the fetal EXIT procedure. Am J Perinatol 1997;15:253-257.
78. Liechty KW, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW, Morgan MA, Kurth CD, Hubbard AM, Adzick NS: Intrapartum airway management for giant fetal neck masses: The EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:870-874.
79. Mychaliska GB, Bealer JF, Graf JL, Rosen MA, Adzick NS, Harrison MR: Operating on placental support: The ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:227-231.
80. McNamara H, Johnson N: The effect of uterine contraction on fetal oxygen saturation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:644-647.
81. Bond SJ, Harrison MR, Slotnick RN, Anderson J, Flake AW, Adzick NS: Cesarean delivery and hysterotomy using an absorbable stapling device. Obstet Gynecol 1989;74:25-28.
82. Dassel AC, Graaff R, Aarnoudse JG, Elstrodt JM, Heida P, Kowlink MH, de Mul FF, Greve J: Reflectance pulse oximetry in fetal lambs. Pediatr Res 1992;31:266-269.
83. Bouchard S, Johnson MP, Flake AW, Howell LJ, Myers LB, Adzick NS, Crombleholme TM: The EXIT procedure: Experience and outcome in 31 cases. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:418-426.
84. Flake AW, Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Zanjani ED: Transplantation of fetal hematopoietic stem cells in utero: The creation of hematopoietic chimeras. Science 1986;233:776-778.
85. Zanjani ED, Flake AW, Rice HE, Hedrick MH, Tavassoli M: Long-term hematopoietic repopulating ability of xenogenic transplanted human fetal liver stem cells (HSC) in sheep. J Clin Invest 1994;93:1051-1055.
86. Flake AW, Roncarlo MG, Puck JM, Almeida-Porada G, Evans MI, Johnson MP, Abella EM, Harrison DD, Zangani ED: Treatment of X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (X-SCID) by the in utero transplantation of paternal bone marrow. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1806-1810.
87. Flake AW, Zanjani ED: In utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ontologic opportunities and biologic barriers. Blood 1999;94:2179-2191.
88. Liechty KW, MacKenzie TC, Shaaban AF, Radu A, Moseley AM, Deans R, Marshak DR, Flake AW: Human mesenchymal stem cells engraft and demonstrate site-specific differentiation after in utero transplantation in sheep. Nat Med 2000;6:1282-1286.
89. Peranteau WH, Hayashi S, Hsieh M, Shaaban AF, Flake AW: High-level allogeneic chimerism achieved by a strategy of prenatal tolerance induction and postnatal nonmyeloablative bone marrow transplantation. Blood 2002;100:2225-2234.
90. Yang EY, Kim HB, Shaaban AF, Milner R, Adzick NS, Flake AW: Persistent postnatal transgene expression in both muscle and liver after fetal injection of recombinant adenovirus. J Pediatr Surg 1999;34:766-773.
91. Yang EY, Flake AW, Adzick NS: Prospects for fetal gene therapy. Semin Perinatol 1999;23:524-534.
92. Yang EY, Cass DL, Sylvester K, Wilson JM, Adzick NS: Fetal gene therapy: Efficacy, toxicity, and immunologic effects of early gestation recombinant adenovirus. J Pediatr Surg 1999;34:235-241.
93. Sylvester K, Yang EY, Cass DL, Crombleholme TM, Adzick NS: Fetoscopic gene therapy for congenital lung disease. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:964-969.
94. Lim F-Y, Martin BG, Sena-Esteves M, Radu A, Crombleholme TM: Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer in respiratory epithelium and submucosal gland cells in human fetal tracheal organ culture. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:1051-1057.
95. Adzick NS, Longaker MT (eds): Fetal Wound Healing. New York, Elsevier Scientific Press 1992.
96. Longaker MT, Whitby DJ, Jennings RW, Duncan BW, Ferguson MW, Harrison MR, Adzick NS: Fetal diaphragmatic wounds heal with scar formation. J Surg Res 1991;50:375-385.
97. Longaker MT, Whitby DJ, Adzick NS, Crombleholme TM, Langer JC, Duncan BW, Bradley SM, Stern R, Ferguson MW, Harrison MR: Studies in fetal wound healing. VI. Second and early third trimester fetal wounds demonstrate rapid collagen deposition without scar formation. J Pediatr Surg 1990;25:63-69.
98. Lorenz HP, Whitby DJ, Longaker MT, Adzick NS: Fetal wound healing: The ontogeny of scar formation in the non-human primate. Ann Surg 1993;217:391-396.
