Significance of ant and rabbit disturbances for seedling establishment in dry acidic grasslands dominated by Corynephorus canescens

Phytocoenologia

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 553-580

  Jentsch, Anke ^a   Friedrich, Silke ^b   Beyschlag, Wolfram ^b   Nezadal, Werner ^c  

^a HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH UFZ   (Germany)

^b BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bioturbation; Patch dynamics; Seedling establishment; Succession

Indexed keywords

BIOTURBATION; DISTURBANCE; GRASSLAND; PATCH DYNAMICS; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; SUCCESSION;

CORYNEPHORUS CANESCENS; FORMICIDAE; ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS; RUMEX ACETOSELLA; SPERGULA MORISONII; TEESDALIA NUDICAULIS;

EID: 0036927633     PISSN: 0340269X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1127/0340-269X/2002/0032-0553     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Aarsen, L. W. (1983): Ecological combining ability and competitive combining ability in plants: towards a general evolutionary theory of coexistence in systems of competition. - Amer. Nat. 122: 707-731.
2. Bailey, D., Mazurak, P. & Rosowski, J. R. (1973): Aggregation of soil particles by algae. - J. Phycol. 9: 99-101.
3. Bazzaz, F. A. (1996): Plants in changing environments. Linking physiological, population and community ecology. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 320 pp.
4. Beattie, A. J. (1985): The evolutionary ecology of ant-plant mutualisms. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 182 pp.
5. Bechtel, A., Röttgermann, M., Steinlein, T. & Beyschlag, W. (1998): Effects of Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. on germination and establishment of phanerogamic species on inland dunes. - Landschaftsentwicklung und Umweltforschung 107: 155-158.
6. Berger-Landefeldt, H. & Sukopp, H. (1965): Zur Synökologie der Sandtrockenrasen, insbesondere der Silbergrasflur. - Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenberg 102: 41-98.
7. Bernhardt, K.-G. (1989): Pflanzliche Strategien der Pionierbesiedlung terrestrischer und limnischer Sandstandorte in Nordwestdeutschland. - Drosera 1/2: 113-124.
8. Biermann, R. & Daniels, F. J. A. (1997): Changes in a lichen rich dry sand grassland vegetation with special reference to lichen synusiae and Campylopus introflexus. - Phytocoenologia 27: 257-273.
9. Böhmer, H. J. (1999): Vegetationsdynamik im Hochgebirge unter dem Einfluss natürlicher Störungen. - Diss. Bot. 311: 1-180.
10. Boosma, J. J., van der Lee, G. A. & van der Have, T. M. (1982): On the production ecology of Lasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in successive coastal dune valleys. - J. Animal Ecol. 51: 975-991.
11. Boosma, J. J. & van Loom, A. J. (1982): Structure and diversity of ant communities in successive coastal dune valleys. - J. Ecol. 51: 957-974.
12. Bowers, W. S. (1982): Endokrine strategies for insect control. - Entomol. Exp. Appl. 31: 3-14.
13. Breunig, T. & Thielmann, G. (1992): Binnendünen und Sandrasen. - Biotope in Baden- Württemberg; 1. - Landesanstalt für Umweltschutz, Karlsruhe.
14. Buckley, R. C. (1982): Ant-plant interactions: a world review. - In: Buckley, R. C. (ed.): Ant plant interactions in Australia, 111-141.
15. Carrol, C. R. & Janzen, D. H. (1973): Ecology of foraging by ants. - Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 4: 231-257.
16. Caswell, H. & Cohen, J. E. (1991): Communities in patchy environments: a model of disturbance, competition and heterogeneity. - In: Kolasa, J. & Pickett, S. T. A. (eds.): Ecological heterogeneity, 97-122. - Springer, New York.
17. Cavers, P. B. & Harper, J. L. (1967): Studies in the dynamics of plant populations. I. The fate of seeds and transplants introduced into various habitats. - J. Ecol. 55: 59-71.
18. Chambers, J. C. (1995): Disturbance, life history strategies, and seed fates in alpine herbfield communities. - Am. J. Bot. 82: 421-432.
