1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase - Genes and expression

Acta Physiologiae Plantarum

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 459-478

  Jakubowicz, Malgorzata ^a   Sadowski, Jan ^a,b  

^a ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

^b INSTITUTE OF PLANT GENETICS   (Poland)

Author keywords

1 Aminocyclopropane 1 carboxylate synthase

Indexed keywords

ARABIDOPSIS; ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA; EMBRYOPHYTA; EUKARYOTA; LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM;

EID: 0036913794     PISSN: 01375881     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11738-002-0043-3     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Abel S., Nguyen M.D., Chow W., Theologis A. 1995. ACS4, a primary indoleacetic acid-responsive gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Biol. Chem., 270: 19093-19099.
2. Arteca J.M. and Arteca R.N. 1999. A multi-responsive gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS6) in mature Arabidopsis leaves. Plant Mol. Biol., 39: 209-219.
3. Avni A., Bailey B.A., Mattoo A.K., and Anderson J.D. 1994. Induction of ethylene biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum by a Trichoderma viridae Xylanase is correlated to the accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase and ACC oxidase transcripts. Plant Physiol., 106: 1049-1055.
4. Bailey B.A. Avni A., Li N., Mattoo A.K., and Anderson J. 1992. Nucleotide sequence of the Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase. Plant Physiol., 100: 1615-1616.
5. Barry C. S., Llop-Tous M. I., and Grierson D. 2000. The regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene expression during the transmition from system 1 to system 2 ethylene synthesis in tomato. Plant Physiol., 123: 979-986.
6. Bekman E.P., Saibo N.J.M., Di Cataldo A., Regalado A. P., Ricardo C. P., Rodriques-Pousada C. 2000. Differential expression of four genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in Lupinus albus during germination, and in response to indole-3-acetic acid and wounding. Planta, 211: 663-672.
7. Berridge M.J., Downes C.P., and Hanley M.R. 1989. Neural and developmental actions of lithium: A unifying hypothesis. Cell, 59: 411-419.
8. Berridge M.J. 1993. Inositol triphosphate and calcium signalling. Nature, 361: 315-325.
9. Blanc G., Barakac A., Guyot R., Cooke R., Delseny M. 2000. Extensive duplication and shuffling in the Arabidopsis genome. Plant Cell, 12: 1093-1101.
10. Botella J.R., Schlagnhaufer C.D., Arteca R.N., and Phillips A.T. 1992a. Identification and characterization of three putative genes for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from etiolated mung bean hypocotyl segments. Plant Mol. Biol., 18: 793-797.
11. Botella J.R., Arteca J.M., Schlagnhaufer C.D., Arteca R.N., and Phillips A.T. 1992b. Identification and characterization of a full-length cDNA encoding for an auxin-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from etiolated mung bean hypocotyl segments and expression od its mRNA in response to indole-3-acetic acid. Plant Mol. Biol., 20: 425-436.
12. Botella J.R., Schlagnhaufer C.D., Arteca J.M., Arteca R.N., and Phillips A.T. 1993. Identification of two new members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase-encoding multigene family in mung bean. Gene, 123: 249-253.
13. Bui A.Q. and O'Neill S.D. 1998. Three 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase genes regulated by primary and secondary pollination signals in orchid flowers. Plant Physiol., 116: 419-428.
14. Clark D.G., Richards C., Hilioti Z., Lind-Iversen S., and Brown K. 1997. Effect of pollination on accumulation of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase transcripts, ethylene production and flower petal abscission in geranium. Plant Mol. Biol., 34: 855-865.
15. Destefano-Beltran L.J.C., Caeneghem W.V., Gielen J., Richard L., Van Montagu M., Van Der Straeten D. 1995. Characterization of three members of the ACC synthase gene family in Solanum tuberosum. Mol. Gen. Genet., 246: 496-508.
16. Do Y.Y. and Huang P.L. 1998. Sequence of a cDNA coding for a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase homolog from Phalaenopsis. DNA Seq., 8: 263-266.
17. Gillaspy G.E., Keddie J.S., Oda K., and Gruissem W. 1995. Plant inositol monophosphatase is a lithium -sensitive enzyme encoded by a multigene family. Plant Cell, 7: 2175-2185.
18. th International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology, Singapore 1997: 833.
19. Heskens J.A.M., Rouwendal G.J.A., Have A.T., and Woltering E.J. 1994. Molecular cloning of two different ACC synthase PCR fragments in carnation flowers and organ-specific expression of the corresponding genes. Plant Mol. Biol., 26: 453-458.
