Macroevolution simulated with autonomously replicating computer programs

Nature

Volumn 420, Issue 6917, 2002, Pages 810-812

  Yedid, Gabriel ^a,b   Bell, Graham ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; GENES; GENETIC ENGINEERING;

MACROEVOLUTION;

COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTINGS;

ADAPTATION; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; POPULATION GENETICS; SOFTWARE; TIMESCALE;

ADAPTATION; ARTICLE; COMPUTER PROGRAM; EVOLUTION; GENE MUTATION; GENOTYPE; MATHEMATICS; NATURAL SELECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIMULATION; THEORY;

ADAPTATION, BIOLOGICAL; COMPUTER SIMULATION; COMPUTERS; EVOLUTION; GENETICS, POPULATION; GENOTYPE; MODELS, GENETIC; MUTATION; REPRODUCTION; SELECTION (GENETICS); SOFTWARE; TIME FACTORS; VARIATION (GENETICS);

CELLULAR ORGANISMS;

EID: 0037180782     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nature01151     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Gould, S. J. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History (W. W. Norton, New York, 1989).
2. Dykhuizen, D. Experimental studies of natural selection in bacteria. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21, 373-398 (1990).
3. Fisher, R. A. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (Dover, New York, 1930).
4. Atwood, K. C., Schneider, L. K. & Ryan, F. J. Selective mechanisms in bacteria. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 16, 345-355 (1951)
5. Gerrish, P. J. The rhythm of microbial adaptation. Nature 413, 299-302 (2001).
6. Dykhuizen, D. & Harlt, D. L. Evolution of competitive ability in Escherichia coli. Evolution 35, 581-594 (1981).
7. Travisano, M., Mongold, J. A., Bennett, A. F. & Lenski, R. E. Experimental tests of the roles of adaptation, chance, and history in evolution. Science 267, 87-90 (1995).
8. Kramer, F. R., Mills, D. R., Cole, P. E., Nishihara, T. & Spiegelman, S. Evolution in vitro: Sequence and phenotype of a mutant RNA resistant to ethidium bromide. J. Mol. Biol. 89, 719-736 (1974).
9. Bull, J. J. et al. Exceptional convergent evolution in a virus. Genetics 147, 1497-1507 (1997).
10. Nakatsu, C. H. et al. Parallel and divergent genotypic evolution in experimental populations of Ralstonia sp. J. Bacteriol. 180, 4325-4331 (1998).
11. Lenski, R. & Travisano, M. Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: A 10,000 generation experiment with bacterial populations. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 6808-6814 (1994).
12. Korona, R., Nakatsu, C. H., Forney, L. J. & Lenski, R. E. Evidence for multiple adaptive peaks from populations of bacteria evolving in a structured habitat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9037-9041 (1994).
13. Travisano, M. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. VI. Environmental constraints on adaptation and divergence. Genetics 146, 471-479 (1997).
14. Hartley, B. S. Experimental evolution of ribitol dehydrogenase. Microorganisms as Model Systems for Studying Evolution (ed. Mortlock, R. P.) 23-54 (Plenum, New York, 1984).
15. Yin, J. Evolution of bacteriophage T7 in a growing plaque. J. Bacteriol. 175, 1272-1277 (1993).
16. Cohan, F. M. & Hoffmann, A. A. Genetic divergence under uniform selection. II. Different responses to selection for knockdown resistance to ethanol among Drosophila melanogaster populations and their replicate lines. Genetics 114, 145-163 (1986).
17. Hoffmann, A. A. & Harshman, L. G. Desiccation and starvation resistance in Drosophila: Patterns of variation at the species, population and intrapopulation levels. Heredity 83, 637-643 (1999).
18. Ray, T. S. An approach to the synthesis of life. Artificial Life II, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity (eds Farmer, D. J., Langton, C., Rasmussen, S. & Taylor, C.) Vol. 11 371-408 (Addison Wesley, Redwood City, California, 1991).
19. Ray, T. S. Tierra v. 5.0, with documentation. Available via anonymous ftp from the Tierra home page at http://www.isd.atr.co.jp/~ray/tierra
20. Wilke, C. O., Wang, J. L., Ofria, C., Lenski, R. E. & Adami, C. Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rates leads to survival of the flattest. Nature 412, 331-333 (2001).
21. Yedid, G. & Bell, G. Microevolution in an electronic microcosm. Am. Nat. 157, 465-487 (2001).
22. Mani, G. S. & Clarke, B. C. Mutational order: A major stochastic process in evolution. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 240, 29-37 (1990).
23. Johnson, P. A., Lenski, R. E. & Hoppensteadt, F. C. Theoretical analysis of divergence in mean fitness between genetically identical populations. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 259, 125-130 (1995).
24. Wahl, L. M. & Krakauer, D. C. Models of experimental evolution: The role of genetic chance and selective necessity. Genetics 156, 1437-1448 (2000).
25. Adami, C. Learning and complexity in genetic auto-adaptive systems. Physica D 80, 154-170 (1995).
26. Adami, C., Ofria, C. & Collier, T. C. Evolution of biological complexity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4463-4468 (2000).
27. Spiegelman, S. An approach to the experimental analysis of precellular evolution. Q. Rev. Biophys. 213-253 (1971).