Nasal polyps: Still more questions than answers

Journal of Laryngology and Otology

Volumn 117, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 1-9

  Bateman, Neil D ^a   Fahy, Colm ^a   Woolford, Timothy J ^a  

^a ROYAL HALLAMSHIRE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Disease Management; Nasal Polyps; Surgical Procedures; Treatment Outcome

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CORTICOSTEROID;

ALLERGIC DISEASE; ASTHMA; CELL INFILTRATION; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG SENSITIVITY; ENDOSCOPY; EOSINOPHIL; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; HUMAN; MAST CELL DEGRANULATION; MYCOSIS; NOSE POLYP; REVIEW; SINUSITIS; SURGICAL APPROACH; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ASTHMA; ENDOSCOPY; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; NASAL POLYPS; OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; STEROIDS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0037232767     PISSN: 00222151     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Fallers CJ. Familial coincidence of asthma, aspirin intolerance and nasal polyposis. Ann Allergy 1974;32:65-9
2. Larsen PL, Tos M. Origin of nasal polyps. Laryngoscope 1991;101:305-12
3. Hedman J, Kaprio J, Poussa T, Nieminen MM. Prevalence of asthma, aspirin intolerance and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a population based study. Int J Epidemiol 1999;28:717-22
4. Mygind N, Dahl R, Bachert C. Nasal polyposis, eosinophils dominated inflammation and allergy. Thorax 2000;55(suppl 2):S79-S83
5. Larsen K, Tos M. The estimated incidence of symptomatic nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol 2002;122:179-82
6. Drake-Lee AB, Lowe D, Swanston A, Grace A. Clinical profile and recurrence of nasal polyps. J Laryngol Otol 1984;98:783-93
7. Larsen PL, Tos M. Site of origin of nasal polyps. Transcranially removed naso-ethmoidal blocks as a screening method for nasal polyps in autopsy material. Rhinology 1994;33:185-8
8. Laren PL, Tos M. Anatomic site of origin of nasal polyps: endoscopic nasal and paranasal sinus surgery as a screening method for nasal polyps in an autopsy material. Am J Rhinol 1996;10:211-6
9. Settipane GA. Nasal polyps: Epidemiology, pathology, immunology and treatment. Am J Rhinol 1987;1:119-26
10. Stierna PLE. Nasal polyps: Relationship to infection and inflammation. Allergy Asthma Proc 1996;17:251-7
11. Rugina M, Serrano E, Klossek JM, Crampette L, Stoll D, Begear JP, et al. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of nasal polyposis in France: the ORLI group experience. Rhinology 2002;40:75-9
12. Samter M, Beers RF. Intolerance to aspirin. Clinical studies and consideration of its pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med 1968;68:975-83
13. Szczeklik A, Steveson DD. Aspirin induced asthma: advances in pathogenesis and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:5-13
14. Jantti-Alanko S, Holopainen E, Malmberg H. Recurrence of nasal polyps after surgical treatment. Rhinology 1989;8:59-64
15. Larsen K. The clinical relationship of nasal polyps to asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc 1996;17:243-9
16. Settipane GA, Lund VJ, Bernstein JM, Tos M, eds. Nasal Polyps: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment. Providence, Rhode Island: The New England and Regional Allergy Proceedings, 1997
17. Neely JG, Harrison GM, Jenger JF, Greenberg SD, Presberg H. The otolaryngologic aspects of cystic fibrosis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1972;76:313-24
18. Hadfield PJ, Rowe Jones JM, Mackay IS. The prevalence of nasal polyps in adults with cystic fibrosis. Clin Otol 2000;25:19-22
19. Stern RC, Boat TF, Wood RE, Matthews LW, Doershuk CF. Treatment and prognosis of nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis. Am J Dis Child 1982;136:1067-70
20. Cepero R, Smith RJH, Catlin FI, Bressler KL, Furuta GT, Shandera KC. Cystic fibrosis - an otolaryngologic perspective. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;97:356-60
21. Drake-Lee A. Nasal polyps in identical twins. J Laryngol Otol 1992;106:1084-5
22. Moloney JR, Oliver RTD. HLA antigens, nasal polyps and asthma. Clin Otolaryngol 1980;5:183-9
23. Luxenburger W, Posch U, Berghold A, Hofmann T, Lang-Loidolt D. HLA patterns in patients with nasal polyposis. European Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 2000;257:137-9
