Fenofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia: A review of the data as they relate to the new suprabioavailable tablet formulation

Clinical Therapeutics

Volumn 24, Issue 12, 2002, Pages 2022-2050

  Najib, Jadwiga ^a,b  

^a LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ST LUKE S ROOSEVELT HOSPITAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Dyslipidemia; Fenofibrate; Fenofibric acid; Hypertriglyceridemia

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN B; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

BLOOD LEVEL; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; DIET; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; ISOTOPE LABELING; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; PROTEIN BINDING; PUBLISHING; REDUCTION; REVIEW; TABLET FORMULATION; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 0036922497     PISSN: 01492918     EISSN: 1879114X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0149-2918(02)80095-9     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA dietary guidelines. Revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000;102:2284-2299.
2. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497.
3. Levine GN, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA. Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease: Clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:512-521.
4. Bays HE, Dujovne CA, Lansing AM. Drug treatment of dyslipidemias: Practical guidelines for the primary care physician. Heart Dis Stroke. 1992;1:357-365.
5. Gotto AM. Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Lipid Disorders. Newtown, Pa: Handbooks in Health Care Co; 2001:6.
6. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: Primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1987;317: 1237-1245.
7. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I: Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1984;251:351-364.
8. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II: The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA. 1984;251:365-374.
9. Grundy SM, Balady GJ, Criqui MH, et al. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: Guidance from Framingham: A statement for healthcare professionals from the AHA Task Force on Risk Reduction. American Heart Association. Circulation. 1998;97:1876-1887.
10. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383-1389.
11. Sheperd J. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study: A trial of cholesterol reduction of Scottish men. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:113C-117C.
12. Sheperd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al, for the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333:1301-1307.
13. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al, for the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. 1. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1001-1009.
14. Summary of the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). JAMA. 1993;269:3015-3023.
15. Miller DB, Spence JD. Clinical pharmacokinetics of fibric acid derivatives (fibrates). Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998;34: 155-162.
16. Guay DR. Micronized fenofibrate: A new fibric acid hypolipidemic agent. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33:1083-1103.
17. Sornay R, Gurrieri J, Tourne C, et al. A systematic antilipidemic structure-activity relationship study was carried out on a series of alcoyl- and benzoyl-phenoxycarboxylic acids. Arzneimittelforschung. 1976;26: 885-889.
18. Blane GF. Review of European clinical experience with fenofibrate. Cardiology. 1989;76(Suppl 1):1-13.
19. Brown WV. Focus on fenofibrate. Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1988;23(Suppl 1):31-40.
20. Munoz A, Guichard JP, Reginault P. Micronised fenofibrate. Atherosclerosis. 1994;110(Suppl):S45-S48.
21. Guichard JP, Blouquin P, Qing Y. A new formulation of fenofibrate: Suprabioavailable tablets. Curr Med Res Opin. 2000; 16: 134-138.
22. Levien T, Baker DE. Fenofibrate, micronized and montelukast. Hosp Pharm. 1998;33:1386-1419.
23. Thorp JM, Waring WS. Modification of metabolism and distribution of lipids by ethyl chlorphenoxyisobutyrate. Nature. 1962;194:948-949.
24. Tricor™ [Package Insert]. North Chicago, III: Abbott Laboratories; 2001.
25. Kloer HU. Structure and biochemical effects of fenofibrate. Am J Med. 1987;83:3-8.
26. Chapman MJ. Pharmacology of fenofibrate. Am J Med. 1987;83:21-25.
27. Balfour JA, McTavish D, Heel RC. Fenofibrate. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in dyslipidemia. Drugs. 1990; 40:260-290.
28. Adkins JC, Faulds D. Micronised fenofibrate: A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and clinical efficacy in the management of dyslipidaemia. Drugs. 1997; 54:615-633.
29. Blane GF. Comparative toxicity and safety profile of fenofibrate and other fibric acid derivatives. Am J Med. 1987;83:26-36.
30. Roberts WC. Safety of fenofibrate - US and worldwide experience. Cardiology. 1989;76:169-179.
31. Edgar AD. Fenofibrate and reduction of coronary heart disease. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1990;47:952-961.