20. Huang P-L., Parks J.E., Rottmann W.H., and Theologis A. 1991. Two genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) are clustered and similar but differentially regulated. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88: 7021-7025.
21. Ishiki Y., Oda A., Yaegashi Y., Orihara Y., Arai T., Hirabayashi T., Nakagawa H., Sato T. 2000. Cloning of an auxin-responsive 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene from melon and the expression of ACS genes in etiolated melon seedlings and melon fruits. Plant Sci., 159: 173-181.
22. Itai A., Kawata T., Tanabe K., Tamura F., Uchiyama M., Tomomitsu M., Shiraiwa N. 1999. Identification of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase genes controlling the ethylene level of ripening fruit in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). Mol. Gen. Genet., 261; 42-49.
23. Jia Y-J., Kakuta Y., Sugawara M., Igarashi T., Oki N., Kisaki M., Shoji T., Kanetuna Y., Horita T., Matsui H., Honma M. 1999. Synthesis and degradation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by Penicillium citrinum. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 63: 542-549.
24. Johnson P.R. and Ecker J.R. 1998. The ethylene gas signal transduction pathway: A molecular perspective. Ann. Rev. Genet., 32: 227-254.
25. Jones M.L. and Woodson W.R.1999. Differential expression of three members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family in carnation. Plant Physiol., 119: 755-764.
26. Joo S., Kim W.T. 2000. Isolation and characterization of ACC synthase gene family in mung bean (Vigna radiata): Differential expression of three ACC synthase genes in response to auxin and brassinosteroid. J. Plant Biotech., 2: 61-71.
27. Kakuta Y., Igarashi T., Murakami T., Ito H., Matsui H., Honma M. 2001. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase of Penicillium primary structure and expression in Escherichia coli and S. cerevisiae. Biosci Biotech. Biochem., 65: 1511-1518.
28. Kamachi S., Sekimoto H., Kondo N. and Sakai S. 1997. Cloning of a cDNA for a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase that is expressed during development of female flowers at the apices of Cucumis sativus. Plant Cell Physiol., 38: 1197-1206.
29. Kathiseran A., Nagarathna K.C., Moloney M.M., Reid D.M., and Chinnappa C.C. 1998. Differential regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family and its role in phenotypic plasticity in Stellaria longipes. Plant Mol. Biol., 36: 265-274.
30. Kato M., Hayakawa Y., Hyodo H., Ikoma Y., and Yano M. 2000. Wound-induced ethylene synthesis and expression and formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, ACC oxidase, phenyloalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase in wounded mesocarp tissue of Cucurbita maxima. Plant Cell Physiol., 41: 440-447.
31. Kato M., Kamo T., Wang R., Nishikawa F., Hyodo H., Ikoma Y., Sugiura M., and Yano M. 2002. Wound-induced ethylene synthesis in stem tissue of harvested broccoli and its effect on senescence and ethylene synthesis in broccoli florets. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 24: 69-78.
32. +2-excitability of the endoplasmic reticulum. Mol. Biol. Cell, 6: 945-951.
33. Kende H. 1993. Ethylene biosynthesis. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 44: 283-307.
34. Kim J.H., Kim W.T., Kang B.G., and Yang S.F. 1997. Induction of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase mRNA by ethylene in mung bean hypocotyls: Involvement of both protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in ethylene signaling. Plant J., 11: 399-405.
35. Kim J.H., Kim W.T., and Kang B.G. 2001. IAA and N6-benzyladenine inhibit ethylene-regulated expression of ACC oxidase and ACC synthase genes in mungbean hypocotyls. Plant Cell Physiol., 42: 1056-1061.
36. Koch K.A., Capitani G., Gruetter M.G., Kirsch J.F. 2001. The human cDNA for a homologue of the plant enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase encodes a protein activity. Gene, 272: 75-84.
37. Koshiba T., Ballas N., Wong L.M., and Theologis A. 1995. Transcriptional regulation of PS-IAA/5 and PS-IAA6 early gene expression by indoleacetic acid and protein synthesis inhibitors in pea (Pisum sativum). J. Mol. Biol., 253: 396-413.
38. Lan O-L., John W.W., Yang S.F. 1977. Effect of different cytokinins on ethylene production by mung bean hypocotyls in the presence of indole-3-acetic acid or calcium ion. Physiol. Plant., 39: 1-3.
39. Lelievre J-M., Tichit L., Dao P., Fillion L., Nam Y-W., Pech J-C., and Latche A. 1997. Effects of chilling on the expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes in Passe-Crassane pear fruits. Plant Mol. Biol., 33: 847-855.
