Management of the violent patient

Prehospital Emergency Care

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 48-55

  Brice, Jane H ^a   Pirrallo, Ronald G ^b   Racht, Edward ^c   Zachariah, Brian S ^d,e   Krohmer, Jon ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^c City of Austin Travis County EMS   (United States)

^d University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

^e Los Colinas Medical Center   (United States)

^f Physician Certification Task Force   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemical restraint; Physical restraint; Prehospital care; Violent patient

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; DROPERIDOL; HALOPERIDOL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ACIDOSIS; AKATHISIA; ANAPHYLAXIS; ASPHYXIA; CONFERENCE PAPER; DELIRIUM; DYSTONIA; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HALLUCINATION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; LONG QT SYNDROME; RESCUE PERSONNEL; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SUDDEN DEATH; TACHYCARDIA; TORSADE DES POINTES; VIOLENCE;

EID: 0037233999     PISSN: 10903127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10903120390937085     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (40)

1. Buckley PF. The role of typical and a typical antipsychotic medications in the management of agitation and aggression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:52-60.
2. Kao LW, Moore GP. The violent patient: clinical management, use of physical and chemical restraints, and medicolegal concerns. Emerg Med Pract. 1999;1(6):1-23.
3. Lavoie FW, Carter GL, Danzl DF, Berg RL. Emergency department violence in United States teaching hospitals. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:1227-33.
4. Pane GA, Winiarski AM, Salness KA. Aggression directed toward emergency department staff at a university teaching hospital. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:283-6.
5. Corbett SW, Grange JT, Thomas TL. Exposure of prehospital care providers to violence. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1998;2:127-31.
6. Tintinalli JE, McCoy M. Violent patients and the prehospital provider. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:1276-9.
7. Mock EF, Wrenn KD, Wright SW, Eustis TC, Slovis CM. Prospective field study of violence in emergency medical services calls. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;32:33-6.
8. Thomsen TW, Sayah AJ, Eckstein M, Hutson HR. Emergency medical services providers and weapons in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2000;4:209-16.
9. Shanaberger CJ. What price patient restraint? Orwick v. Fox. J Emerg Med Serv. 1993;18(6):69-71.
10. Deschamp C. Calming the demon within. Chemical vs. physical restraint. J Emerg Med Serv. 1994;19(10):49-53.
11. Marks W. Physical restraints in the practice of medicine. Current concepts. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:2203-6.
12. Reay DT, Eisele JW. Death from law enforcement neck holds. Am J Forens Med Pathol. 1982;3:253-8.
13. Reay DT, Eisele JW. Law enforcement neck holds. Am J Forens Med Pathol. 1986;7:177.
14. Wetli CV, Fishbain DA. Cocaine-induced psychosis and sudden death in recreational cocaine users. J Forens Sci. 1985;30:873-80.
15. Reay DT, Fligner CL, Stilwell AD, Arnold J. Positional asphyxia during law enforcement transport. Am J Forens Med Pathol. 1992;13:90-7.
16. O'Halloran RL, Lewman LV. Restraint asphyxiation in excited delirium. Am J Forens Med Pathol. 1993;14:289-95.
17. Stratton SJ, Rogers C, Green K. Sudden death in individuals in hobble restraints during paramedic transport. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:710-2.
18. Chan TC, Vilke GM, Neuman T, Clausen JL. Restraint position and positional asphyxia. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;30:578-86.
19. Ross DL. Factors associated with excited delirium deaths in police custody. Mod Pathol. 1998;11:1127-37.
20. Hick JL, Smith SW, Lynch MT. Metabolic acidosis in restraint-associated cardiac arrest: a case series. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6:239-43.
21. Schmidt P, Snowden T. The effects of positional restraint on heart rate and oxygen saturation. J Emerg Med. 1999;17:777-82.
22. Stratton SJ, Rogers C, Brickett K, Gruzinski G. Factors associated with sudden death of individuals requiring restraint for excited delirium. Am J Emerg Med. 2001;19:187-91.
23. Currier GW, Trenton A. Pharmacological treatment of psychotic agitation. CNS Drugs. 2002;16:219-28.
24. Frye MA, Coudreaut MF, Hakeman SM, Shah BG, Strouse TB, Skotzko CE. Continuous droperidol infusion for management of agitated delirium in an intensive care unit. Psychosomatics. 1995;36:301-5.
25. Lawrence KR, Nasraway SA. Conduction disturbances associated with administration of butyrophenone antipsychotics in the critically ill: a review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. 1997;17:531-7.
26. Chambers RA, Druss BG. Droperidol: efficacy and side effects in psychiatric emergencies. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:664-7.
27. Mehta D, Mehta S, Petit J, Shriner W. Cardiac arrhythmia and haloperidol. Am J Psychiatry. 1979;136:1468-9.
28. Thomas H, Jr., Schwartz E, Petrilli R. Droperidol versus haloperidol for chemical restraint of agitated and combative patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:407-13.
29. Rosen CL, Ratliff AF, Wolfe RE, Branney SW, Roe EJ, Pons PT. The efficacy of intravenous droperidol in the prehospital setting. J Emerg Med. 1997;15:13-7.
30. Lischke V, Behne M, Doelken P, Schledt U, Probst S, Vettermann J. Droperidol causes a dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval. Anesth Analg. 1994;79:983-6.
31. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Important drug warning, inapsine. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/safety/2001/inapsine.htm. Accessed Mar 2002.
32. Medicines Control Agency. Important safety message: discontinuation of Droleptan tablets, suspension and injection (droperidol). Available at: http:// www.mca.gov.uk/ourwork/monitorsafequalmed/safetymessages/droleptan.htm. Accessed Apr 2002.
33. Horowitz BZ, Bizovi K, Moreno R. Droperidol - behind the black box warning. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9:615-8.
34. Worrel JA, Marken PA, Beckman SE, Ruehter VL. Atypical antipsychotic agents: a critical review. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57:238-55.
35. Jones B, Taylor CC, Meehan K. The efficacy of a rapid-acting intramuscular formulation of olanzapine for positive symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:22-4.
36. Meehan K, Zhang F, David S, et al. A double-blind, randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of intramuscular injections of olanzapine, lorazepam, or placebo in treating acutely agitated patients diagnosed with bipolar mania. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:389-97.
37. Wright P, Birkett M, David SR, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of intramuscular olanzapine and intramuscular haloperidol in the treatment of acute agitation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1149-51.
38. Currier GW, Simpson GM. Risperidone liquid concentrate and oral lorazepam versus intramuscular haloperidol and intramuscular lorazepam for treatment of psychotic agitation. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:153-7.
39. United States Fire Administration. EMS Safety, Techniques and Applications. Emmitsburg, MD: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Apr 1994, pp 60-3.
40. Bledsoe BE, Porter RS, Cherry RA. Paramedic Care: Principals & Practice, Volume 1: Introduction to Advanced Prehospital Care. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000, pp 465-8.