24. Molnar-Gabor E, Endreffy E, Rozassi A. HLA-DRB1, DQA1, and -DQB1 genotypes in patients with nasal polyposis. Laryngoscope 2000;110:422-5
25. Irving RM, McMahon R, Clark R, Jones NS. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene mutations in severe nasal polyposis. Clin Otol 1997;22:519-21
26. Bucholtz GA, Ejercito VS, Burmester JK. The cystic fibrosis regulator gene exon sequence is normal in patients with edematous eosinophilic nasal polyps. Am J Rhinol 1999;13:221-3
27. Hytonen M, Patjas M, Vento SI, Kauppi P, Malmberg H, Ylikoski J. Cystic fibrosis gene mutations ΔF508 and 394delTT in patients with chronic sinusitis in Finland. Acta Otolaryngol 2001;121:945-94
28. Larsen PL, Tos M. Anatomic site of the origin of nasal polyps. Am J Rhinol 1996;10:211-6
29. Stammberger H. Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. The Messerklinger Technique. Toronto: BC Decker, 1991
30. Jones NS, Strobl A, Holland I. A study of the CT findings in 100 patients with rhinosinusitis and 100 controls. Clin Otolaryngol 1997;22:47-51
31. Cauna N, Hindrer K, Manzethi G, Swanson E. Fine structure of nasal polyps. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1972;81:41-58
32. Mygind N, Bretlau P, Sorensen H. Scanning electron microscopic study of nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1974;78:436-42
33. Sorensen H, Mygind N, Tygstrup I, Flenborg EW. Histology of nasal polyps of different etiology. Rhinology, 1977;15:121-8
34. Drake-Lee AB, Barker TH, Thurley KW. Nasal polyps: scanning electron microscopy and artifact. J Laryngol Otol 1984;98:285-92
35. Larocca LM, Maggiano N, Capelli A, Bevilacqua P, Ruscito P. Immunopathology of nasal polyps: an immunohistochemical approach. Ann Allergy 1989;63:508-12
36. Jankowski R, Bene MC, Moneret-Vautrin AD, Haas F, Faure G, Simon C, et al. Immunohistological characteristics of nasal polyps: a comparison with healthy mucosa and chronic sinusitis. Rhinology 1989;8(suppl):51-8
37. Stoop AE, Hameleers DM, v Run PE, Biewenga J, van der Baan S. Lymphocytes and nonlymphoid cells in the nasal mucosa of patients with nasal polyps and healthy subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;84:734-41
38. Larsen PL, Tos M. Nasal polyps: epithelium and goblet cell density. Laryngoscope 1990;99:1274-80
39. Drake-Lee A, Price J. Mast cell ultrastructure in the inferior turbinate and the stroma of nasal polyps. J Laryngol Otol 1997;111:340-5
40. Drake-Lee A. Mast cells, histamine and other mediators. In: Mygind N, Lindholt T, eds. Nasal Polyposis: an Inflammatory Disease and its Treatment. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1997:61-7
41. Tos M, Mogensen C. Mucous glands in nasal polyps. Arch Otolaryngol 1977;103:407-13
42. Oppenheimer EH, Rosenstein BJ. Differential pathology of nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis and atopy. Lab Invest 1979;40:445-9
43. Rowe-Jones JM, Shembekar M, Trendell-Smith N, Mackay IS. Polypoidal rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis: a clinical and pathological study. Clin Otolaryngol 1997;22:167-71
44. Drake-Lee A, McLauhlin P. Clinical symptoms, free histamine and IgE in nasal polyps. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1982;69:268-71
45. Drake-Lee A. Histamine and its release from nasal polyps: preliminary communication. J R Soc Med 1984;77:120-5
46. Hee Lee C, Rhee C-S, Min Y-G. Cytokine gene expression in nasal polyps. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:665-70
47. Hamilos DL, Leung DYM, Wood R, Meyers A, Stephens LK, Barkans J, et al. Chronic hyperplastic sinusitis: association of tissue eosinophilia and cytokine mRNA expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;91:39-48
48. Durham SR, Ying S, Varney VA, Jacobson MR, Sudderick RM, Mackay IS, et al. Cytokine messenger RNA expression for IL-3, IL-4, IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor after local allergen provocation: relationship to tissue eosinophilia. J Immunol 1992;148:2390-4
49. Allen JS, Eisma R, Leonard G, Kreutzer D. Interleukin-3 interleukin-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression in nasal polyps. Am J Otolaryngol 1997;18:239-46
50. Allen JS, Eisma R, Leonard G, Lafreniere D, Kreutzer D. Interleukin-8 expression in human nasal polyps. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 1997;117:535-41
