Pediatric environmental health

Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 6-25

  Mazur, Lynnette J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALLERGEN; AMALGAM; ANTIDOTE; ASBESTOS; ATROPINE; CARBON MONOXIDE; HEXACHLOROPHENE; INSECT REPELLENT; LEAD; LINDANE; MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY; NITRATE; NITRITE; ORGANIC SOLVENT; OXYGEN; PENICILLAMINE; PESTICIDE; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL DERIVATIVE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; POVIDONE IODINE; PRALIDOXIME; RADON; SUCCIMER; TOBACCO SMOKE; TRIHALOMETHANE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

ASBESTOSIS; BACTERIUM; CARBON MONOXIDE INTOXICATION; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CHLORINATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; FOOD IRRADIATION; FOOD POISONING; HUMAN; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; LEAD POISONING; MERCURIALISM; METABOLISM; MOULD; NEUROTOXICITY; OZONE LAYER; RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION; REVIEW; SCABIES; SEIZURE; SKIN ABSORPTION;

EID: 0037245291     PISSN: 15385442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1067/mps.2003.1     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Committee on Environmental Health, American Academy of Pediatrics. Handbook of pediatric environmental health. Elk Grove, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1999.
2. National Academy of Sciences. Pesticides in the diets of infants and children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1993.
3. Till C, Westall CA, Rovet JF, Koren G, et al. Effects of maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents on offspring visual functioning: a prospective controlled study. Teratology 2001;64:134-41.
4. Clemens PC, Neumann RS. The Wolff-Chaikoff effect: hypothyroidism due to iodine application. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:705.
5. Shuman RM, Leech RW, Alvord EC. Neurotoxicity of hexachlorophene in the human: , I. A: a clinicopathologic study of 248 children. Pediatrics 1974;54:689-95.
6. Wysowski DK, Flynt JW Jr, Goldfield M, Altman R, Davis A, et al. Epidemic neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and use of a phenolic disinfectant detergent. Pediatrics 1978;61:165-70.
7. Martin-Bouyer G, Lebreton R, Toga M, Stolley PD, Lockhart J, et al. Outbreak of accidental hexachlorophene poisoning in France. Lancet 1982;1:91-5.
8. Plunkett LM, Turnbull D, Rodricks JV. Differences between adults and children affecting exposure assessment. In: Buzelian PS, Henry CJ, Olin SS, editors. Similarities and differences between children and adults: implications for risk assessment. Washington, DC: ILSI Press; 1992. p. 79-94.
9. Solomon LM, Fahrner L, West DP. Gamma benzene hexachloride toxicity. Arch Dermatol 1977;113:353-7.
10. Lipscomb JW, Kramer JE, Leikin JB. Seizure following brief exposure to the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21:315-7.
11. Martinez F, Morgan W, Wright AL, et al. Diminished lung function as a predisposing factor for wheezing respiratory illness in infants. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1112-7.
12. Cunningham J, Duckery D, Speizer FE. Maternal smoking during pregnancy as a predictor of lung function in children. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:1139-52.
13. Hanrahan J, Tager IB, Segal MR, et al. Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on early infant lung function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:1129-35.
14. Farrow JR, Davis GJ, Roy TM, et al. Fetal death due to nonlethal maternal carbon monoxide poisoning. J Forens Sci 1990;35:1448-52.
15. Luyens JN. The legacy of well-water methemoglobinemia. JAMA 1987;257:2793-5.
16. US Environmental Protection Agency. Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead: Exposure Analysis Methodology and Validation. US EPA: Air Quality Management Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards; 1989.
17. Bakir F, Damluji SF, Amin Zaki L, et al. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Science 1973;181:230-41.
18. Marsh DO, Myers GJ, Clarkson TW, et al. Fetal methylmercury poisoning: clinical and toxicological data on 29 cases. Ann Neurol 1980;7:348-53.
19. Byer A, Traylor TR, Semmer JR. Acetaminophen overdose in the third trimester of pregnancy: JAMA 1982;247:3114-5.
20. Nicholson WJ, Perkel G, Selikoff IJ. Occupational exposure to asbestos: population at risk and projected mortality: 1980-2030. Am J Ind Med 1982;3:259-311.
21. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxological profile for asbestos. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1995.
22. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Hazards. Asbestos exposure in schools. Pediatrics 1987;79:301-5.
23. Dekker H. Asthma und Milben, Munch Med Wochenschr 1928;75:515 (Translated in J Allergy Clin Immunol 1971; 48:25-4).
24. Kang B, Vellody D, Homburger H, et al. Cockroach: cause of allergic asthma: its specificity and immunologic profile. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1979;63:80-6.
25. Gelber LE, Seltzer LH, Bouzoukis JK, et al. Sensitization and exposure to indoor allergens as risk factors for asthma among patients presenting to hospital. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:573-8.
26. Lehrer SB, Aukrust L, Salvaggio JE. Respiratory allergy induced by fungi. Clin Chest Med 1983;4:23-41.
27. Platts MT, Tovey ER, Mitchell EB, et al. Long-term effects of living in a dust-free room on patients with allergic asthma: reversal of bronchial hyperreactivity. Monogr Allergy 1983; 18:153-5.
28. Murray AB, Ferguson AC. Dust-free bedrooms in the treatment of asthmatic children with house dust or house dust mite allergy: a controlled trial. Pediatrics 1983;71:418-22.
29. Lintner TJ, Brame KA. The effects of season, climate, and air-conditioning on the prevalence of Dermatophagoides mite allergens in house dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993;91:862-7.
30. Wood RA, Chapman MD, Adkinson NF Jr, et al. The effect of cat removal on allergen content in household dust samples. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;83:730-4.
31. DeBlay F, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TAE. Airborne cat allergen (Fel d I): environmental control with the cat in situ. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:1334-9.
32. Strachan DP, Flannigan B, McCabe EM, et al. Quantification of airborne moulds in the homes of children with and without wheeze. Thorax 1990;45:382-7.
33. Maier WC, Arrighi HM, Morray B, et al. Indoor risk factors for asthma and wheezing among Seattle school children. Environ Health Perspect 1997;105:208-14.
34. O'Hollaren MT, Yunginger JW, Offord KP, et al. Exposure to an aeroallergen as a possible precipitating factor in respiratory arrest in young patients with asthma. N Eng J Med 1991;324:359-63.
35. Dearborn DG, Yike I, Sorenson WG, et al. Overview of investigations into pulmonary hemorrhage among infants in Cleveland, Ohio. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107(Suppl 3):495-9.
36. Flappan SM, Portnoy J, Jones P, et al. Infant pulmonary hemorrhage in a suburban home with water damage and mold (Stachybotrys atra). Environ Health Perspect 1999;107: 927-30.
37. Elidemir O, Colasurdo GN, Rossman SN, et al. Isolation of Stachybotrys from the lung of a child with pulmonary hemosiderosis. Pediatrics 1999;104:964-6.
38. Samet JM, Marbury MC, Spegler JD. Health effects and sources on indoor air pollution, Part I. Am Rev Resp Dis 1988;137:221-41.
39. Cobb N, Etzel R. Unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths in the United States, 1979 through 1988. JAMA 1991; 266:658-63.
40. Seger D, Welch L. Carbon monoxide controversies: neuropsychologic testing, mechanism of toxicity, and hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med 1994;97:165-9.
41. Wright AL, Holberg C, Martinez FD, et al, Group Health Medical Associates. Relationship of parental smoking to wheezing and nonwheezing lower respiratory tract infections illness in infancy. J Pediatr 1991;118:207-14.
42. Chilmonczyk BA, Salmun LM, Megathlin KN, et al. Association between exposure to environmental smoke and exacerbations of asthma in children. N Engl J Med 1993;328: 1665-9.
43. Martinez FD, Cline M, Burrows B. Increased incidence of asthma in children of smoking mothers. Pediatrics 1992;89: 21-6.
44. Morgan W, Martinez F. Risk factors for developing wheezing and asthma in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am 1992; 39:1185-203.