19. Collins, S. L. & Barber, S. C. (1985): Effects of disturbance in mixed-grass prairie. - Vegetatio 64: 87-94.
20. Collins, S. L. & Uno, G. E. (1985): Seed predation, seed dispersal and disturbance in grasslands: a comment. - Am. Nat. 125: 866-872.
21. Connell, G. H. & Slayter, R. O. (1977): Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organisation. - Nature 111: 1119-1144.
22. Connell, J. H. (1978): Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. - Science 199: 1302-1310.
23. Cordes, H., v. d. Lancken, H. & Lütkepohl, M. (1997): Naturschutzgebiet Lüneburger Heide. Geschichte - Ökologie - Naturschutz. - H. M. Hauschild, Bremen. 366 pp.
24. Danin, A. & Yom-Tov, Y. (1996): Ant nests as primary habitats of Silybum marianum (Compositae). - Plant Syst. Evol. 169: 209-217.
25. De Jong, T. J. & Klinkhamer, P. G. L. (1988): Seedling establishment of the Biennials Cirsium vulgare and Cynoglossum officinale in a sand-dune area: The importance of water for differential survival and growth. - J. Ecol. 76: 393-402.
26. Dean, W. R. J., Milton, S. J. & Klotz, S. (1997): The role of ant nest-mounds in maintaining small-scale patchiness in dry grasslands in Central Germany. - Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 1293-1307.
27. Demarais, S., Tazik, D. J., Guertin, P. J. & Jorgensen, E. E. (1999): Disturbance associated with military exersices. - In: Walker, L. (ed.): Ecosystems of disturbed ground. - Ecosystems of the world 16: 385-396.
28. Dietz, H. & Steinlein, T. (2001): Ecological aspects of clonal growth in plants. - In: Esser, K., Lüttge, U., Kadereit, J. W. & Beyschlag, W. (eds.): Progress in Botany, 62: 511-530. - Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
29. Düll, R. & Kutzelnigg, H. (1992): Botanisch-ökologisches Exkursionstaschenbuch. Das wichtigste zur Biologie bekannter heimischer Pflanzen. - Quelle und Meyer, Heidelberg, Wiesbaden. 546 pp.
30. Edmondson, S. E., Gateley, P. S. & Sturgess, P. W. (1993): Plant communities and succession. - In: Atkinsons, D. & Houston, J. (eds.): The sand dunes of the Sefton Coast. - Eaton Press, Eaton.
31. Ellenberg, H. (1986): Die Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen. - Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart. 1096 pp.
32. Ellner, S. (1987): Alternate plant life history strategies and coexistence in randomly varying environments. - Vegetatio 69: 199-208.
33. Enders, G. (1996): Klimaatlas von Bayern. - München. 48 pp.
34. Fagerström, T. (1988): Lotteries in communities of sessile organisms. - Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3: 303-306.
35. Fields, M. J., Coffin, D. P. & Gosz, J. R. (1999): Burrowing activities of kangaroo rats and patterns in plant species dominance at a shortgrass steppe-desert grassland ecotone. - J. Vegetation Sci. 10: 123-130.
36. Fischer, S., Poschlod, P. & Beinlich, B. (1996): Experimental studies on the dispersal of plants and animals on sheep in calcareous grasslands. - J. Applied Ecol. 63: 1206-1221.
37. Fowler, N. L. (1988): What is a safe site? Neighbor, litter, germination date, and patch effects. - Ecology 69: 947-961.
38. Frey, W. & Hensen, I. (1995): Spergulo morisonii-Corynephoretum canescentis (Frühlingsspark-Silbergrasflur) - Lebensstrategien von Binnendünen- und Locker-sandbesiedlern. - Feddes Repert. 106: 533-553.
39. Friedrich, S. (2001): Räumliche Muster von Bodenstörungen durch Ameisen und Kaninchen in offenen Sandlebensräumen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Vegetation. - Diplomarbeit (unpubl.), Univ. Erlangen-Nürnberg. 128 pp.