32. Knopp RH, Walden CE, Warnick GR, et al. Effect of fenofibrate treatment on plasma lipoprotein lipids, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions, and apolipoproteins B, AI, AII, and E. Am J Med. 1987;83:75-84.
33. Knopp RH. Drug treatment of lipid disorders. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:498-511.
34. Schwandt P. Fibrates and triglyceride metabolism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;40 (Suppl 1):S41-S43.
35. Brown WV. Potential use of fenofibrate and other fibric acid derivatives in the clinic. Am J Med. 1987;83:85-89.
36. Tikkanen MJ. Fibric acid derivatives. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1992;3:29-33.
37. Grundy SM, Vega GL. Fibric acids: Effects on lipids and lipoprotein metabolism. Am J Med. 1987;83:9-20.
38. Hunninghake DB, Peters JR. Effect of fibric acid derivatives on blood lipid and lipoprotein levels. Am J Med. 1987;83:44-49.
39. Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM, Cattley RC. Mechanism of action of the nongenotoxic peroxisome proliferators: Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:1702-1709.
40. Kockx M, Gervois PP, Poulain P, et al. Fibrates suppress fibrinogen gene expression in rodents via activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha. Blood. 1999;93:2991-2998.
41. Fruchart JC, Brewer HB Jr, Leitersdorf E, for the Fibrate Consensus Group. Consensus for the use of fibrates in the treatment of dyslipoproteinemia and coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:912-917.
42. Staels B, Dallongeville J, Auwerx J, et al. Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation. 1998;98:2088-2093.
43. Hunninghake DB. Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia with fenofibrate. Practical Cardiol. 1989;15:38-54.
44. Goldberg AC, Schonfeld G, Anderson C, Dillingham MA. Fenofibrate affects the compositions of lipoproteins. Am J Med. 1987;83:60-65.
45. Nikkila EA, Huttunen JK, Ehnholm C. Effect of clofibrate on postheparin plasma triglyceride lipase activities in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism. 1977;26:179-186.
46. Auwerx J, Schoonjans K, Fruchart JC, Staels B. Transcriptional control of triglyceride metabolism: Fibrates and fatty acids change the expression of the LPL and apo C-III genes by activating the nuclear receptor PPAR. Atherosclerosis. 1996;124(Suppl):S29-S37.
47. Haubenwallner S, Essenburg AD, Barnett BC, et al. Hypolipidemic activity of select fibrates correlates to changes in hepatic apolipoprotein C-III expression: A potential physiologic basis for their mode of action. J Lipid Res. 1995;36:2541-2551.
48. Nigon F, Lesnik P, Rouis M, Chapman MJ. Discrete subspecies of human low density lipoproteins are heterogeneous in their interaction with the cellular LDL receptor. J Lipid Res. 1991;32:1741-1745.
49. Packard CJ. Overview of fenofibrate. Eur Heart J. 1998;19(Suppl A):A62-A65.
50. Shepherd J. The fibrates in clinical practice: Focus on micronised fenofibrate. Atherosclerosis. 1994;110(Suppl):S55-S63.
51. Caldwell J. The biochemical pharmacology of fenofibrate. Cardiology. 1989;76 (Suppl 1):33-44.
52. 14C-fenofibrate in human plasma. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol. 1986;59(Suppl 5): 456. Abstract.
53. Desager JP, Costermans J, Verberckmoes R, Harvengt C. Effect of hemodialysis on plasma kinetics of fenofibrate in chronic renal failure. Nephron. 1982;31:51-54.
54. Guichard JP, Levy-Prades Sauron R. A comparison of the bioavailability of standard or micronized formulations of fenofibrate. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1993;54: 610-614.
55. Avogaro P, Bittolo Bon G, Belussi F, et al. Variations in lipids and proteins of lipoproteins by fenofibrate in some hyperlipoproteinemic states. Atherosclerosis. 1983;47:95-100.
56. Drouin P, Mejean L, Lambert D, et al. The effect of fenofibrate (procetofen) on the lipoprotein profile in patients affected by primary type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1979;26:350-356.