45. Young S, LeSouef P, Geelhoed G, et al. The influence of a family history of asthma and parental smoking on airway responsiveness in early infancy. N Engl J Med 1991;324: 1168-73.
46. Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, et al. Is maternal smoking during pregnancy a risk factor for attention deficit disorder in children? Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1138-42.
47. Hopper JL, Seeman E. The bone density of female twins discordant for tobacco use. N Engl J Med 1994;330:387-92.
48. Ballard JE, Koepsell TD, Rivara F. Association of smoking and alcohol drinking with residential fire injuries. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:26-34.
49. Sandler DP, Everson RB, Wilcox AJ, et al. Cancer risk in adulthood from early life exposure to parents' smoking. Am J Pub Health 1985;75:487-92.
50. Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Ajani UA, et al. Smoking cessation and risk of age-related cataracts in men. JAMA 2000;284: 713-6.
51. Sinha AK, Misra GC, Patel DK. Effect of cigarette smoking on lipid profile in the young. J Assoc Physicians India 1995;43:185-8.
52. Khoury MJ, Gomez-Farias M, Mulinare J. Does maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy cause cleft lip and palate in offspring? AJDC 1989;143:333-7.
53. Parks ET, Nicholson T. The effects of smokeless tobacco use on the prevalence of dental caries. Health Values 1990;14: 37-40.
54. Frerichs RR, Aneshensel CS, Clark VA, et al. Smoking and depression: a community study. Am J Public Health 1981; 71:637-40.
55. Anda RF, Williamson DF, Escobedo LG, et al. Depression and the dynamics of smoking. JAMA 1990;264:1541-5.
56. Coste J, Job-Spira N, Fernandez H. Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy with maternal cigarette smoking. Am J Pub Health 1991;81:199-201.
57. Andres RL, Day MC. Perinatal complications associated with maternal tobacco use. Semin Neonatol 2000;5:231-41.
58. Alaswad B, Toubas PL, Grunow JE. Environmental tobacco exposure and gastroesophageal reflux 1: reflux in infants with life-threatening events. J Okla State Med Assoc 1996;89:23-37.
59. Ballard T. Green tobacco sickness: occupational nicotine poisoning in tobacco workers. Arch Environ Health 1995; 50:384-89.
60. Bastiaan RJ, Reade PC. The effects of tobacco smoking on oral and dental tissues. Aust Dent J 1976;21:308-15.
61. Ahmad N. Maternal-fetal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. J Biomed Sci 1996;4:238-50.
62. Moskowitz WB, Mosteller M, Schieken RM, et al. Lipoprotein and oxygen transport alterations in passive smoking preadolescent children: the MCV twin study, Circulation 1990;81:586-92.
63. Lashner BA, Shaheen NJ, Hanauer SB, et al. Passive smoking is associated with an increased risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease in children. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:356-9.
64. Olds DL, Henderson CR, Tatelbaum R. Intellectual impairment in children of women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy. Pediatrics 1994;93:221-7.
65. Smolinske SC, Spoerke DG, Spiller SK, et al. Cigarette and nicotine chewing gum toxicity in children. Hum Toxicol 1998;7:27-31.
66. World Health Organization. The world health report 1999: combating the tobacco epidemic. Geneva: WHO; 1999.
67. Mills PK, Newell GR, Beeson WL, et al. History of cigarette smoking and risk of leukemia and myeloma: results from the Adventist health study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:1832-6.
68. Gallego H, Crutchfield CE, Lewis EJ, et al. Report of an association between discoid lupus erythematosus and smoking. Cutis 1999;63:231-4.
69. Seddon JM, Willett WC, Speizer FE, et al. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration in women. JAMA 1996;276:1141-51.
70. Fischer M, Hedberg K, Cardosi P, et al. Tobacco smoke as a risk factor for meningococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:979-83.
71. Hopkinson JM, Schanler RJ, Fraley K, et al. Milk production by mothers of premature infants: incidence of cigarette smoking. Pediatrics 1992;90:934-8.