40. Fromm, A., Jakob, S. & Tischew, S. (2002): Initiierung von Sandtrockenrasen auf Böschungen im Braunkohletagebau Goitsche. - Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung 2-3: 45-51.
41. Gimingham, C. H. (1996): Vegetational dynamics in Calluna heaths. - Verh. Ges. Ökol. 25: 235-240.
42. Gimingham, C. H. (1978): Calluna and its associated species: some aspects of co-existence in communities. - Vegetatio 36: 179-186.
43. Gleason, H. A. (1926): The individualistic concept of the plant succession. - Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 53: 7-26.
44. Gomez-Garcia, D. (1995): Vegetation differences caused by pine vole mound building in subalpine plant communities in the Spanish Pyrenees. - Vegetatio 117: 61-67.
45. Grubb, P. J. (1977): The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. - Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc., 107-145.
46. Hansell, M. H. (1993): The ecological impact of animal nests and burrows. - Funct. Ecol. 7: 5-12.
47. Harper, J. L. (1977): Population biology of plants. - Academic Press, San Diego.
48. Harper, J. L. (1982): After description. - In: Newman, E. I. (ed.): The plant community as a working mechansim, 11-25. - Oxford.
49. Heinken, T. (1990): Pflanzensoziologische und ökologische Untersuchungen offener Sandstandorte im östlichen Aller-Flachland (Ost-Niedersachsen). - Tuexenia 10: 223-257.
50. Hobbs, R. J. & Huenneke, L. F. (1992): Disturbance, diversity and invasion: implications for conservation. - Conserv. Biol. 6: 324-337.
51. Hobbs, R. J. & Mooney, H. A. (1995): Spatial and temporal variability in California annual grassland: results from a long-term study. - J. Vegetation Sci. 6: 43-56.
52. Hohenester, A. (1960): Grasheiden und Föhrenwälder auf Diluvial- und Dolomitsanden im nördlichen Bayern. - Sonderdruck aus den Berichten der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft, Band XXXIII, München. 56 pp.
53. Hohenester, A. (1967a): Silbergrasfluren in Bayern. - Mitt. Flor.-Soz. Arbeitsgem. N. F. 11/12: 11-21.
54. Hohenester, A. (1967b): Festuco-Sedetalia in Franken. - Mitt. Flor.-Soz. Arbeitsgem. N. F. 11/12:206-209.
55. Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (eds.) (1990): The ants. - Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
56. Huntly, N. & Inouye, R. (1988): Pocket gophers in ecosystems: patterns and mechanisms. - BioScience 38: 786-793.
57. Jeckel, G. (1984): Syntaxonomische Gliederung, Verbreitung und Lebensbedingungen nordwest-deutscher Sandtrockenrasen (Sedo-Scleranthetea). - Phytocoenologia 12: 9-153.
58. Jentsch, A. (2001): The significance of disturbance for vegetation dynamics. A case study in dry acidic grasslands. - Dissertation, Univ. Bielefeld. 199 pp.
59. Jentsch, A., Beierkuhnlein, C. & White, P. S. (2002): Scale, the dynamic stability of forest ecosystems, and the persistence of biodiversity. - Silva Fennica 36/1: 393-400.
60. Jentsch, A., Beyschlag, W., Nezadal, W., Steinlein, T. & Welß, W. (2002): Bodenstörung - treibende Kraft für die Vegetationsdynamik in Sandlebensräumen. - Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung 34(2/3): 37-44.
61. Juenger, T. H. & Bergelson, J. (2000): Factors limiting rosette recruitment in scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata: seed and disturbance limitation. - Oecologia 123: 358-363.
62. Keizer, P. J., van Tooren, B. F. & During, H. J. (1985): Effects of bryophtes on seedling emergence and establishment of short-lived forbs in chalk grassland. - J. Ecol. 73: 493-504.
63. Kinder, M., Vagts, I. & Müller, J. (1992): Auswirkungen der Flechtenvegetation auf die Sukzession eines Sandtrockenrasens. - Int. J. Mycol. Lichenol. 5: 67-76.