57. Canzler H, Bojanovski D. Lowering effect of fenofibrate (procetofene) on lipoproteins in different types of hyperlipoproteinemias. Artery. 1980;8:171-178.
58. Sommariva D, Bonfiglioli D, Pogliaghi I, et al. Long-term effects of fenofibrate on serum lipids and on lipoprotein cholesterol in type II hyperlipoproteinemic patients. Pharmacol Res Commun. 1984;16: 809-820.
59. Weisweiler P, Merk W, Janetschek P, Schwandt P. Effects of fenofibrate on serum lipoproteins in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis. 1984;53: 321-325.
60. Fruchart JC, Davignon J, Bard JM, et al. Effect of fenofibrate treatment on type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Am J Med. 1987; 83:71-74.
61. Drouin P, Mejean L, Lambert D, et al. One-year treatment with fenofibrate (procetofen) of patients affected by primary type II hyperlipoproteinemia, effect on lipoprotein lipids and biochemical tolerance. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1980;28: 728-734.
62. de Gennes JL, Dairou F, Truffert J, Lavoie MA. Long-term (over 5 years) treatment of primary hyperlipidemias by fenofibrate alone or with cholestyramine. In: Carlson LA, Olsson AG, eds. Treatment of Hyperlipoproteinemia. New York: Raven Press; 1984:175-180.
63. Baggio G, Gasparotto A, Ciuffetti G, et al. Long term-effect of fenofibrate on lipoprotein level and composition in different types of genetic hyperlipidemias. Pharmacol Res Commun. 1986;18:471-480.
64. Rossner S, Oro L. Fenofibrate therapy of hyperlipoproteinaemia: A dose-response study and a comparison with clofibrate. Atherosclerosis. 1981;38:273-282.
65. Breslow JL, Zannis VI, SanGiacomo TR, et al. Studies of familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia using as a genetic marker the apoE phenotype E2/2. J Lipid Res. 1982;23:1224-1235.
66. Brown WV, Dujovne CA, Farquhar JW, et al. Effects of fenofibrate on plasma lipids. Double-blind, multicenter study in patients with type IIA or IIb hyperlipidemia. Arteriosclerosis. 1986;6:670-678.
67. Fievet C, Douste-Blazy P, Drouin P, et al. Effects of fenofibrate on apolipoprotein B-containing particles in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1990;47:353-366.
68. Guerin M, Bruckert E, Dolphin PJ, et al. Fenofibrate reduces plasma cholesteryl ester transfer from HDL to VLDL and normalizes the atherogenic, dense LDL profile in combined hyperlipidemia. Atherioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16: 763-772.
69. Goldberg AC, Feldman EB, Ginsberg HN, et al. Fenofibrate for the treatment of type IV and V hyperlipoproteinemias: A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter US study. Clin Ther. 1989;11:69-83.
70. Seidehamel RJ. Fenofibrate in type IV and type V hyperlipoproteinemia. Cardiology. 1989;76(Suppl 1):23-32.
71. Lehtonen A, Viikari J. Effect of procetofen on serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations in hyperlipoproteinemia. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1981; 19:534-538.
72. Bastow MD, Durrington PN, Ishola M. Hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia: Effects of two fibric acid derivatives (bezafibrate and fenofibrate) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Metabolism. 1988;37:217-220.
73. Smud R, Sermukslis B. Bezafibrate and fenofibrate in type II diabetes with hyperlipoproteinaemia. Curr Med Res Opin. 1987;10:612-624.
74. Feussner G, Kurth B, Lohrmann J. Comparative effects of bezafibrate and micronised fenofibrate in patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Eur J Med Res. 1997;2:165-168.
75. Desager JP, Horsmans Y, Vandenplas C, Harvengt C. Pharmacodynamic activity of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, and pharmacokinetic parameters measured in normalipidaemic subjects receiving ciprofibrate (100 or 200 mg/day) or micronised fenofibrate (200 mg/day) therapy for 23 days. Atherosclerosis. 1996;124 (Suppl):S65-S73.
76. Zimetbaum P, Frishman WH, Kahn S. Effects of gemfibrozil and other fibric acid derivatives on blood lipids and lipoproteins. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;31:25-37.