72. Centers for Disease Control. MMWR: Ingestion of cigarettes and cigarette butt by children: Rhode Island, January 1994-July 1996. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997;46:125-8.
73. Kahn A, Groswasser J, Sottiaux M, et al. Prenatal exposure to cigarettes in infants with obstructive sleep apneas. Pediatrics 1994;93:778-83.
74. Kitchens GO. Relationships of environmental tobacco smoke to otitis media in young children. Laryngoscope 1995;105: 1-13.
75. Ey JL, Holberg CJ, Aldous MB, et al. Passive smoke exposure and otitis media in the first year of life. Pediatrics 1995;95:670-7.
76. Naeye RL. Abruptio placentae and placenta previa: frequency, perinatal mortality, and cigarette smoking. Obstet Gynecol 1980;55:701-4.
77. Asmussen I. Ultrastructure of the villi and fetal capillaries in placentas from smoking and nonsmoking mothers. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980;87:239-45.
78. Colley JR, Holland WW, Corkhill RT. Influence of passive smoking and parental phlegm on pneumonia and bronchitis in early childhood. Lancet 1974;2:1031-4.
79. Ohmi H, Hirooka K, Mochizuki Y. Fetal growth and the timing of exposure to maternal smoking. Pediatr Int 2002;44:55-9.
80. Frankowski BL, Weaver SO, Secker-Walker RH. Advising parents to stop smoking: pediatricians' and parents' attitudes. Pediatrics 1993;91:296-300.
81. Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Jaakola T. Plutonium-239, 240Pu and 210 Po contents of tobacco and cigarette smoke. Health Phys 1985;49:296-301.
82. Kakish KS, Mahafza T, Batieha A, et al. Clinical sinusitis in children attending primary care centers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:1071-4.
83. Hakim RB, Tielsch JM. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy: a risk factor for childhood strabismus. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:1459-62.
84. Haglund B, Cnattingius S. Cigarette smoke as a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome: a population-based study. Am J Public Health 1990;89:29-32.
85. Klonoff-Cohen HS, Edelstein SL, Lefkowitz ES, et al. The effect of passive smoking and tobacco exposure through breast milk on sudden infant death syndrome. JAMA 1995; 273:795-8.
86. Said G, Zalokar J, Lellouch J, et al. Parental smoking related to adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy in children. J Epidemiol Community Health 1978;32:97-101.
87. Cameron P, Kostin JS, Zaks JM, et al. The health of smokers' and nonsmokers' children. J Allergy 1969;43:336-41.
88. Moskowitz WB, Mosteller M, Schieken RM, et al. Lipoprotein and oxygen transport alterations in passive smoking preadolescent children: the MCV twin study. Circulation 1990;81:586-92.
89. Schilling RSF, Letai AD, Hui SL, et al. Lung function, respiratory disease, and smoking families. Am J Epidemiol 1977;106:274-83.
90. Frischer T, Kuehr J, Meinert R, et al. Maternal smoking in early childhood: a risk factor for bronchial responsiveness to exercise in primary-school children. J Pediatr 1992;121:17-22.
91. Robertson PB, Walsh M, Greene J, et al. Periodontal effects associated with the use of smokeless tobacco. J Periodontol 1990;61:438-43.
92. Soldatos CT, Kales JD, Scharf MB, et al. Cigarette smoking associated with sleep difficulties. Science 1980;207:551-3.
93. Hudson PJ, Vogt RL, Brodnum J, et al. Elemental mercury exposure among children of thermometer plant workers. Pediatrics 1987;79:935-8.
94. Hirschmann SZ, Feingold M, Boylen G. Mercury in house paint as a cause of acrodynia: effect of therapy with N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine. N Engl J Med 1963;269:889-93.
95. Agocs MM, Etzel RA, Parrish RG, et al. Mercury exposure from interior latex paint. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1096-101.
96. Vimy MJ, Lorscheider FL. Intra-oral mercury released from dental amalgam. J Dent Res 1985;64:1069-71.
97. Svare CW, Peterson LC, Reinhardt JW, et al. The effect of dental amalgams on mercury levels in expired air. J Dent Res 1981;60:1668-71.
98. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for mercury. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1989.
99. Harley N, Samet JM, Cross FT, et al. Contribution of radon and radon daughters to respiratory cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1986;70:17-22.
100. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Hazards: Radon exposure: a hazard to children. Pediatrics 1989;83:799-802.
101. Ritchie IM, Lehnen RG. Formaldehyde-related health complaints in residents living in mobile and conventional homes. Am J Public Health 1987;77:323-8.
102. Committee on the Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Biological Systems, Board on Radiation Effects Research, National Research Council. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.
103. Linet MS, Hatch EE, Kleinerman RA, et al. Residential exposure to magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1-7.
104. CDC. Children at risk from ozone air pollution-United States, 1991-1993. MMWR 1995;44:309-12.
105. Koren HS, Bronberg PA. Respiratory responses of asthmatics to ozone. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995;107:236-8.
106. Ostro BD. Examining the acute health outcomes due to ozone exposure and their subsequent relationship to chronic disease outcomes. Environ Health Perspec Suppl 1993;101:213-6.
107. Burnett RT, Brook JR, Yung WT, et al. Association between ozone and hospitalization for respiratory diseases in 16 Canadian cities. Environ Res 1997;72:24-31.
108. Gilliland FD, Berhane K, Rappaport EB, et al. The effects of ambient air pollution on school absenteeism due to respiratory illness. Epidemiology 2001;12:43-54.
109. Kunzli N, Lurmann F, Segal M, et al. Association between lifetime ambient ozone exposure and pulmonary function in college freshman: results of a pilot study. Environ Res 1997;72:8-23.
110. Balmes JR. The role of ozone in the epidemiology of asthma. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 1993;101:219-24.
111. Friedman MS, Powell KE, Hutwanger L, et al. Impact of changes in transportation and commuting behaviors during the 1996 summer Olympic games in Atlanta on air quality and childhood asthma. JAMA 2001;285:897-905.
112. http://www.cleanairaction.org. Accessed April 22, 2002.
113. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report March 17, 2000.
114. Kaferstein FK, Moy GG. Public health aspects of food irradiation. J Public Health Policy 1993;14:133-6.
115. Council for Agricultural Science, and Technology. Radiation pasteurization of food. April 1996. Issue Paper No. 7.
116. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health: Technical Report: Irradiation of Food. Pediatrics 2000;106:1505-10.
117. Sun M. Renewed interest in food irradiation: FDA ponders approval as proponents push it as an alternative to pesticides. Science 1984;223:667-8.
118. AAP Committee on Environmental. Irradiation of food. Pediatrics 2000;106:1505-10.
119. From the International Atomic Energy Agency. Facts about food irradiation.Available at:http://www.iaea.org/worlda- tom/inforesource/other/food/q&a.html. Accessed November 19, 2002.
120. World Health Organization. Safety and nutritional adequacy of irradiated food. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1994.
121. Urbain WM. Food irradiation. Adv Food Res 1978;24:155-227.
122. World Health Organization. Food irradiation: a technique for preserving and improving the safety of food. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1988.
123. Diehl J. Safety of irradiated food. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1995.
124. Powell PP. Minimata disease: a story of mercury's malevolence. South Med J 1991;84:1352-8.
125. Bakir F, Damluji SF, Amin-Zaki L, et al. Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Science 1973;181:230-41.
126. Amin-Zaki L, Elhassani S, Majeed MA, et al. Perinatal methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Am J Dis Child 1976;130: 1070-6.
127. Cheek DB. Acrodynia. In: Kelly V, editor. Brenneman's practice of pediatrics. Vol I. New York, NY: Harper and Row Publishers; 1977. p. 1-14.
128. Gotelli CA, Astolfi E, Cox C, et al. Early biochemical effects of an organic mercury fungicide on infants: "dose makes the poison." Science 1985;227:638-40.
129. AAP Committee on Environmental Health. Mercury in the environment: implications for pediatricians. Pediatrics 2001; 107:197-205.
