Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial, ovarian and colorectal cancer

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 139-147

  Gambacciani, Mar ^a   Monteleone, P ^a   Sacco, A ^a   Genazzani, A R ^a  

^a Div of Gynecology and Obstetrics   (Italy)

Author keywords

Colorectal cancer; Endometrial cancer; Hormone replacement therapy; Menopause; Ovarian cancer

Indexed keywords

CALCITRIOL; CALCITRIOL DERIVATIVE; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; DYDROGESTERONE; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; NOMEGESTROL ACETATE; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PROGESTERONE; RALOXIFENE; SEX HORMONE; TAMOXIFEN; TIBOLONE;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CANCER; COLORECTAL CANCER; DISEASE MODEL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG SAFETY; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FEMALE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYSTERECTOMY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; MENOPAUSE; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; UTERUS; ENDOMETRIUM HYPERPLASIA;

EID: 0037237019     PISSN: 1521690X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1521-690X(02)00086-6     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Genazzani AR, Gadducci A & Gambacciani M. Controversial issues in climacteric medicine II. Hormone replacement therapy and cancer. Maturitas 2001; 40: 117-130.
2. Kurman RJ, Kaminski PF & Norris HJ. The behaviour of endometrial hyperplasia. A long-term of untreated hyperplasia in 170 patients. Cancer 1985; 56: 403-412.
3. Shapiro S, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L et al. Risk of localized and widespread endometrial cancer in relation to recent and discontinued use of conjugated estrogens. New England Journal of Medicine 1985; 313: 969-972.
4. Cushing KL, Weiss NS, Voigt LF et al. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of low-dose, unopposed estrogens. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1998; 91: 35-39.
5. Shiff I, Sela HK, Cramer D et al. Endometrial hyperplasia in women on cyclic or continuous estrogen regimens. Fertility and Sterility 1982; 37: 79-82.
6. O'Connell MB. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic variation between different estrogen products. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1995; 35 (supplement 9): 18S-24S.
7. Bhavnani BR. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of conjugated equine estrogens: Chemistry and metabolism. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 1998; 217: 6-16.
8. Granberg S, Eurenius K, Lindgren R & Wilhelmsson L. The effects of oral estriol on the endometrium in post-menopausal women. Maturitas 2002; 42: 149-156.
9. Weiderpass E, Baron JA, Adami HO et al. Low-potency oestrogen and risk of endometrial cancer: A case-control study. Lancet 1999; 353: 1824-1828.
10. Shapiro S, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L et al. Risk of localized and widespread endometrial cancer in relation to recent and discontinued use of conjugated estrogens. New England Journal of Medicine 1985; 313: 969-972.
11. Kelly RM & Baker WH. Progesterone for endometrial cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 1961; 246: 216-220.
12. Pike MC, Peters RK, Cozen W et al. Estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and endometrial cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1997; 89: 1110-1116.
13. The Scandinavian Long Cycle Study Group, Bjarnason K, Cerin A, Lindgren R & Weber T. Adverse endometrial effects during long cycle hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 1999; 32: 161-170.
14. Weiderpass E, Adami H-O, Baron JA et al. Risk of endometrial cancer following estrogen replacement with and without progestins. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1999; 91: 1131-1137.
15. Grady D, Gebretsadik T, Kerlikowske K et al. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995; 85: 304-313.
16. Greendale A, Lee NP & Arriola ER. The menopause. Seminar. Lancet 1999; 353: 571-580.
17. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy post-menopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002; 288: 321-333.
18. Weiderpass E, Adami H-O, Baron JA et al. Use of oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 1999; 10: 277-284.
19. Endometrial Cancer Collaborative Group, Brinton LA & Hoover RN. Estrogen replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: Unresolved issues. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1993; 81: 265-271.
20. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Gulie C et al. Oestrogen replacement treatment and the risk of endometrial cancer: An assessment of the role of covariates. European Journal of Cancer 1993; 29A: 1445-1449.
21. Von Dadelszen P, Gillmer MDG, Gray MD et al. Endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma during tibolone (Livial) therapy. British Medical Journal 1994; 101: 158-161.
22. Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women: Results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. Journal of the American Medical Association 1999; 281: 2189-2197.
23. Creasman WT, Henderson D, Hinshaw W & Clarke-Pearson DL. Estrogen replacement therapy in the patient treated for endometrial cancer. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1986; 67: 326-330.
