The hydrogen ortho-to-para ratio in the stratospheres of the giant planets

Icarus

Volumn 161, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 127-143

  Fouchet, Thierry ^a   Lellouch, Emmanuel ^b   Feuchtgruber, Helmut ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS   (France)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR EXTRATERRESTRISCHE PHYSIK   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atmospheres, composition; Atmospheres, structure; Jovian planets

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037220698     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00014-3     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Atkins, P.W., 1986. Physical Chemistry. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
2. Baines, K.H., Hammel, H.B., 1994. Clouds, hazes, and the stratospheric methane abundance in Neptune. Icarus 109, 20-39.
3. 2 quadrupole line parameters. Icarus 114, 328-340.
4. Baines, K.H., Hammel, H.B., Rages, K.A., Romani, P.N., Samuelson, R.E., 1995b. Clouds and hazes in the atmosphere of Neptune. In: Cruikshank, D.P. (Ed.), Neptune and Triton. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 489-546.
5. Banfield, D., Gierasch, P.J., Bell, M., Ustinov, E., Ingersoll, A.P., Vasavada, A.R., West, R.A., Belton, M.J.S., 1998. Jupiter's cloud structure from Galileo imaging data. Icarus 135, 230-250.
6. 2 Raman scattering in the jovian atmosphere. Icarus 142, 324-341.
7. Bézard, B., Gautier, D., 1985. A seasonal climate model of the atmospheres of the giant planets at the Voyager encounter time. I. Saturn's stratosphere. Icarus 60, 296-310.
8. Bézard, B., Encrenaz, T., Feuchtgruber, H., Lellouch, E., de Graauw, T., Griffin, M., Atreya, S.K., 1997. ISO-SWS observations of Neptune. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 29, 993.
9. Bézard, B., Romani, P.N., Feuchtgruber, H., Encrenaz, T., 1999. Detection of the methyl radical on Neptune. Astrophys. J. 515, 868-872.
10. 2 -He in the rotational and fundamentals bands for planetary applications. Icarus 123, 4-22.
11. 4 pairs. Astrophys. J. 304, 849-865.
12. Carlson, B.E., Lacis, A.A., Rossow, W.B., 1992. Ortho-para-hydrogen equilibration on Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 393, 357-372.
13. Conrath, B.J., Gautier, G., 2000. Saturn helium abundance: a reanalysis of Voyager measurements. Icarus 144, 124-134.
14. Conrath, J.B., Gierasch, P.J., 1984. Global variation of the para hydrogen fraction in Jupiter's atmosphere and implications for dynamics of the outer planets. Icarus 57, 184-204.
15. Conrath, B., Gautier, D., Hanel, R., Lindal, G., Marten, A., 1987. The helium abundance of Uranus from Voyager measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 15003-15010.
16. Conrath, B.J., Gautier, D., Lindal, G.F., Samuelson, R.E., Shaffer, W.A., 1991. The helium abundance of Neptune from Voyager measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 18907-18919.
17. Conrath, B.J., Gierasch, P.J., Ustinov, E.A., 1998. Thermal structure and para hydrogen fraction on the outer planets from Voyager IRIS measurements. Icarus 135, 501-517.
18. de Graauw, T., Haser, L.N., Beintema, D.A., Roelfsema, P.R., Van Agthoven, H., Barl, L., Bauer, O.H., Bekenkamp, H.E.G., Boonstra, A.J., Boxhorn, D.R., Cote, J., de Groene, P., Van Dijkhuizen, C., Drapatz, S., Evers, J., Feuchtgruber, H., Frericks, M., Genzel, R., Haerendel, G., Heras, A.M., Van Der Hucht, K.A., Van Der Hulst, T., Huygen, R., Jacobs, H., Jakob, G., Kamperman, T., Katterloher, R.O., Kester, D.J.M., Kunze, D., Kussendrager, D., Lahuis, F., Lamers, H.J.G.L.M., Leech, K., Van Der Lei, S., Van Der Linden, R., Luinge, W., Lutz, D., Melzner, F., Morris, P.W., Van Nguyen, D., Ploeger, G., Price, S., Salama, A., Schaeidt, S.G., Sijm, N., Smoorenburg, C., Spakman, J., Spoon, H., Steinmayer, M., Stoecker, J., Valentijn, E.A., Vandenbussche, B., Visser, H., Waelkens, C., Waters, L.B.F.M., Wensink, J., Wesselius, P.R., Wiezorrek, E., Wieprecht, E., Wlinbergen, J.J., Wildeman, K.J., Young, E., 1996. Observing with the ISO short-wavelength spectrometer. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L49-L54.