64. King, T. J. (1977a): The plant ecology of ant-hills in calacareous grasslands I. - J. Ecol. 65: 235-256.
65. King, T. J. (1977b): The plant ecology of ant-hills in calacareous grasslands II. - J. Ecol. 65: 257-278.
66. King, T. J. (1977c): The plant ecology of ant-hills in calacareous grasslands III. - J. Ecol. 65: 279-315.
67. Klinkhamer, P. G. L. & De Jong, T. J. (1988): The importance of small-scale disturbance for seedling establishment in Cirsium vulgare and Cynoglossum officinale. - J. Ecol. 76: 383-392.
68. Kratochwil, A. & Schwabe, A. (1984): Trockenstandorte und ihre Lebensgemeinschaften in Mitteleuropa - Ausgewählte Beispiele. - Inst. f. Chem. Pflanzenphys. d. Uni. Tübingen, Tübingen.
69. Lache, D. W. (1976): Umweltbedingungen von Binnendünen- und Heidegesellschaften im Nordwesten Mitteleuropas. - Scripta Geobotanica 11.
70. Lavorel, S., Lepart, S., Debusche, M., Lebreton, J. D. & Beffy, J. L. (1994a): Small scale disturbance and the maintenance of species diversity in Mediterranean old fields. - Oikos 70: 455-473.
71. Lavorel, S., O'Neill, R. V. & Gardner, R. H. (1994b): Spatiotemporal dispersal strategies and annual plant species coexistence in a structured landscape. - Oikos 71: 75-88.
72. Leutert, A. (1983): Einfluß der Feldmaus, Microtus arvalis (Pall.) auf die floristische Zusammensetzung von Wiesen-Ökosystemen. - Veröff. Geobot. Inst. Eidgen. Techn. Hochschule, Stiftung Rübel, Zürich, H. 125.
73. Levin, S. A. (1992): The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. - Ecology 73: 1943-1967.
74. Loucks, O. L., Plumb-Mentjes, M. L. & Rogers, D. (1985): Gap processes and large-scale disturbances in sand prairies. - In: Pickett, S. T. A. & White, P.S. (eds.): The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics, 71-83. - Academic Press Inc., San Diego.
75. Mac Mahon, J. A. (1980): Ecosystems over time: Succession and other types of change. - In: Waring, R. H. (ed.): Forests: fresh perspectives from ecosystem analysis, 27-58. - Proceedings of the 40th annual Biology Colloquium. - Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.
76. Martinez, M. L. & Maun, M. A. (1999): Responses of dune mosses to experimental burial by sand under natural and greenhouse conditions. - Plant Ecology 145: 209-219.
77. Martinez, M. L. & Moreno-Casasola, P. (1996): Effects of burial sand on seedling growth and survival in six tropical sand dune species in the Gulf of Mexico. - Coast Res. 12: 406-419.
78. McIntyre, S., Lavorel, S. & Tremont, R. M. (1995): Plant life-history attributes: their relationship to disturbance response in herbaceous vegetation. - J. Ecol. 83: 31-44.
79. Milton, S. J., Dean, W. R. J. & Klotz, S. (1997): Effects of small-scale animal disturbances on plant assemblages of set-aside land in Central Germany. - J. Vegetation Sci. 8: 45-54.
80. Molooney, K. A. & Levin, S. A. (1996): The effects of disturbance architecture on landscape level population dynamics. - Ecology 77: 375-394.
81. Moroka, N. (1982): Impact of burrowing activity of the bannertail kangaroo rat on southern New Mexico desert rangelands. - J. Range Manag. 35: 707-710.
82. Mun, H. & Whitford, W. G. (1990): Factors affecting annual plant assemblages on bannertailed kangaroo rat mounds. - J. Arid Environ. 18: 165-173.
83. Nezadal, W. & Heider, G. (1994): Ruderalpflanzengesellschaften der Stadt Erlangen. Teil II: Mehrjährige Ruderalgesellschaften (Artemisietea). - Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges. 55: 193-253.