24. Lee RB, Burke TW & Park RC. Estrogen replacement therapy following treatment for stage I endometrial carcinoma. Gynecological Oncology 1990; 36: 189-191.
25. Chapman JA, DiSaia PJ, Osann K et al. Estrogen replacement in surgical stage I and II endometrial cancer survivors. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996; 175: 1195-1200.
26. Surriano KA, McHale M, McLaren CE et al. Estrogen replacement therapy in endometrial cancer patients: A matched control study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2001; 97: 555-560.
27. Slattery ML, Edwards SL, Boucher KM et al. Lifestyle and colon cancer: An assessment of factors associated with risk. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999; 150: 869-877.
28. Slattery ML, Edwards SL, Anderson K & Caan BJ. Vitamin E and colon cancer: Is there an association? Nutrition and Cancer 1998; 30: 2016.
29. Duffield-Lillico AJ, Reid ME, Turnbull BW et al. Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: A summary report of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2002; 11: 630-639.
30. Campbell-Thompson M, Lynch IJ & Bhardwal B. Expression of estrogen receptor subtypes and ER beta isoforms in colon cancer. Cancer Research 2001; 61: 632-640.
31. Issa JP, Ottaviano YL, Celano P et al. Methylation of the oestrogen receptor CpG island links ageing and neoplasia in human colon. Nature Genetics 1994; 7: 536-540.
32. Slattery ML, Patter JD, Curtin K et al. Estrogens reduce and withdrawal of estrogens increase risk of microsatellite instability-positive colon cancer. Cancer Research 2001; 61: 126-130.
33. Smirnoff P, Liel Y, Gnainsky J et al. The protective effect of estrogen against chemically induced murine colon carcinogenesis is associated with decreased CpG island methylation and increased mRNA and protein expression of the colonic vitamin D receptor. Oncology Research 1999; 11: 255-264.
34. Jacobs EJ, White E & Weiss NS. Exogenous hormones, reproductive history, and colon cancer (Seattle, Washington, USA). Cancer Causes Control 1994; 5: 359-366.
35. La Vecchia C & Franceschi S. Reproductive factors and colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1991; 2: 193-200.
36. Martinez ME, Grodstein F, Giovannucci E et al. A prospective study of reproductive factors, oral contraceptive use, and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 1997; 6: 1-5.
37. Talamini R, Franceschi S, Dal Maso L et al. The influence of reproductive and hormonal factors on the risk of colon and rectal cancer in women. European Journal of Cancer 1998; 34: 1070-1076.
38. Negri E, La Vecchia C, Parazzini F et al. Reproductive and menstrual factors and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Research 1989; 49: 7158-7161.
39. Fernandez E, Franceschi S & La Vecchia C. Colorectal cancer and hormone replacement therapy: A review of epidemiological studies. Journal of the British Menopause Society 2000; 6: 8-14.
40. Newcomb PA & Storer BE. Post-menopausal hormone use and risk of large-bowel cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1995; 87: 1067-1071.
41. Hébert-Croteau N. A meta-analysis of hormone replacement therapy and colon cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 1998; 7: 553-559.
42. Fernandez E, La Vecchia C, Braga C et al. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of colon and rectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 1998; 7: 329-333.
43. Grodstein F, Martinez E, Platz EA et al. Post-menopausal hormone use and risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998; 128: 705-712.
44. Grodstein F, Newcomb PA & Stampfer MJ. Post-menopausal hormone therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer: A review and meta-analysis. American Medical Journal 1999; 106: 574-582.
45. Slattery ML, Anderson K, Samowitz W et al. Hormone replacement therapy and improved survival among post-menopausal women diagnosed with colon cancer (USA). Cancer Causes Control 1999; 10: 467-473.
46. La Vecchia C. Epidemiology of ovarian cancer: A summary review. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2001; 10: 125-129.
47. Whittemore AS, Harris R & Itnyre J. Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: Collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies. II. Invasive epithelial ovarian cancers in white women. Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group. American Journal of Epidemiology 1992; 136: 1184-1203.
48. Negri E, Tzonou A, Beral V et al. Hormonal therapy for menopause and ovarian cancer in a collaborative re-analysis of European studies. International Journal of Cancer 1999; 80: 848-851.
49. Rodriguez C, Patel AV, Calle EE et al. Estrogen replacement therapy and ovarian cancer mortality in a large prospective study of US women. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001; 285: 1460-1465.
50. Lacey JV, Mink PJ, Lubin JH et al. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of ovarian cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002; 288: 334-341.
51. Hunt K, Vessey M & McPherson K. Mortality in a cohort of long-term users of hormone replacement therapy: An updated analysis. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1990; 97: 1080-1086.
52. Steinberg KK, Thacker SB, Smith SJ et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association 1991; 265: 1985-1990.