19. 2 and the eddy diffusion coefficient. Astron. Astrophys. 333, L43-L46.
20. Farkas, A., 1935. Orthohydrogen, Parahydrogen and Heavy Hydrogen. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
21. Feuchtgruber, H., Lellouch, E., de Graauw, T., Bézard, B., Encrenaz, T., Griffin, M., 1997. External supply of oxygen to the atmospheres of the giant planets. Nature 389, 159-162.
22. Feuchtgruber, H., Lellouch, E., Bézard, B., Encrenaz, T., de Graauw, T., Davis, G.R., 1999a. Detection of HD in the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune: a new determination of the D/H ratio. Astron. Astrophys. 341, L17-L21.
23. Feuchtgruber, H., Lellouch, E., Encrenaz, T., Bézard, B., Coustenis, A., Drossart, P., Salama, A., de Graauw, T., Davis, G.R., 1999b. Oxygen in the stratosphere of the giant planets and Titan. In: Cox, P., Kessler, M.F. (Eds.), The Universe as Seen by ISO. ESA Publ. Division, Noordwijk, pp. 133-136.
24. Flasar, F.M., Simon-Miller, A.A., Achtenberg, R.K., Conrath, B.J., Gierasch, P.J., Kunde, V.G., Nixon, C., Jennings, D.E., Romani, P.N., Irwin, P., Bézard, B., Carlson, R., the Cassini CIRS Investigation Team, 2001. Prospecting Jupiter in the thermal infrared with Cassini CIRS: atmospheric temperatures and dynamics. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 33, 1025.
25. 2 H. Astron. Astrophys. 355, L13-L17.
26. Gezari, D.Y., Mumma, M.J., Espenak, F., Deming, D., Bjoraker, G., Woods, L., Folz, W., 1989. New features in Saturn's atmosphere revealed by high-resolution thermal infrared images. Nature 342, 777-780.
27. Gierasch, P.J., Conrath, B.J., Magalhaes, J.A., 1986. Zonal mean properties of Jupiter's upper troposphere from Voyager infrared observations. Icarus 67, 456-483.
28. Harrison, L.G., McDowell, C.A., 1953. The catalysis of the para-hydrogen conversion by the solid free radical αα-diphenyl-β-picryl hydrazyl. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 220, 77-90.
29. Humlíček, J., 1982. Optimized computation of the Voigt and complex probability functions. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 27, 437-444.
30. Jacquinet-Husson, N., Arié, E., Ballard, J., Bjoraker, G., Bonnet, B., Brown, L.R., Camy-Peyret, C., Champion, J.-P., Chédin, A., Chursin, A., Clerbaux, C., Duxbury, G., Flaud, J.-M., Fourrié, N., Fayt, A., Graner, G., Gamache, R., Goldman, A., Golovko, V., Guelachvili, G., Hartmann, J.-M., Hilico, J.-C., Hillman, J., Lefèvre, G., Lellouch, E., Mikhaïlenko, S.N., Naumenko, O.V., Nemtchinov, V., Newnham, D.A., Nikitin, A., Orphal, J., Perrin, A., Reuter, D.C., Rinsland, C.P., Rosenmann, L., Rothman, L.S., Scott, N.A., Selby, J., Sinitsa, L.N., Sirota, J.M., Smith, A.M., Smith, K.M., Tyuterev, V.G., Tipping, R.H., Urban, S., Varanasi, P., Weber, M., 1999. The 1997 spectroscopic GEISA databank. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Trans. 62, 205-254.
31. 2 . J. Mol. Spectrosc. 126, 19-28.
32. Johnston, H.S., 1966. Gas Phase Reaction Rate. Ronald Press, New York.
33. Lellouch, E., Bézard, B., Fouchet, T., Encrenaz, T., Feuchtgruber, H., de Graauw, T., 2001. The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observations. Astron. Astrophys. 370, 610-622.
