Clinical and epidemiological aspects in the antiphospholipid syndrome

Immunobiology

Volumn 207, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 5-11

  Cervera, Ricard ^a   Asherson, Ronald A ^b  

^a HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY; AZATHIOPRINE; BETA2 GLYCOPROTEIN 1; BETA2 GLYCOPROTEIN 1 ANTIBODY; CARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODY; CELL ANTIBODY; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DANAZOL; ERYTHROCYTE ANTIBODY; HEPARIN DERIVATIVE; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT; MITOCHONDRION ANTIBODY; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; PREDNISONE; STEROID; THROMBOCYTE ANTIBODY; WARFARIN;

ANTIBODY DETECTION; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MATERNAL MORBIDITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PREGNANCY DISORDER; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT ABORTION; REVIEW; SJOEGREN SYNDROME; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0037216763     PISSN: 01712985     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1078/0171-2985-00213     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Cervera, R., J. C. Piette, and J. Font., 2002. Antiphospholipid syndrome: Clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 46: 1019-1027.
2. Drew, P., R. A. Asherson, and R. J. Zuk, 1987. Aortic occlusion in systemic lupus erythematosus associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 46: 612-616
3. McGee, G. S., W. H. Pearce, L. Sharma, D. Green, and J. J. T. Yas. 1992. Antiphospholipid antibodies and arterial thrombosis. Arch. Surg. 127: 342-346
4. Stern, B. J., and R. L. Brey. 1994. Anticardiolipin antibodies are associated with an increased risk of stroke occurrence. Neurol. 44 (Suppl. 2): A327.
5. Levine, S. R., R. L. Brey, and K. L. Sawaya. 1995. Recurrent stroke and thrombo-occlusive events in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 38: 119-124.
6. Asherson, R. A., and R. Cervera. 1993. Sneddon's and the "Primary" Antiphospholipid Syndrome: confusion clarified. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 3: 121-122.
7. Asherson, R. A., D. Mercey, and G. Phillips 1987. Recurrent stroke and multiinfarct dementia in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 46: 605-611.
8. Anderson, D., D. Bell, R. Lodge, and E. Grant. 1987. Recurrent cerebral ischemia and mitral valve vegetation in a patient with phospholipid antibodies. J. Rheumatol. 14: 839-841.
9. Levine, S. R., S. Kieran, K. Puzio, H. Feit, S. C. Patel, and K. Y. A. Welch. 1987. Cerebral venous thrombosis with lupus anticoagulant. Report of two cases. Stroke 18: 801-804.
10. Jurtz, G., and N. Muller. 1994. The antiphospholipid syndrome and psychosis. Am. J. Psychiat. 151: 1841-1842.
11. Herranz, M. T., G. Rivier, M. A. Khamashta, K. V. Blaser, and G. R. V. Hughes. 1994. Association between antiphospholipid antibodies and epilepsy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 37: 568-571.
12. Cervera, R., R. A. Asherson, and J. Font, 1997. Chorea in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical, neurologic and immunologic characteristics of 50 patients from our clinics and the recent literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 76: 203-212.
13. Lavalle, C., S. Pizarro, C. Drenkard, J. Sánchez-Guerrero, and D. Alarcón-Segovia. 1990. Transverse myelitis: manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus strongly associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. J. Rheumatol. 17: 34-37.
14. Montehermoso, A., R. Cervera, and J. Font, 1999. Association of antiphospholipid antibodies with retinal vascular diseases in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 28: 326-332.
15. Asherson, R. A., and R. Cervera. 1991. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the heart: Lessons and pitfalls of the cardiologist. Circulation 84: 920-923.
16. Hamsten, A., R. Norberg, and M. Bjorkholm, 1986. Antibodies to cardiolipin in young survivors of myocardial infarction: an association with recurrent cardiovascular events. Lancet ii: 113-116.
17. Sletnes, K. E:, P. Smith, and M. Abdelnoor, 1992. Antiphospholipid antibodies after myocardial infarction and their relation to mortality, reinfarction, and non-haemorrhagic stroke. Lancet 339: 451-453.
18. Cervera, R., M. A. Khamashta, and J. Font, 1992. High prevalence of significant heart valve lesions in patients with the 'primary' antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1: 43-47.