130. Maudlin RK. Sale of mercury thermometers banned. BioMedicine 2001;4:86-7.
131. Institute of Medicine's Immunization Safety Committee. http://www.nap.edu. Accessed November 19, 2002.
132. Sanchez-Echaniz J, Benito-Fernandez J, Mintegui-Raso S. Methemoglobinemia and consumption of vegetables. Pediatrics 2001;1024-8.
133. Hanukoglu A, Danon PN. Endogenous methemoglobinemia associated with diarrheal disease in infancy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996;23:1-7.
134. Pollack ES, Pollack CV Jr. Incidence of subclinical methemoglobinemia in infants with diarrhea. Ann Emerg Med 1994;24:652-6.
135. Lebby T, Rocco JJ, Arcinue EL. Infantile methemoglobinemia associated with acute diarrheal illness. Am J Emerg Med 1993;11:471-2.
136. Murray KF, Christie DL. Dietary protein intolerance on infants with transient methemoglobinemia and diarrhea. J Pediatr 1993;122:90-2.
137. Schlerow LJ. Pesticide policy issues. Washington, DC: The Library of Congress; 1996.
138. Whitmore RW, Immerman FW, Camann DE, et al. Nonoccupational exposures to pesticides for residents of two US cities. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1994;26:47-59.
139. Abou-Donia MB, Lapadula DM. Mechanisms of organo-phosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity: type I and type II. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1990;30:405-40.
140. McCord CP, Kilker CH, Minster DK. Pyrethrum dermatitis: a record of occurrence of occupational dermatosis among workers in the pyrethrum industry. JAMA 1921;77:448-9.
141. Garey J, Wolff MS. Estrogenic and anti-progestagenic activities of pyrethroid insecticides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;251:855-9.
142. Blondell J. Epidemiology of pesticide poisonings in the United States, with special reference to occupational cases. Occup Med-State of the Art Rev 1997;12:209-20.
143. Buescher MD. The dose-persistence relationship of DEET against Aedes aegypti. Mosquito News 1983;43:364-6.
144. Oransky S. Seizures temporally related associated with use of DEET insect repellent: New York and Connecticut. MMWR 1989;38:678-80.
145. Jacobsen JL, Jacobson SW. Intellectual impairment in children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls in utero. New Engl J Med 1996;335:783-9.
146. Longnecker MP, Rogan WJ, Lucier G. The human effects of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and an overview of organochlorines in public health. Ann Rev Public Health 1997;18:211-44.
147. Gladen BC, Ragan NB, Rogan WJ. Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodephenyl dicloroethene. J Pediatr 2000:136:490-6.
148. Fein GG, Jacobson SW, Schwartz PM, et al. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: effects on birth size and gestational age. J Pediatr 1984;105:315-20.
149. Tilden J, Hanrahan L, Anderson H, et al. Health advisories for consumers of Great Lakes sport fish: is the message being received? Environ Health Perspect 1997;105:1360-5.
150. May H, Burger J. Fishing in a polluted estuary: fishing behavior, fish consumption, and potential risk. Risk Anal 1996;16:459-71.
151. Ramos A, Crain E. Potential health risk of recreational fishing in New York City. Amb Pediatr 2001;1:252-5.
152. Morris RD, Audet Am, Angelillo IF, et al. Chlorination, chlorination by-products, and cancer: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 1992;82:955-63.
153. Needleman HL, Gastonis CA. Low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children: a meta-nalysis of modern studies. JAMA 1990;263:673-8.
154. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing lead poisoning in young children: a statement by the Centers for Disease Control: October 1991. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1991.
155. Schlenker TL, Fritz CJ, Mark D, et al. Screening for pediatric lead poisoning: comparability of simultaneously drawn capillary and venous blood samples. JAMA 1994;271:1346-8.
156. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening young children for lead poisoning: guidance for state and local public health officials. November 1997.
157. Harvey B. New lead screening guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: how will they affect pediatricians? Pediatrics 1997;100:384-8.
158. Annest JL. Trends in the blood lead levels of the US population. In: Rutter M, Jones RR, editors. Lead versus health. Chichester and New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1983. p. 33-58.