77. Klosiewicz-Latoszek L, Stostak WB. Comparative studies on the influence of different fibrates on serum lipoproteins in endogenous hyperlipoproteinaemia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;40:33-41.
78. Ginsberg HN. Changes in lipoprotein kinetics during therapy with fenofibrate and other fibric acid derivatives. Am J Med. 1987;83:66-70.
79. Branchi A, Rovellini A, Sommariva D, et al. Effect of three fibrate derivatives and of two HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on plasma fibrinogen level in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Thromb Haemost. 1993;70:241-243.
80. Jen SL, Chen JW, Lee WL, Wang SP. Efficacy and safety of fenofibrate or gemfibrozil on serum lipid profiles in Chinese patients with type IIb hyperlipidemia: A single-blind, randomized, and cross-over study. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1997;59:217-224.
81. Knopp RH, Brown WV, Dujovne CA, et al. Effects of fenofibrate on plasma lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia. Am J Med. 1987;83:50-59.
82. Weisweiler P, Merk W, Jacob B, Schwandt P. Fenofibrate and colestipol: Effects on serum and lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986; 30:191-194.
83. Weisweiler P. Low-dose colestipol plus fenofibrate: Effects on plasma lipoproteins, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferease, and postheparin lipases in familial hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism. 1989;38: 271-274.
84. Farnier M, Bonnefous F, Debbas N, Irvine A. Comparative efficacy and safety of micronized fenofibrate and simvastatin in patients with primary type IIa or IIb hyperlipidemia. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154: 441-449.
85. Ziegler O, Drouin P, for the Simvastatin-Fenofibrate Study Group. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of simvastatin and fenofibrate - A multicenter study. Cardiology. 1990;77(Suppl 4):50-57.
86. Steinmetz A, Schwartz T, Hehnke U, Kaffarnik H. Multicenter comparison of micronized fenofibrate and simvastatin in patients with primary type IIa or IIb hyperlipoproteinemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996;27:563-570.
87. Stokhler R, Keller U, Riesen WF. Effects of simvastatin and fenofibrate on serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in primary hypercholesterolaemia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;37:199-203.
88. Ageheli N, Jacotot B. Effect of simvastatin and fenofibrate on the fatty acid composition of hypercholesterolaemic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;32: 423-428.
89. Bard JM, Parra HJ, Camare R, et al. A multicenter comparison of the effects of simvastatin and fenofibrate therapy in severe primary hypercholesterolemia, with particular emphasis on lipoproteins defined by their apolipoprotein composition. Metabolism. 1992;41:498-503.
90. Bard JM, Parra HJ, Luc G, et al. Lipoproteins particle analysis comparing simvastatin and fenofibrate. Atherosclerosis. 1991;91(Suppl):S29-S34.
91. Ooi TC, Heinonen T, Alaupovic P, et al. Efficacy and safety of a new hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, in patients with combined hyperlipidemia: Comparison with fenofibrate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:1793-1799.
92. Bairaktari ET, Tzallas CS, Tsimihodimos VK, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of atorvastatin and micronized fenofibrate in the treatment of mixed hyperlipidemia. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1999;6:113-116.
93. Ellen RL, McPherson R. Long-term efficacy and safety of fenofibrate and a statin in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:60B-65B.
94. Kayikcioglu M, Ozerkan F, Soydan I. Effectiveness and safety of alternate-day simvastatin and fenofibrate on mixed hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:1135-1137.
95. Perreault S, Hamilton VH, Lavoie F, Grover S. A head-to-head comparison of the cost-effectiveness of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and fibrates in different types of primary hyperlipidemia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1997;10:787-794.
96. Kirchgassler KU, Schiffner-Rohe J, Stahlheber U. Cost effectiveness of micronised fenofibrate and simvastatin in the short-term treatment of type IIa and type IIb hyperlipidaemia. Pharmacoeconomics. 1997;12:237-246.
97. Kreisberg RA. Diabetic dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:67U-73U.
98. Haffner SM. Diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:17F-21F.
99. Tan CE, Chew LS, Tai ES, et al. Benefits of micronised fenofibrate in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects with good glycemic control. Atherosclerosis. 2001;154:469-474.