51. Allen JS, Eisma R, Leonard G, Lafreniere D, Kreutzer D. Characterization of the eosinophils chemokine RANTES in nasal polyps. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:416-20
52. Bachert C. Comparison between polyp tissue, diseased sinus mucosa and normal nasal tissue. In: Mygind N, Lildholt T, eds. Nasal Polyposis: an Inflammatory Disease and its Treatment. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1997;98-104
53. Bachert C, Wagenman M, Hauser U, Rudack C. IL-5 synthesis is upregulated in human nasal polyp tissue. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;99:837-42
54. Hamilos DL, Leung DYM, Huston DP, Kamil A, Wood R, Hamid Q. GM-CSF, IL-5 and RANTES immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with nasal polyposis. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:1145-52
55. Petruson B, Hasson H-A, Petruson K. Insulinlike growth factor-1 immunoreactivity in nasal polyps. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114:1272-5
56. Pyykko I, Ishizaki H, Van Setten G. Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in nasal polyps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;119:121
57. Norlander T, Westermark A, van Setten G, Valtonen H, Ishizaki H, Pyykko I. Basic fibroblast growth factor in nasal polyps immunohistochemical and quantitative findings. Rhinology 2000;39:88-92
58. Elovic A, Wong TW, Weller P, Matossian K, Galli SJ. Expression of transforming growth factors - alpha and beta-1 messenger RNA and product by eosinophils in nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994;93:864-9
59. Jahnsen FL, Haraldsen G, Aanesen JP, Haye R, Brandtzaeg P. Eosinophil infiltration is related to increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in nasal polyps. Am J Respir Mol Cell Biol 1995;12:624-32
60. Hamilos DL, Leung DYM, Wood R, Bean DK, Song YL, Schotman E, et al. Eosinophil infiltration in nonallergic chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (CHS/NP) is associated with endothelial VCAM-1 upregulation and expression of TNF-alpha. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996;15:443-50
61. Symon FA, Walsh GM, Watson SR, Wardlaw AJ. Eosinophil adhesion to nasal polyps endothelium is p-selectin dependant. J Exp Med 1994;180:371-6
62. Tingsgaard PK, Bock T, Larsen PT, Tos M. Topical budesonide treatment reduces endothelial expression of intracellular adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin) and eosinophil infiltration in nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1999;119:362-8
63. Beck LA, Stellato C, Beall D, Schall TJ, Leopold D, Bickel CA, et al. Detection of the chemokine RANTES and endothelial adhesion molecules in nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;98:766-80
64. Coste A, Wang Q-P, Roudot-Thoraval F, Chapelin C, Bedbeder P, Poron F, et al. Epithelial cell proliferation in nasal polyps could be upregulated by platelet derived growth factor. Laryngoscope 1996;106:578-83
65. Coste A, Brugel L, Maitre B, Boussat S, Papon JF, Wingerstmann L, et al. Inflammatory cells as well as epithelial cells in nasal polyps express vascular endothelial growth factor. Eur Respir J 2000;15:367-72
66. Vento SI, Wolff CH, Salven PJ, Httonen ML, Ertama LO, Malmberg CHO. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol 2000;(suppl 543):170-4
67. Ishibashi T, Tanaka T, Nibu K, Ishimoto S, Kaga K. Keratinocyte growth factor and its messenger RNA expression in nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;17:885-90
68. Tingsgaard PK, Larsen PL, Bock T, Lange Vejlsgaard G, Tos M. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on the vascular endothelium in nasal polyps before, during and after topical glucocorticoid treatment. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1998;118:404-8
69. Jang JY, Lee CH. Localization of cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator in epithelial cells of nasal polyps and postoperative polypoid mucosae. Acta Otolaryngol 2001;121:93-7
70. Lamblin C, Gosset P, Salez F, Vandezande LM, Perez T, Darras J, et al. Eosinophilic airway inflammation in nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;14:85-92
71. Wardlaw AJ. Molecular regulation of eosinophils trafficking: a multi-step paradigm. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:917-26
