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note
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When the addition is reversible, higher temperatures and the addition of HMPA can favor 1, 4 addition thermodynamically: see ref 2d.
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(a) Hogen-Esch, T. E.; Smid, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 307-318. Hogen-Esch, T. E. Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1977, 15, 153.
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(a) Hogen-Esch, T. E.; Smid, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 307-318. Hogen-Esch, T. E. Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1977, 15, 153.
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A second hypothesis is that the presence of HMPA may promote a single electron transfer (SET) reaction, leading to conjugate addition. However, a mechanistic study using radical probes failed to demonstrate that this was occurring, at least in the reactions of lithiodithianes: see Chung, S. K.; Dunn, L. B., Jr. J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 935-939.
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1e.10).
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Ahlbrecht, H.; Harbach, J.; Hoffmann, R. W.; Ruhland, T. Lieb. Ann. 1995, 211-216. Ruhland, T.; Hoffmann, R. W.; Shade, S.; Boche, G. Chem. Ber. 1995, 128, 551-556.
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0345011699
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note
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The additions were performed at -120 °C. The Supporting Information contains a description of a simple device to facilitate mixing and temperature control during low-temperature additions.
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34
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0001858861
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The simulations were performed with the computer program WINDNMR (Reich, H. J. J. Chem. Educ. Software, 1996, 3D, 2).
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0001424578
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Additional mechanistic complexities must appear with lithiated nitriles, which give the inverse response to solvent polarity (ether favors 1, 4 addition; THF favors 1, 2 addition). (a) Stork, G.; Maldonado, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 5272-5274.
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