100. Steiner G, Stewart D, Hosking JD. Baseline Characteristics of the study population in the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS). World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Study of Atherosclerosis in Diabetes. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:1004-1010.
101. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: The Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised study. Lancet. 2001:357:905-910.
102. Steiner G. Lipid intervention trials in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(Suppl 2):B49-B53.
103. McLaughlin PR, Gladstone P. Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS): Quantitative coronary angiographic analysis of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1998;44:249-256.
104. Frost RJA, Otto C, Geiss HC, et al. Effects of atorvastatin versus fenofibrate on lipoprotein profiles, low-density lipoprotein subfraction distribution, and hemorrheologic parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus with mixed hyperlipoproteinemia. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:44-48.
105. Slayter KL, Stephens M, Sclech WF, Jay KW. Validation of a dyslipidemia algorithm in HIV-positive patients. In: Program and abstracts of the 39th Inter-Science Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 26-29, 1999; San Francisco, Calif. Abstract 1294.
106. Ascah KJ, Rock GA, Wells PS. Interaction between fenofibrate and warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32:765-768.
107. deLorgeril M, Boissonnat P, Bizollon CA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in hyperlipidaemic long-term survivors of heart transplantation. Lack of interaction with the lipid-lowering agent, fenofibrate. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;43:161-165.
108. Garnett WR. Interactions with hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1995;52:1639-1645.
109. Spence JD. Drug interactions with grapefruit: Whose responsibility is it to warn the public? Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997;61:395-400.
110. Heller FR, Desager JP, Harvengt C. Changes in plasma activities of lipolytic enzymes and lipids of normolipidemic subjects given phenobarbital, a strong microsomal inducer, alone or in combination with fenofibrate. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1988;26:138-142.
111. Ferrari C, Romussi M, Bertazzoni A, et al. Effect of short-term clofibrate on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in patients with mild maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. Biomedicine. 1978;29:133-136.
112. Ahmad S. Gemfibrozil: Interaction with glyburide. South Med J. 1991;84:102.
113. Superko HR. A review of combined hyperlipidaemia and its treatment with fenofibrate. J Int Med Res. 1989;17:99-112.
114. Brown WV. Treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with fenofibrate: A review. Curr Med Res Opin. 1989;11:321-330.
115. Rouffy J, Sauvanet JP, Chanu B, et al. Fenofibrate: Hypolipaemic activity and safety in long-term treatment. Effects on HDL, LDL, VLDL, and apoprotein B in short-term treatment [in French]. Nouv Presse Med. 1980;9:3747-3751.
116. Palmer RH. Effects of fibric acid derivatives on biliary lipid composition. Am J Med. 1987;83:37-43.
117. Chatrenet P, Regimbeau C, Ramain JP, et al. Chronic active cirrhogenic hepatitis induced by fenofibrate [in French]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1993;17:612-613.
118. Bravo ML, Azagra R, Aguye A, Freixas M. Acute hepatitis: An adverse reaction to fenofibrate treatment [in Spanish]. Afencion Primaria. 1992;10:697-698.
119. Lipscombe J, Lewis GF, Cattran D, Bargman JM. Deterioration in renal function associated with fibrate therapy. Clin Nephrol. 2001;55:39-44.
120. Westphal S, Dierkes J, Luley C. Effects of fenofibrate and gemfibrozil on plasma homocysteine. Lancet. 2001;358:39-40.
121. Harats D, Yodfat O, Doolman R, et al. Homocysteine elevation with fibrates: Is it a class effect? Isr Med Assoc J. 2001;3:243-246.
122. Bissonnette R, Treacy E, Rozen R, et al. Fenofibrate raises plasma homocysteine levels in the fasted and fed states. Atherosclerosis. 2001;155:455-462.
123. Dierkes J, Westphal S, Luley C. Serum homocysteine increases after therapy with fenofibrate or bezafibrate. Lancet. 1999;354:219-220.
124. de La Serna G, Cadarso C. Fenofibrate decreases plasma fibrinogen, improves lipid profile, and reduces uricemia. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999;66:166-172.