40. Liang X., Abel S., Keller J.A., Shen N.F., and Theologis A. 1992. The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 11046-11050.
41. Liang X., Oono Y., Shen N.F., Kohler C., Li K., Scolnik P.A., and Theologis A. 1995. Characterization of two members (ACS1 and ACS3) of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene, 167: 17-24.
42. +-regulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J., 10: 1027-1036.
43. Lincoln J.E., Campbell A.D., Oetiker J., Rottmann W.H., Oeller P.W., Shen N.F., and Theologis A. 1993. LE-ACS4, a fruit ripening and woud-induced 1-aminocyclopropanne-1-carboxylate synthase gene of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). J. Biol. Chem., 268: 19422-19430.
44. Llop-Tous I., Barry C.S., and Grierson D. 2000. Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in response to pollination in tomato flowers. Plant Physiol., 123: 971-978.
45. Liu D., Li N., Dube S., Kalinsky A., Herman E., and Mattoo A. 1993. Molecular characterization of a rapidly and transiently wound-induced soybean (Glycine max) gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase. Plant Cell Physiol., 34: 1151-1157.
46. Mahadevan L.C., Willis A.C., and Barratt M.J. 1991. Rapid histone H3 phosphorylation in response to growth factors, phorbol esters, okadaic acid, and protein synthesis inhibitors. Cell, 65: 775-783.
47. Mathooko F.M., Mwaniki M.W., Nakatsuka A., Shiomi S., Kubo Y., Inaba A., Nakamura R.1999. Expression characteristics of CS-ACS1, CS-ACS2, and CS-ACS3, three members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit under carbon dioxide stress. Plant Cell Physiol., 40: 164-172.
48. Miki T., Yamamoto M., Nakagawa H., Ogura N., Mori H., Imaseki H., and Sato T. 1995. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from melon fruits. Plant Physiol., 107: 297-298.
49. Mita T. Kawamura S., Yamawaki K., Nakamura K., and Hyodo H. 1998. Differential expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and perception of ethylene during ripening of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). Plant Cell Physiol., 39: 1209-1217.
50. Nakagawa N., Mori H., Yamazaki K., and Imaseki H. 1991. Cloning of a complementary DNA for auxin-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and differential expression of the gene by auxin and wounding. Plant Cell Physiol., 32; 1153-1163.
51. Nakagawa N., Kamiya Y., and Imaseki H. 1995. Nucleotide sequence of an auxin-regulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene from Cucurbita maxima Duch. Plant Physiol., 109: 1499.
52. Nakajima N, Nakagawa N., and Imaseki H. 1988. Molecular size of wound-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from Cucurbita maxima Duch. and change of translatable mRNA of the enzyme after wounding. Plant Cell Physiol., 29: 989-998.
53. Nakajima N. Mori H., Yamazaki K., and Imaseki H. 1990. Molecular cloning and sequence of a complementary DNA ecoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase induced by tissue wounding. Plant Cell Physiol., 31: 1021-1029.
54. Nakatsuka A., Murachi S., Okunishi H., Shiomi S., Nakano R., Kubo Y., and Inaba A. 1998. Differential expression and internal feedback regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, ACC oxidase, and ethylene receptor genes in tomato fruit during development and ripening. Plant Physiol., 118: 1295-1305.
55. Oetiker J.H., Olson D.C., Shiu O.Y. and Yang S.F. 1997. Differential induction of seven 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthese genes by elicitor in suspension cultures of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Plant Mol. Biol., 34: 275-286.
56. Olson D.C., Oetiker J.H., and Yang S.F. 1995. Analysis of LE-ACS3, a aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene expressed during flooding in the roots of tomato plants. J. Biol. Chem., 270: 14056-14061.
57. O'Neill S.D., Nadeau J.A., Zhang X.S., Bui Q.A., and Halevy A.H. 1993. Interorgan regulation of ethylene biosynthetic genes by pollination. Plant Cell, 5: 419-432.
58. Park K.Y., Drory A., and Woodson W.R. 1992. Molecular cloning of an 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from senescing carnation flower petals. Plant Mol. Biol., 18: 377-386.
59. Peck S.C. and Kende H. 1995. Sequential induction of the ethylene biosynthetic enzymes by indole-3-acetic acid in etiolated peas. Plant Mol. Biol., 28: 293-301.
60. Peck S.C. and Kende H. 1998a. Differential regulation of genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase in etiolated pea seedlings: Effects of indole-3-acetic acid, wounding, and ethylene. Plant Mol. Biol., 38: 977-982.