84. Nezadal, W. & Roder, A. (1994): Die Vegetation der Brucker Lache. - In: Das Naturschutzgebiet Brucker Lache in Erlangen - Beiträge zum Grundwasser, zum Boden und zur Vegetation. - Mitt. Fränk. Geograph. Ges. 41: 241-261.
85. Noble, I. R. & Slayter, R. O. (1980): The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances. - Vegetatio 43: 5-21.
86. Olsvig-Whittaker, L. (1988): Relating small-scale vegetation pattern to the environment. - In: Werger, M. J. A., van der Aart, P. J. M., During, H. J. & Verhoeven, J. T. A. (eds.): Diversity and pattern in plant communities, 87-94. - SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands.
87. Oostermeijer, J. G. B. (1989): Myrmecochory in Polygala vulgaris L., Luzula campestris (L.) DC. and Viola curtisii Forster in a Dutch dune area. - Oecologia 78: 302-311.
88. Pavlovic, N. B. (1994): Disturbance-dependent persistence of rare plants: anthropogenic impacts and restoration implications. - In: Bowles, M. L. & Whelan, C. (eds.): Recovery and restoration of endangered species, 159-193. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
89. Peart, D. R. (1989): Species interactions in a successional grassland III. Effects on canopy gaps, gopher mounds, and grazing on colonization. - J. Ecol. 77: 267-289.
90. Peet, R. K. & Christensen, N. L. (1980): Succession: A population process. - Vegetatio 43: 131-140.
91. Perumal, J. V. (1994): Sand accretion and its effects on the distribution and ecophysiology of dune. - Dissertation, Univ. Western Ontario.
92. Petal, J. (1978): The role of ants in ecosystems. - In: Brian, M. V. (ed.): Production ecology of ants and termites, 293-325. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
93. Pickett, S. T. A. (1976): Succession: an evolutionary interpretation. - Amer. Nat. 110: 107-119.
94. Pickett, S. T. A. & Thompson, J. N. (1978): Patch dynamics and the design of nature reserves. - Biol. Conserv. 13: 27-37.
95. Pickett, S. T. A. & White, P. S. (1985): Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: An introduction. - In: Pickett, S. T. A. & White, P. S. (eds.): The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics, 3-13. - Academic Press Inc., San Diego.
96. Pickett, S. T. A. & White, P. S. (1985): Patch Dynamics: A Synthesis. - In: Pickett, S. T. A. & White, P. S. (eds.): The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics, 371-384. - Academic Press Inc., San Diego.
97. Platt, W. J. (1975): The colonization and formation of equilibrium plant species associations on badger disturbances in a tall-grass prairie. - Ecol. Monogr. 45: 285-305.
98. Platt, W. J. (1976): The natural history of a fugitive prairie plant ((Mirabilis hirsuta) Pursh. MacM.). - Oecologia 22: 389-410.
99. Pluis, J. L. A. (1994): Algal crust formation in the inland dune area, Laarder Wasmeer, the Netherlands. - Vegetatio 113: 41-51.
100. Pott, R. (1992): Die Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands. - Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart.
101. Power, M. E., Tilman, T., Estes, J. A., Menge, B. A., Bond, W. J., Mills, L. S., Daily, G., Castilla, J. C., Lubchenco, J. & Paine, R. T. (1996): Challenges in the quest for keystones. - BioScience 46: 611-620.
102. Putnam, A. R. & Tang, C.-S. (1986): Allelopathy: State of the Science. - In: Putnam, A. R. & Tang, C.-S. (eds.): The science of allelopathy, 1-22. - J. Wiley & Sons.
103. Quinger, A. & Meyer, R. (1995): Lebensraumtyp Sandmagerrasen. Landschaftspflegekonzept Bayern. - STMLU & ANL, München.
104. Rice, E. L. (1984): Allelopathy. - Academic Press Inc., Orlando, Florida. 421 pp.
105. Ritesema, C. J. & Dekker, L. W. (1994): Soil moisture and dry bulk patterns in bare dune sands. - J. Hydrol. 154: 107-131.