99. Longaker MT, Chiu ES, Adzick NS, Stern M, Harrison MR, Stern R: Studies in fetal wound healing. V. A prolonged presence of hyaluronic acid characterizes fetal wound fluid. Ann Surg 1991;213:292-296.
100. Cass DL, Sylvester KG, Yang EY, Crombleholme TM, Adzick NS: Myofibroblast persistence in fetal sheep wounds is associated with scar formation. J Pediatr Surg 1997,32:1017-1022.
101. Burd DA, Longaker MT, Adzick NS, Harrison MR, Ehrlich HP: Fetal wound healing in a large animal model: The deposition of collagen is confirmed. British J Plastic Surg 1990;43:571-577.
102. Smith LT, Holbrook KA, Madri JA: Collagen types I, III, and V in human embryonic and fetal skin. Am J Anat 1986;175:507-521.
103. Whitby DJ, Ferguson MW: Immunohistochemical localization of growth factors in fetal wound healing. Dev Biol 1991;147:207-215.
104. Shah M, Foreman DM, Ferguson MW: Control of scarring in adult wounds by neutralising antibody to transforming growth factor beta. Lancet 1992;339:213-214.
105. Whitby DJ, Ferguson MW: The extracellular matrix of lip wounds in fetal, neonatal and adult mice. Development 1991;112:651-668.
106. Mast BA, Krummel TM: Acute inflammation in fetal wound healing; in Adzick NS, Longaker MT (eds): Fetal Wound Healing. New York, Elsevier Scientific Press, 1992, pp 227-240.
107. Liechty KW, Crombleholme TM, Cass DL, Martin B, Adzick NS: Diminished interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in the fetal wound healing response. J Surg Res 1998;77:80-84.
108. Liechty KW, Adzick NS, Crombleholme TM: Diminished interleukin 6 (IL-6) production during scarless human fetal wound repair. Cytokine 2000;12:671-676.
109. Liechty KW, Kim HB, Adzick NS, Crombleholme TM: Fetal wound repair results in scar formation in interleukin-10-deficient mice in a syngeneic murine model of scarless fetal wound repair. J Pediat Surg 2000;35:866-873.
110. Gordon AD, Karmacharya J, Herlyn M, Crombleholme TM: Scarless wound healing induced by adenoviral-mediated overexpression of interleukin-10. Surg Forum 2001;52:568-569.
111. Sylvester KG, Rasanen J, Kitano Y, Flake AW, Crombleholme TM, Adzick NS: Tracheal occlusion reverses the high impedance to flow in the fetal pulmonary circulation and normalizes its physiological response to oxygen at full term. J Pediatr Surg 1998,33:1071-1075.
112. Davey MG, Hedrick HL, Bouchard S, Schwarz U, Mendoza J, Radu A, Adzick NS, Flake AW: Pulmonary function and lung tissue structure in lambs following in utero correction of lung hypoplasia by temporary tracheal occlusion. Pediatric Academic Societies' Meeting, Baltimore, 2002.
113. Kitano Y, Davies P, von Allmen D, Adzick NS, Flake AW: Fetal tracheal occlusion in the rat model of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:769-775.
114. Kitano Y, Yang EY, von Allmen D, Quinn TM, Adzick NS, Flake AW: Tracheal occlusion in the fetal rat: A new experimental model for the study of accelerated lung growth. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33:1741-1744.
115. Kitano Y, Kanai M, Davies P, von Allmen D, Yang EY, Radu A, Adzick NS, Flake AW: Lung growth induced by prenatal tracheal occlusion and its modifying factors: A study in the rat model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 2001;36:251-259.
116. Kanai M, Kitano Y, von Allmen D, Davies P, Adzick NS, Flake AW: Fetal tracheal occlusion in the rat model of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Tracheal occlusion reverses the arterial structural abnormality. J Pediatr Surg 2001;36:839-845.
117. Liechty KW, Crombleholme TM, Quinn TM, Cass DL, Flake AW, Adzick NS: Elevated PDGF-B in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation requiring fetal resection. J Pediatr Surg 1999;34:805-810.
118. Cass DL, Quinn TM, Yang EY, Liechty KW, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW, Adzick NS: Increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis characterize congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33:1043-1047.
119. Walsh DS, Hutchins GM, Radu A, Adzick NS: Histologic evaluation of fetal spinal cords in myelomeningocele. Surg Forum 2000;51:440-442.
120. Bouchard S, Rintoul NE, Davey MG, Walsh DS, Adzick NS: Correction of hindbrain herniation after in utero repair of myelomeningocele in sheep. Surg Forum 2001;52:419-421.