Combined raman lidar for the measurement of atmospheric temperature, water vapor, particle extinction coefficient, and particle backscatter coefficient

Applied Optics

Volumn 41, Issue 36, 2002, Pages 7657-7666

  Behrendt, Andreas ^a   Nakamura, Takuji ^a   Onishi, Michitaka ^a   Baumgart, Rudolf ^b   Tsuda, Toshitaka ^a  

^a KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE BACKSCATTERING; PHOTONS; SIGNAL PROCESSING; SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO;

ROTATIONAL RAMAN (RR) SIGNALS;

OPTICAL RADAR;

EID: 0037147468     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 21553165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.41.007657     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. S. Fukao, T. Sato, T. Tsuda, S. Kato, K. Wakasugi, and T. Maki-hira, “The MU radar with an active phased array system. 1. Antenna and power amplifiers,” Radio Sci. 20, 1155-1168 (1985).
2. S. Fukao, T. Tsuda, T. Kato, S. Sato, K. Wakasugi, and T. Makihira, “The MU radar with an active phased array system. 2. In-house equipment,” Radio Sci. 20, 1169-1176 (1985).
3. J. Cooney, “Measurement of atmospheric temperature profiles by Raman backscatter,” Appl. Meteorol. 11, 108-112 (1972).
4. J. Cooney and M. Pina, “Laser radar measurements of atmospheric temperature profiles by use of Raman rotational back-scatter,” Appl. Opt. 15, 602-603 (1976).
5. R. Gill, K. Geller, J. Farina, and J. Cooney, “Measurement of atmospheric temperature profiles using Raman lidar,” J. Appl. Meteorol. 18, 225-227 (1979).
6. Y. F. Arshinov, S. M. Bobrovnikov, V. E. Zuev, and V. M. Mitev, “Atmospheric temperature measurements using a pure rotational Raman lidar,” Appl. Opt. 22, 2984-2990 (1983).
7. D. Nedeljkovic, A. Hauchecorne, and M. L. Chanin, “Rotational Raman lidar to measure the atmospheric temperature from the ground to 30 km,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 31, 90-101 (1993).
8. G. Vaughan, D. P. Wareing, S. J. Pepler, L. Thomas, and V. Mitev, “Atmospheric temperature measurements made by rotational Raman scattering,” Appl. Opt. 32, 2758-2764 (1993).
9. C. R. Philbrick, “Raman lidar capability to measure tropospheric properties,” in Nineteenth International Laser Radar Conference, U. N. Singh, S. Ismail, and G. K. Schwenmer, eds., NASA/CP-1998-207671/PT1 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.), pp. 289 -292.
10. A. Behrendt and J. Reichardt, “Atmospheric temperature profiling in the presence of clouds with a pure rotational Raman lidar using an interference-filter-based polychromator,” Appl. Opt. 39, 1372-1378 (2000).
11. A. Behrendt, J. Reichardt, A. Dornbrack, and C. Weitkamp, “Leewave PSCs in Northern Scandinavia between 22 and 26 January, 1998: lidar measurements of temperature and optical particle properties above esrange and mesoscale model analyses,” in Stratospheric Ozone 1999-Proceedings of the Fifth European Symposium, N. R. P. Harris, M. Guirlet, and G. T. Amanatidis, eds., Air Pollution Research Rep. 73 (European Commission, Brussels, 2000), pp. 149-152.
12. A. Ansmann, U. Wandinger, M. Riebesell, C. Weitkamp, and W. Michaelis, “Independent measurement of extinction and backscatter profiles in cirrus clouds by using a combined Raman elastic-backscatter lidar,” Appl. Opt. 31, 7113-7131 (1992).
13. A. Behrendt and T. Nakamura, “Calculation of the calibration constant of polarization lidar and its dependency on atmospheric temperature,” Opt. Express 10, 805-817 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ab-stract.cfm?id=69680.
14. H. W. Schrotter, “Raman and infrared spectroscopic techniques for remote analysis of the atmosphere,” in Advances in Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, R. J. H. Clark and R. E. Hester, eds. (Heyden, London, 1982), Vol. 8, pp. 1-51.