106. Rode, M. W. (1995): Aboveground nutrient cycling and forest development on poor sandy soil. - Plant and Soil 168/169: 337-343.
107. Rode, M. W., Leuschner, C., Clauss, C., Danner, E., Gerdelmann, V., Margraf, S. & Runge, M. (1993): Changes in nutrient availability and nutrient turnover during heathland-forest succession in NW Germany. - Scripta Geobotanica 21: 85-96.
108. Röttgermann, M. (1998): Untersuchungen zur interspezifischen Konkurrenz ausgewählter klonaler Pflanzenarten auf Binnendünen. - Dissertation, Univ. Bielefeld.
109. Ryser, P. & Gigon, A. (1985): Influence of seed bank and small mammals on the floristic composition of limestone grassland (Mesobrometum) in northern Switzerland. - Ber. Geobot. Inst. Eidgen. Techn. Hochschule, Stiftung Rübel, Zürich, 52: 41-52.
110. Schönheiter, R. (1992): Der Einfluß von Jahreszeit, Geschlecht und sozialen Faktoren auf Verhalten und physiologische Parameter bei adulten Europäischen Wildkaninchen (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.). - Dissertation, Univ. Bayreuth. 101 pp.
111. Seifert, B. (1996): Ameisen: beobachten, bestimmen. - Augsburg. 351 pp.
112. Silvertown, J. & Smith, B. (1988): Gaps in the canopy: the missing dimension in vegetation dynamics. - Vegetatio 77: 57-60.
113. Soerensen, U. (1999): Coptoformica forsslundi Lohmander, 1949 - an ant species new in Germany. - Faun.-ökol. Mitt. 7: 481-495.
114. Sousa, W. P. (1984): The role of disturbance in natural communities. - Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 15: 353-391.
115. Tilman, D. (1985): The resource ratio hypothesis of succession. - Amer. Nat. 125: 827-852.
116. Tilman, D. (1988): Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. - Princeton University Press, Princeton.
117. Tilman, D. (1990): Mechanisms of plant competition for nutrients: The elements of a predictive theory of competition. - In: Grace, J. B. & Tilman, D. (eds.): Perspectives on plant competition. - Academic Press, London.
118. Tilman, D. (1993): Community diversity and succession: The roles of competition, dispersal and habitat modification. - In: Schulze, E. D. & Mooney, H. A. (eds.): Biodiversity and ecosystem function, 327-344. - Springer Verlag, Berlin.
119. Tilman, A. & Downing, J. (1994): Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. - Nature 367: 363-365.
120. Tischew, S. & Mahn, E. G. (1998): Ursachen räumlicher und zeitlicher Differenzierungsprozesse von Silbergrasfluren und Sandtrockenrasen auf Flächen des mitteldeutschen Braunkohletagebaus - Grundlagen für Renaturierungskonzepte. - Verh. Ges. Ökol. 28: 307-317.
121. Turner, G. M. (1989): Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. - Ann. Rev. Ecol. System. 20: 171-197.
122. Turner, G. M., Romme, W. H., Gardner, R. H., O'Neill, R. V. & Kratz, T. K. (1993): A revised concept of landscape equilibrium: disturbance and stability on scaled landscapes. - Landscape Ecology 8: 213-227.
123. Turner, M. G., Baker, W. L., Peterson, C. J. & Peet, R. K. (1998): Factors influencing succession: lessons from large, infrequent natural disturbances. - Ecosystems 1: 511-523.
124. Turner, M. G. & Dale, V. H. (1998): Comparing large infrequent disturbances: what have we learned? - Ecosystems 1: 493-496.
125. Tüxen, R. (1967): Corynephoretalia canescentis. - Mitt. Flor.-Soz. Arbeitsgem. 11: 22-24.
126. Tüxen, R. (1975): Dauer-Pioniergesellschaften als Grenzfall der Initialgesellschaften. - In: Tüxen, R. (ed.): Bericht des Internationalen Symposiums der Internationalen Verhandlungen für Vegetationskunde, 13-30. - Vaduz.
