A truly deadly quartet: Obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperinsulinemia

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

Volumn 69, Issue 12, 2002, Pages 985-989

  Nambi, Vijay ^a   Hoogwerf, Byron J ^a   Sprecher, Dennis L ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; METFORMIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; SIMVASTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BODY WEIGHT DISORDER; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFICACY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID METABOLISM; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 0036932148     PISSN: 08911150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.69.12.985     Document Type: Review

References (31)

1. Knopp RH. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in women. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89(suppl):28E-34E.
2. Sprecher DL, Pearce GL. How deadly is the "deadly quartet"? A post CABG evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000,36:1159-1165.
3. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37:1595-1607.
4. Grundy SM, Benjamin IJ, Burke GL, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1999; 100:1134-1146.
5. Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet. Upper body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:1514-1520.
6. Reaven GM, Lithell H, Landsberg L Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities-the role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:374-381.
7. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287:356-359.
8. Wilson PW, Kannel WB, Silbershatz H, D'Agostino RB. Clustering of metabolic factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:1104-1109.
9. Reaven GM. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. Physiol Rev 1995; 75:473-486.
10. Semenkovich CF, Heinecke JW. The mystery of diabetes and atherosclerosis: time for a new plot. Diabetes 1997; 46:327-334.
11. Steiner G. Diabetes and atherosclerosis-a lipoprotein perspective. Diabetic Medicine 1997; 14:S38-S44.
12. Lyons TJ. Lipoprotein glycation and its metabolic consequences. Diabetes 1992; 41(suppl 2):67-73.
13. Chisolm GM, Irwin KC, Penn MS. Lipoprotein oxidation and lipoprotein induced cell injury in diabetes. Diabetes 1992; 41(suppl 2):61-66.
14. Juhan-Vague I, Alessi MC, Vague P. Increased plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels: a possible link between insulin resistance and atherothrombosis. Diabetologia 1991; 34:457-462.
15. Hamsten A, Wiman B, Defaire U, Blomback M. Increased plasma level of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1557-1563.
16. Rader D. Inflammatory markers of coronary risk. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1179-1182.
17. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486-2497.
18. Zimmerman J, Kaufmann NA, Fainaru M, et al. Effect of weight loss in moderate obesity on plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels and on high density lipoprotein composition. Arteriosclerosis 1984; 4:115-123.
19. Zachwieja JJ. Exercise as treatment for obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996; 25(4):965-988.
20. Kimball TR, Daniels SR, Khoury PR, Magnotti RA, Turner AM, Dolan LM. Cardiovascular status in young patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Circulation 1994; 90:357-361.
21. Muscelli E, Camastra S, Catalano C, et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular assessment in moderate obesity: effect of weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:2937-2943.
22. Diabetes Prevention Program. Preliminary results. Available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/diabetes01.html.
23. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al, for the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1343-1350.
24. American Diabetes Association. Evidence based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care 2002; 25(suppl 1):S50-S60.
25. Obesity Education Initiative. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/oei.
26. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE and MICRO-HOPE study. Lancet 2000; 355:253-259.
27. Yusuf S, Gerstein H, Hoogwerf B, et al, for the HOPE Study Investigators. Ramipril and the development of diabetes. JAMA 2001;286:1882-1885.
28. Ballantyne CM, Olsson AG, Cook TJ, Mercuri MF, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J. Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride on coronary heart disease events and response to simvastatin therapy in 4S. Circulation 2001; 104:3046-3051.
29. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK, et al. Protection from type 2 diabetes persists in the TRIPOD cohort eight months after stopping troglitazone. Diabetes 2001; 50(suppl 2):A81.
30. Kruszynska YT, Yu JG, Olefsky JM, Sobel BE. Effects of troglitazone on blood concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in patients with type 2 diabetes and in lean and obese normal subjects. Diabetes 2000,49:633-6639.
31. Inzucchi SE, Maggs DG, Spollett GR, et al. Efficacy and metabolic effects of metformin and troglitazone in type II diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:867-872.