15. C.-Y. She, “Spectral structure of laser light scattering revisited: bandwidths of nonresonant scattering lidars,” Appl. Opt. 40, 4875-4884 (2001).
16. H. Inaba, “Detection of atoms and molecules by Raman scattering and resonance fluorescence,” in Laser Monitoring of the Atmosphere, E. D. Hinkley, ed., Vol. 14 of Topics in Applied Physics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1976), pp. 153-232.
17. 3,” Mol. Phys. 36, 727-732 (1978).
18. A. Behrendt, “Fernmessung atmosphaerischer Temperatur-profile in Wolken mit Rotations-Raman-Lidar,” doctoral dissertation (University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 2000).
19. J. Cooney, “Normalization of elastic lidar returns by use of Raman rotational backscatter,” Appl. Opt. 14, 270-271 (1975).
20. J. Reichardt, S. E. Bisson, S. Reichardt, C. Weitkamp, and B. Neidhart, “Rotational vibrational rotational Raman differential absorption lidar for atmospheric ozone measurements: methodology and experiment,” Appl. Opt. 39, 6072-6079 (2000).
21. V. M. Mitev, I. V. Grogorov, V. B. Simeonov, Yu. F. Arshinov, and S. M. Bobrovnikov, “Raman lidar measurements of the atmospheric extinction profile,” Bulg. J. Phys. 17, 67-74 (1990).
22. V. M. Mitev, I. V. Grogorov, and V. B. Simeonov, “Lidar measurements of aerosol extinction profiles: a comparison be tween two techniques—Klett inversion and pure rotational Raman scattering methods,” Appl. Opt. 31, 6469-6474 (1992).
23. S. H. Melfi, J. D. Lawrence, and M. P. McCormick, “Observation of Raman scattering by water vapor in the atmosphere,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 15, 295-297 (1969).
24. J. Cooney, “Remote measurement of atmospheric water vapor profiles using the Raman component of laser backscatter,” J. Appl. Meteorol. 9, 182-184 (1970).
25. J. Marling, “1.05-1.44 p, m tunability and performance of the cw Nd3 +:YAG laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 14, 56-62 (1978).
26. K. Kobayashi, T. Kitahara, T. D. Kawahara, Y. Saito, A. Nomura, T. Nakamura, T. Tsuda, M. Abo, C. Nagasawa, and M. Tsutsumi, “Simultaneous measurements of the dynamical structure of the mesopause region with lidars and MU radar,” Earth Planets Space 51, 731-739 (1999).
27. H. Miyagawa, T. Nakamura, T. Tsuda, M. Abo, C. Nagasawa, T. D. Kawahara, K. Kobayashi, T. Kitahara, and A. Nomura, “Observations of mesospheric sporadic sodium layers with the MU radar and sodium lidars,” Earth Planets Space 51, 785-797 (1999).
28. A. Behrendt and C. Weitkamp, “Optimizing the spectral parameters of a lidar receiver for rotational Raman temperature measurements,” in Advances in Laser Remote Sensing: Selected Papers Presented at the 20th ILRC, A. Dabas, C. Loth, and J. Pelon, eds. (Edition de l’Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, France, 2001), pp. 113-116.
29. J. Zeyn, W. Lahmann, and C. Weitkamp, “Remote daytime measurements of tropospheric temperature profiles with rotational Raman lidar,” Opt. Lett. 21, 1301-1303 (1996).
30. Yu. F. Arshinov and S. M. Bobrovnikov, “Use of a Fabry-Perot Interferometer to isolate pure rotational Raman spectra of diatomic molecules,” Appl. Opt. 38, 4635-4638 (1999).
31. D. R. Evans, The Atomic Nucleus (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955), p. 786.
32. P. R. Bevington and D. K. Robinson, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill, Boston, Mass., 1992), pp. 44 ff.
33. D. D. Turner and J. E. M. Goldsmith, “Twenty-four-hour Raman lidar water vapor measurements during the atmospheric radiation measurement program’s 1996 and 1997 water vapor intensive operation periods,” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 16, 1062-1076 (1999).