127. van Andel, J. & van den Bergh, J. P. (1987): Disturbance of grasslands. - In: Andel, J. van, Bakker, J.P. & Snaydon, W. (eds.): Disturbance in grasslands - causes, effects and processes, 3-13. - Dordrecht.
128. van der Maarel, E. (1993): Some remarks on disturbance and its relations to diversity and stability. - J. Vegetation Sci. 4: 733-736.
129. van der Maarel, E. (1996): Pattern and process in the plant community: Fifty years after A.S. Watt. - J. Vegetation Sci. 7: 19-28.
130. van Tooren, B. F. (1990): Effects of a bryophyte layer on the emergence of seedlings of chalk grassland species. - Acta Oecologica 11(2): 155-163.
131. van Tooren, B. F., Den Hertog, J. & Verhaar, J. (1987): The role of bryophytes in a chalk grassland ecosystem. - Symposia Biologica Hungarica 35: 665-675.
132. von Brackel, W. (2000): Moos- und Flechtengesellschaften im NSG Tennenloher Forst. - Jahresmitt. Nat. Hist. Ges. Nürnberg 1999/2000.
133. von Büren-Rieder, H. (2000): Generative und vegetative Reproduktion bei Corynephorus canescens. - Diplomarbeit (unpubl.), Freie Univ. Berlin. 136 pp.
134. Watt, A. S. (1947): Pattern and process in the plant community. - J. Ecol. 35: 1-22.
135. Weigelt, A. (2001): Plant competition on inland dunes: influence of water availability, nitrogen supply and the role of belowground processes. - Dissertation, Univ. Bielefeld.
136. White, P. S. & Harrod, J. (1997): Disturbance and diversity in a landscape context. - In: Bissonette, J. A. (ed.): A primer in landscape ecology, 128-159. - Springer, New York.
137. White, P. S., Harrod, J., Romme, W. H. & Betancourt, J. (1999): Disturbance and temporal dynamics. - In: Johnson, N. C., Malk, A. J., Sexton, W. T. & Szaro, R. (eds.): A common reference for ecosystem management, 281-305. - Oxford, England.
138. White, P. S. & Jentsch, A. (2001): The search for generality in studies of disturbance and ecosystem dynamics. - In: Esser, K., Lüttge, U., Kadereit, J. W. & Beyschlag, W. (eds.): Progress in Botany 63: 399-449. - Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg.
139. White, P. S. & Pickett, S. T. A. (1985): Natural disturbance and patch dynamics, an introduction. - In: Pickett, S. T. A. & White, P. S. (eds.): The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics, 3-13. - Academic Press, New York.
140. Whittaker, R. H. (1977): Evolution of species diversity in land communities. - Evol. Biol. 10: 1-67.
141. Wiegand, T., Dean, W. R. J. & Milton, S. (1997): Simulated plant population responses to small-scale disturbances in semi-arid shrublands. - J. Vegetation Sci. 8(2): 163-176.
142. Wiesbauer, H. & Mazzucco, K. (1997): Dünen in Niederösterreich. - Amt der NÖ Landesregierung, Naturschutzabteilung, Wien.
143. Wiesbauer, H. (1999): Sandlebensräume in Niederösterreich und ihre Bedeutung für Stechimmen. - Umweltbundesamt, Wien. 72 pp.
144. Wilson, S. D. & Shay, J. M. (1990): Competition, fire, and nutrients in a mixed-grass prairie. - Ecology 71: 1959-1967.
145. Wood, J. E. (1969): Rodent populations and their impact on rangelands. - Bull 555. Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces.
146. Woodell, S. R. J. & King, T. J. (1991): The influence of moundbuilding ants on British lowland vegetation. - In: Huxley, C. R. & Cutler, D. F. (eds.): Ant-plant interactions, 521-535. - Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
147. Yuan, T., Maun, A. M. & Hopkins, W. G. (1993): Effects of sand accretion on photosynthesis, leaf water potential and morphology of two dune grassen. - Funct. Ecol. 7: 676-682.