34. Li, X., Read, P.L., 2000. A mechanical model of the quasi-quadrennial oscillation in Jupiter's stratosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 48, 637-669.
35. Lindal, G.F., 1992. The atmosphere of Neptune: an analysis of radio occultation data acquired with Voyager 2. Astron. J. 103, 967-982.
36. Lindal, G.F., Lyons, J.R., Sweetnam, D.N., Eshleman, V.R., Hinson, D.P., Tyler, G.L., 1987. The atmosphere of Uranus: results of radio occultation measurements with Voyager 2. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14987-15001.
37. Massie, S.T., Hunten, D.M., 1982. Conversion of para to ortho hydrogen in the jovian planets. Icarus 49, 213-226.
38. Moses, J.I., Rages, K., Pollack, J.B., 1995. An analysis of Neptune's stratospheric haze using high-phase-angle voyager images. Icarus 113, 232-266.
39. Moses, J.I., Bézard, B., Lellouch, E., Gladstone, G.R., Feuchtgruber, H., Allen, M., 2000. Photochemistry of Saturn's atmosphere. I. Hydrocarbon chemistry and comparison with ISO observations. Icarus 143, 244-298.
40. Moses, J.I., Fouchet, T., Bézard, B., Lellouch, E., Gladstone, G.R., Feuchtgruber, H., Allen, M., 2001. Comparative planetology: lessons from photochemical modeling of the upper atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 33, 1044.
41. Niemann, H.B., Atreya, S.K., Carignan, G.R., Donahue, T.M., Haberman, J.A., Harpold, D.N., Hartle, R.E., Hunten, D.M., Kasprzak, W.T., Mahaffy, P.R., Owen, T.C., Way, S.H., 1998. The composition of the jovian atmosphere as determined by the Galileo probe mass spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 22831-22845.
42. Ollivier, J.L., Billebaud, F., Drossart, P., Dobrijévic, M., RoosSerote, M., August-Bernex, T., Vauglin, I., 2000. Seasonal effects in the thermal structure of Saturn's stratosphere from infrared imaging at 10 microns. Astron. Astrophys. 356, 347-356.
43. 2 molecule. J. Chem. Phys. 68, 3053-3058.
44. Pollack, J.B., Rages, K., Pope, S.K., Tomasko, M.G., Romani, P.N., Atreya, S.K., 1987. Nature of the stratospheric haze on Uranus: evidence for condensed hydrocarbons. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 15037-15065.
45. 2 . Astrophys. J. 428, L77-L79.
46. Salama, A., Feuchtgruber, H., Heras, A., Lahuis, F., Leech, K.J., Lorente, R., Morris, P., Vandenbussche, B., Wieprecht, E., 1997. Topics in SWS data analysis and calibrations. In: Heras, A.M., Leech, K., Trams, N.R., Perry, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the First ISO Workshop on Analytical Spectroscopy. ESA Publ. Division, Noordwijk, pp. 17-22.
47. 2 . J. Chem. Phys. 65, 4668-4692.
48. Smith, M.D., Gierasch, P.J., 1995. Convection in the outer planet atmospheres including ortho-para hydrogen conversion. Icarus 116, 159-179.
49. Tomasko, M.G., Doose, L.R., 1984. Polarimetry and photometry of Saturn from Pioneer II observations and constraints on the distribution and properties of cloud and aerosols particles. Icarus 58, 1-34.
50. Von Zahn, U., Hunten, D.M., Lehmacher, G., 1998. Helium in Jupiter's atmosphere: results from the Galileo probe helium interferometer experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 22815-22830.
51. West, R.A., Hart, H., Hord, C.W., Simmons, K.E., Esposito, L.W., Sato, M., Coffeen, D.L., Lane, A.L., Pomphrey, R.B., 1983. Photometry and polarimetry of Saturn at 2640 and 7500 Å. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8679-8697.
52. West, R.A., Strobel, D.F., Tomasko, M.G., 1986. Clouds, aerosols, and photochemistry in the jovian atmosphere. Icarus 65, 161-217.
53. West, R.A., Baines, K.H., Pollack, J.B., 1991. Clouds and aerosols in the uranian atmosphere. In: Bergstralh, J.T., Miner, E.D., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Uranus. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 296-324.