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(a) Seebach, D.; Willert, I.; Beck, A. K.; Gröbel, B.-T. Helv. Chim. Acta 1978, 61, 2510. Schaumann, E.; Kirschning, A.; Narjes, F. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 717-723.
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(a) Seebach, D.; Willert, I.; Beck, A. K.; Gröbel, B.-T. Helv. Chim. Acta 1978, 61, 2510. Schaumann, E.; Kirschning, A.; Narjes, F. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 717-723.
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16
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0011135911
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note
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2 below -7.6 are lower limits (<0.05% reaction in several h). The reactions were determined to be first order for each nucleophile and electrophile in THF solution, except for the reaction of BuCl with 1 and 2, where the reaction was too slow for reliable measurement of rates.
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17
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0000185649
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(a) Harder, S.; Streitwieser, A., Jr.; Petty, J. T.; Schleyer, P. v. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3253-59.
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Harder, S.1
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Petty, J.T.3
Schleyer, P.V.R.4
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18
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0011138409
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(b) Harder, S.; van Lenthe, J. H.; van Eikema Hommes, N. J. R.; Schleyer, P. v. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 2508.
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Harder, S.1
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19
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(c) Mori, S.; Nakamura, E.; Morokuma, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7294-7307.
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Mori, S.1
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20
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0011115086
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Similar conclusions have been reached for alkylation of enolates: Arnett, E. M.: Maroldo, S. G.; Schriver, G. W.; Schilling, S. L.; Troughton, E. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 2091-2099.
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Arnett, E.M.1
Maroldo, S.G.2
Schriver, G.W.3
Schilling, S.L.4
Troughton, E.B.5
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21
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33845279453
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Separated ions can be 3-7 orders of magnitude more reactive than contact ion pairs or aggregates: Ellington, J. C., Jr.; Arnett, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 7778-7785. Krom, J. A.; Streitwieser, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8747-8748.
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Ellington J.C., Jr.1
Arnett, E.M.2
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22
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0000631720
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Separated ions can be 3-7 orders of magnitude more reactive than contact ion pairs or aggregates: Ellington, J. C., Jr.; Arnett, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 7778-7785. Krom, J. A.; Streitwieser, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8747-8748.
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Krom, J.A.1
Streitwieser, A.2
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23
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0000089635
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15b Chang, C.J.; Kiesel, R. F.; Hogen-Esch, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 8446. Jackman, L. M.; Chen, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8681-8684. Sauvetre, R.; Seyden-Penne, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 3949-3952.
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Chang, C.J.1
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Hogen-Esch, T.E.3
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0030931377
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15b Chang, C.J.; Kiesel, R. F.; Hogen-Esch, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 8446. Jackman, L. M.; Chen, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8681-8684. Sauvetre, R.; Seyden-Penne, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 3949-3952.
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15b Chang, C.J.; Kiesel, R. F.; Hogen-Esch, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 8446. Jackman, L. M.; Chen, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8681-8684. Sauvetre, R.; Seyden-Penne, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 3949-3952.
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(a) Reich, H. J.; Borst, J. P.; Dykstra, R. R.; Green, D. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8728-8741.
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(c) Reich, H. J.; Borst, J. P.; Dykstra, R. R. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 5869.
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0033537029
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Complex structure and cosolvents effects traceable to strong interactions between substrate and lithium cation have also been observed for the deprotonation of epoxides with amide bases: Ramírez, A.; Collum, D. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 127, 11114-11121.
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Collum, D.B.2
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0011145158
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note
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4 also had no effect on the rate of alkylation of 1, 2, or 3 with BuBr in THF.
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31
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0011154838
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note
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31P NMR spectroscopy at -125°C at 0.2-1.0 equiv of HMPA.
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