19. Khamashta, M. A:, R. Cervera, and R. A. Asherson, 1990. Association of antibodies against phospholipids with heart valve disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 335: 1541-1544.
20. Font, J., R. Cervera, and C. Pare, 1991. Non-infective verrucous endocarditis in a patient with 'primary' antiphospholipid syndrome. Br. J. Rheumatol. 30: 305-307.
21. Brucato, A., F. Baudo, M. Barberis, et al. 1994. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to thrombosis of the pulmonary vessels in a patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Rheumatol. 21: 942-944
22. Asherson, R. A., J. G. Lanham, R. G. Hull, M. I. Boey, A. E. Gharavi, and G. R. V. Hughes. 1984. Renal vein thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with the "lupus anticoagulant". Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2: 75-79
23. Amigo, M. C., R. Garcia-Torrès, M. Robles, T. Bochicchio, and P. A. Reyes. 1992. Renal involvement in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Rheumatol. 19: 1181-1185
24. Asherson, R. A., Hughes, G. R. V. 1989. Recurrent deep vein thrombosis and Addison's disease in "primary" antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Rheumatol.; 16: 378-380
25. Asherson, R. A., S. Morgan, and E. N. Harris, 1986. Arterial occlusion causing large bowel infarction: A reflection of clotting diathesis in SLE. Clin. Rheumatol. 5: 102-106.
26. Asherson, R. A. 1992. The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome syndrome. J. Rheumatol. 19: 508-512.
27. Asherson, R. A., and J. C. Piette. 1996. The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome 1996: Acute multi-organ failure associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: A review of 31 patients. Lupus 5: 414-417.
28. Asherson, R. A., R. Cervera, and J. C. Piette, 1998. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: Clinical and laboratory features of 50 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 77: 195-207.
29. Asherson, R. A., R. Cervera, and J. C. Piette, 2001. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: Clues to the pathogenesis from a series of 80 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 80: 355-377.
30. Asherson, R. A., and R. Cervera. 2000. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 7: 325-329.
31. Asherson, R. A., and R. Cervera. 2000. The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: a review of pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment. IMAJ 2: 268-273.
32. Wilson, W. A., A. E. Gharavi, and T. Koike, 1999. International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 42: 1309-1311.
33. Schulman, S., E. Svenungsson, and S. Granqvist. 1998. Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group. Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy. Am. J. Med. 104: 332-338.
34. Khamashta, M. A., M. J. Cuadrado, F. Mujic, N. A. Taub, B. J. Hunt, and G. R. V. Hughes. 1995. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 332: 993-997.
35. Rosove, M. H., and P. M. Brewer. 1992. Antiphospholipid thrombosis: clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Ann. Intern. Med. 117: 303-308.
36. Hunt, B. J., and M. A. Khamashta. 1996. Management of the Hughes syndrome. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 14: 115-117.
37. Cervera, R., J. Font, and A. Lopez-Soto, 1990. Isotype distribution if anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: prospective analysis of a series of 100 patients. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 49: 109-113.
38. Balasch, J., F. Carmona, and A. López-Soto, 1993. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of pregnancy losses in women with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Hum. Reprod. 8: 2234-2239.
39. Lima, F., M. A. Khamashta, N. M. M. Buchanan, S. Kerslake, B. J. Hunt, and G. R. V. Hughes. 1996. A study of sixty pregnancies in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 14: 131-136.
40. Alarcón-Segovia, D., and J. Sánchez-Guerrero. 1989. Correction of thrombocytopenia with small dose aspirin in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Rheumatol. 16: 1359-1361.
41. Yamazaki, M., H. Asakura, and T. Matsuda. 1994. Resolution of thrombocytopenia in a patient with lupus anticoagulant who received warfarin therapy. Acta Haemato.; 92: 52-53.
42. Kavanaugh, A. 1994. Danazol therapy in thrombocytopenia associated with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 121: 767-768.
43. Font, J., S. Jiménez, and R. Cervera, 2000. Splenectomy for refractory Evans' syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: report of two cases. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 59: 920-923.