72. Corrigan CJ, Kay AB. T cells and eosinophils in the pathogenesis of asthma. Immunol Today 1993;13:501-7
73. Symon FA, Lawrence MB, Williamson ML, Walsh GM, Watson SR, Wardlaw AJ. Functional and structural characterization of the eosinophil p-selectin ligand. J Immunol 1996;157:1711-9
74. Edwards BS, Curry MS, Tsuji H, Brown D, Larson RS, Sklar LA. Expression of p-selectin at low site density promotes selective attachment of eosinophils over neutrophils. J Immunol 2000;165:404-10
75. Woltmann G, McNulty CA, Dewson G, Symon FA, Wardlaw AJ. Interleukin-13 induces PSGL-1/p-selectin-dependant adhesion of eosinophils but not neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cells under flow. Blood 2000;95:3146-52
76. Lacy P, Moqbel R. Eosinophils cytokins. Chem Immunol 2000;76:134-55
77. Settipane GA, Chaffe FH. Nasal polyps in asthma and rhinitis: a review of 6037 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1976;59:17-21
78. Jamal A, Maran AGD. Atopy and nasal polyposis. J Laryngol Otol 1987;101:355-8
79. Caplin I, Haynes TJ, Spahn J. Are nasal polyps an allergic phenomenon? Ann Allergy 1971;29:63-8
80. Bunnag C, Pacharee P, Vipulakom P, et al. A study of allergic factors in nasal polyposis patients. Ann Allergy 1983;50:126-32
81. Park HS, Jung KS, Shute J, Roberts K, Holgate ST, Djukanovic R. Allergen-induced release of GM-CSF and IL-8 in vitro by nasal polyp tissue from atopic subjects prolongs eosinophil survival. European Resp J 1997;10:1476-82
82. Asero R, Bottazzi G. Hypersensitivity to molds in patients with nasal polyposis: A clinical study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:186-8
83. Calenoff E, McMahan JT, Herzon GD. Bacterial allergy in nasal polyposis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;119:830-6
84. Pang YT, Eskici O, Wilson JA. Nasal polyposis: role of subclinical delayed food hypersensitivity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:298-301
85. Donovan R, Johansson SGO, Bennich H, Soothill JF. Immunoglobulins in nasal polyp fluid. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1970;37:154-66
86. Powe DG, Huskisson RS, Carney AS, Jenkins D, Jones NS. Evidence for an inflammatory pathophysiology in idiopathic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2001;31:864-72
87. Kim HY, Nahm DH, Suh KS, Park HS. IgE production from the nasal polyp tissue: comparison between atopic and non-atopic subjects. Korean J Int Med 1998;13:83-8
88. Bachert C, Gevaert P, Holappels G, Johansson SGO, van Cauwenberge P. Total and specific IgE in nasal polyps is related to local eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:607-14
89. Safirstein BH. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with obstruction of the upper respiratory tract. Chest 1976;70:788-90
90. Millar JW, Johnston A, Lamb D. Allergic aspergillosis of the maxillary sinuses. Thorax 1981;36:710
91. Lamb D, Millar J, Johnston A. Allergic aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses. J Pathol 1982;137:56
92. Katzenstein A, Greenberger P, Sale S. Allergic aspergillus sinusitis: a newly recognized form of sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983;72:89-93
93. Bent J, Kuhn F. Diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;111:580-8
94. DeShazo RD, Swain RE. Diagnostic criteria for allergic fungal sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;96:24-35
95. Manning SC, Holman M. Further evidence for allergic pathophysiology in allergic fungal sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1998;108:1485-96
96. Waxman JE, Spector JG, Sale SR, Katzenstein AA. Allergic Aspergillus sinusitis: concepts in diagnosis and treatment of a new clinical entity. Laryngoscope 1991;97:261-6
97. Cody DT, Neel B, Ferreiro JA, Roberts GD. Allergic fungal sinusitis: The Mayo Clinic experience. Laryngoscope 1994;104:1074-9
98. Mabry RL, Manning S. Radioallergosorbent microscreen and total immunoglobulin E in allergic fungal sinusitis. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 1995;113:721-3
99. Feger TA, Rupp NT, Kuhn FA, Ford JL, Dolen WK. Local and systemic eosinophil activation in allergic fungal sinusitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997;79:221-5
100. Marple BF. Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis: Current theories and management strategies. Laryngoscope 2001;111:1006-17
101. Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Kern EB, Homburger HA, Frigas E, Gaffey TA, et al. The diagnosis and incidence of allergic fungal sinusitis. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:877-84
102. Mygind N, Lund VJ. Topical corticosteroid therapy of rhinitis. Clin Immunother 1996;5:122-36
103. Lildholdt T, Rundcrantz H, Bende M, Larsen K. Glucocorticoid treatment for nasal polyps. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123:595-600
104. Mygind N, Peterson CB, Prytz S, Sorensen H. Treatment of nasal polyps with intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. Clin Allergy 1975;5:159-64
105. Deuschl H, Drettner B. Nasal polyps treated by beclomethasone nasal aerosol. Rhinology 1977;15:17-23
106. Holopainen E, Grahne B, Malmberg H, Makinien J, Lindqvist N. Budesonide in the treatment of nasal polyposis. Eur J Respir Dis 1982;63(suppl 122):221-8
107. Chalton R, Mackay I, Wilson R, Cole P. Double blind placebo controlled trial of betamethasone nasal drops for nasal polyposis. Brit Med J 1985;291:788
108. Ruhno J, Andersson B, Denburg J, Anderson M, Hitch D, Lapp P, et al. A double-blind comparison of intranasal budesonide with placebo for nasal polyposis. J Allerg Clin Immunol 1990;86:946-53
109. Vendelo Johansen L, Illum P, Kristersen S, Winther L, Vang Petersen S, Synnerstad B. The effect of budesonide (Rhinocort®) in the treatment of small and medium sized polyps. Clin Otolaryngol 1993;18:524-7
110. Lildholdt T, Rundcrantz H, Lindqvist N. Efficacy of topical corticosteroid powder for nasal polyposis: a double blind placebo controlled study of budesonide. Clin Otolaryngol 1995;20:26-30
111. Lund VJ, Flood J, Sykes A, Richards DH. Effect of flutiscasonein severe polyposis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;124:513-8
112. Holmberg K, Juliusson S, Balber B, Smith DL, Richards DH, Karlsson G. Fluticasone proprionate aqueous nasal spray in the treatment of nasal polyposis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997;78:270-6
113. Tos M, Svendstrup G, Arndal H, Orntoft S, Jakobsen J, Borum P, et al. Efficacy of an aqueous and a powder formulation of nasal budesonide compared in patients with nasal polyps. Am J Rhinol 1998;12:183-9
114. Dingsor G, Kramer J, Olshot R, Soderstrom T. Flunisolide nasal spray in the prophylactic treatment of nasal polyposis after polypectomy. A randomised, double blind, parallel placebo controlled study. Rhinology 1985;23:49-58
115. Drettner B, Ebbeson A, Nilsson M. Prophylactic treatment with flunisolide after polypectomy. Rhinology 1982;20:149-58
116. Virolainen E, Puhakka H. The effect of intranasal beclomethasone on the recurrence of nasal polyps after ethmoidectomy. Rhinology 1980;18:9-18
117. Karlsson G, Rundcrantz H. A randomized control trial of intranasal beclomethasone diproprionate after polypectomy. Rhinology 1982;20:144-8
118. Hartwig S, Linden M, Laurent C, Vargo AK. Budesonide nasal spray as prophylactic treatment after polypectomy. J Laryngol Otol 1988;102:148-51
119. Kayarker R, Clifton NJ, Woolford TJ. An evaluation of the best head position for instillation of steroid nose drops. Clin Otolaryngol 2002;27:18-21
120. Gazis AG, Homer JJ, Henson DB, Page SR, Jones NS. The effect of six weeks topical nasal betamethasone drops on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and bone turnover in patients with nasal polyposis. Clin Otolaryngol 1999;24:495-8
121. Flynn MD, Beasley P, Tooke JE. Adrenal suppression with intranasal betamethasone drops. J Laryngol Otol 1992;106:827-8
122. Stevens DJ. Cushing's syndrome due to abuse of betamethasone drops. J Laryngol Otol 1988;102:219-21
123. Homer JJ, Gazis TG. Cushing's syndrome induced by betamethasone nasal drops. Brit Med Journal 1999;318:1355
124. Badia L, Lund V. Topical corticosteroids in nasal polyposis. Drugs 2001;61:573-8
125. Lildholt T, Fogstrup J, Gammelargd N, Kortholm B, Ulsoe C. Surgical versus medical treatment of nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol 1988;52:252-5
126. Fielding JU, Eldbrond O, Hilberg O, Pedersen OF, Anderson OB. Acoustic rhinometry used as a method to monitor the effect of intramuscular injection of steroid on nasal polyps. Rhinology 1988;22 (suppl 1):22 (abstr)
127. Lildholdt T. Surgical versus medical treatment of nasal polyps. Rhinology 1989;(suppl 8):31-3
128. van Camp C, Clement PAR. Results of oral steroid treatment in nasal polyposis. Rhinology 1993;32:3-9
129. Patriarca G, Bellioni P, Nucera E, Schiavino D, Papa G, Schinco G, et al. Intranasal treatment with lysine acetylsalicylate in patients with nasal polyposis. Ann Allergy 1991;67:588-91
130. Scadding GK, Hassab M, Darby YC, Lund VJ, Freedman A. Intranasal lysine aspirin in recurrent nasal polyposis. Clin Otolaryngol 1995;20:561-3
131. Nucera E, Sciavino, Milani A, del Ninno M, Misuraca C, Buonomo A, et al. Effects of intranasal lysine-acetylsalicylate (LAS) in nasal polyposis: two controlled long-term follow-up studies. Thorax 2000;55(suppl 2):S75-S78
132. Huber MA, Gall H, Gethoffer K, Muhlmeier G, Maier H, Peter RU. Successful prevention of recurrent nasal polyposis by means of systemic low-dose IFN-alpha2A. J Allerg Clin Immunol 2001;108:141
133. Dahlen SE, Nizankowska E, Dahlen B. The Swedish-Polish treatment study with the 5-lipoxygenase Zileuton in aspirin-intolerant asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:376-80
134. Zheng C, Wang Z, Lacroix JS. Effect of intranasal treatment with capsaicin on the recurrence of polyps after polypectomy and ethmoidectomy. Acta Otolaryngol 2000;120:62-6
135. Passali D, Mezzedimi C, Passali GC, Bellussi I. Efficacy of inhalational form of furosemide to: prevent postsurgical relapses of rhinosinusal polyposis. ORL 2000;62:307-10
136. Annesi-Maesano I. Epidemiological evidence of the occurrence of rhinitis and sinusitis in asthmatics. Allergy 1999;54(suppl 57):7-13
137. Sweet JM, Stevenson DD, Simon RA, Mathison DA. Long term effects of aspirin desensitisation treatment for aspirin sensitive rhinostinusitis patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;86:59-65
138. Stevenson DD, Hankammer MA, Mathison DA. Long term ASA densensitisation treatment of aspirin sensitive asthmatic patients: clinical outcome studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;98:751-8
139. Blomqvist EH, Lunblad L, Anggard A, Haraldsson PO, Stjarne P. A randomized controlled study evaluating medical treatment versus surgical treatment in addition to medical treatment or nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:224-8
140. Vento SI, Ertama LO, Hytonen ML, Wolff CH, Malmberg CH. Nasal polyposis: clinical course during 20 years. Ann Allergy, Asthma Immunol 2000;85:209-14
141. Mackay IS, Lund VJ. Imaging and staging. In: Mygind N, Lildholt T, eds. Nasal polyposis: an Inflammatory Disease and its Treatment. Copenhagen: Munksgaard 1997:137-44
142. Lund VJ. Health related quality of life in sinonasal disease. Rhinology 2001;39:182-6
143. Larsen K, Tos M. A long term follow-up study of nasal polyp patients after simple polypectomies. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 1997;1:S85-8
144. Wigand ME, Hosemann W. Microsurgical treatment of recurrent nasal polyposis. Rhinology 1989;(suppl 8):25-9
145. Holmberg K, Karlsson G. Nasal polyps: surgery or pharmacological intervention? Eur Resp Rev 1994;4:260-5
146. McFadden EA, Kany RJ, Fink JN, Toohill RJ. Surgery for sinusitis and aspirin triad. Laryngoscope 1990;100:1043-6
147. Hosemann W. Surgical treatment of nasal polyposis in patients with nasal polyposis with aspirin intolerance. Thorax 2000;55(suppl 2):S87-90
148. Levine HL. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery: evaluation, surgery, and follow-up of 250 patients. Laryngoscope 1990;100:79-84
149. Jankoski R, Pigret D, Decroocq F. Comparison of functional results after ethmoidectomy and nasalization for diffuse and severe nasal polyposis. Acta Otolaryngol 1997;117:601-8
150. Klossek JM, Peloquin L, Friedman WH, Ferrier JC, Fontanel JP. Diffuse nasal polyposis: postoperative long-term results after endoscopic sinus surgery and frontal irrigation. Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surg 1997;117:355-61
151. Jacobsen J, Svendstrup F. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic sinusitis - a series of 237 consecutively operated patients. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 2000;(suppl 543):158-61
152. Maniglia AJ. Fatal and major complications secondary to nasal and sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 1989;100:79-84
153. Grevers GG. Anterior skull base trauma during endoscopic sinus surgery for nasal polyposis preferred sites for iatrogenic injuries. Rhinology 2001;39:1-4