61. Peck S.C. and Kende H. 1998b. A gene encoding 1-amincyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase produces two transcripts: Elucidation of a conserved response. Plant J., 14: 573-581.
62. Peixoto B.R., Mikawa Y., Brenner S. 2001. Characterization of the recombinase activating gene-1 and 2 locus in the Japanese pufferfish, Fugu rubripes. Gene, 246: 275-283.
63. Pogson B.J., Downs C.G., Davies K.M., and Morris S.C. 1995. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase from Broccoli. Plant Physiol., 108: 857-858.
64. Rottmann W. H., Peter G. F., Oeller P. W., Keller J.A., Shen N. F., Nagy B.P., Taylor L. P., Campbell A.D., and Theologis A. 1991. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in tomato is encoded by a multigene family whose transcription is induced during fruit and floral senescence. J. Mol. Biol., 222: 937-961.
65. Sato T., Oeller P.W., and Theologis A. 1991. The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase of Cucurbita. J. Biol. Chem., 266: 3752-3759.
66. Satoh S., Kosugi Y., Iwazaki Y., Shibuya K., Waki K. 2000. Two ethylene signaling pathways in senescing carnation petals: Exogenus ethylene-induced expression of genes for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase is different from that of the gene for cysteine proteinase. J. Plant Biotech., 2: 83-87.
67. Schlagnhaufer C.D., Arteca R.N., and Pell E.J. 1997. Sequential expression of two 1-aminocycolpropane-1-carboxylate synthase genes in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in potato leaves. Plant Mol. Biol., 35: 683-688.
68. Shiu O. Y., Oetiker J.H., Yip W.K., Yang S. F. 1998. The promoter of LE-ACS7, an early flooding-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene of the tomato, is tagged by a Sol3 transposon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 9796-9801.
69. Spanu P., Boller T., and Kende H. 1993. Differential accumulation of transcripts of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase genes in tomato plants infected with Phytophthora infectans and in elicitor-treated tomato cell suspension. J. Plant Physiol., 141: 557-562.
70. Spanu P., Grosskopf D.G., Felix G., Boller T. 1994. The apparent turnover of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in tomato cells is regulated by protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Plant Physiol., 106: 529-535.
71. Subramaniam K. Abbo S., and Ueng P.P. 1996. Isolation of two differentially expressed wheat ACC synthase cDNA and the characterization of one of their genes with root-predominant expression. Plant Mol. Biol., 31: 1009-1020.
72. Sun H., Charles C.H., Lan L.F., and Tonks N.K. 1993. MKP-1 (3CH134), an immediate early gene product, is a dual specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates MAP kinase in vivo. Cell, 75: 487-493.
73. Sunako T. Sakuraba W., Senda M., Akada S., Ishikawa R., Nizeki M., Harada T. 2000. An allele of the ripening-specific 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene (ACS1) in apple fruit with a long storage life. Plant Physiol., 119: 1297-1304.
74. Tatsuki M. and Mori H. 1999. Rapid and transient expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase isogenes by touch and wound stimuli in tomato. Plant Cell Physiol., 40: 709-715.
75. Theologis A., Zarembinski T.I., Oeller P.W., Liang X., and Abel S. 1992. Modification of fruit ripening by suppresing gene expression. Plant Physiol., 100: 549-551.
76. Theologis A. 1992. One rotten apple spoils the whole bushel: The role of ethylene in fruit ripening. Cell, 70: 181-184.
77. Theologis A., Oeller P.W., Wong L-M., Rottmann W.H., and Gantz D.M. 1993. Use of a tomato mutant constructed with reverse genetics to study fruit ripening, a complex developmental process. Dev. Genet., 14: 282-295.
78. Trebitsh T., Staub J.E. and O'Neill S.D. 1997. Identification of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene linked to the Female (F) locus that enhances female sex expression in cucumber. Plant Physiol., 113: 987-995.
79. Tuomainen J., Betz C., Kangasjarvi J., Ernst D., Yin Z-H., Langebartels C., and Sandermann H. 1997. Ozone induction of ethylene emission in tomato plants: Regulation by differential accumulation of transcripts for the biosynthetic enzymes. Plant J., 12: 1151-1162.
80. Wang T-W. and Arteca R.N. 1995. Identification and characterization of cDNAs encoding ethylene biosynthetic enzymes from Pelargonium x hortorum cv Snow Mass leaves. Plant Physiol., 109: 627-636.
81. Wang N.N. Yang S.F., and Chang Y. 2001. Differential expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase genes during orchid flower senescence induced by the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. Plant Physiol., 126: 253-260.
82. Watanabe T., Fujita H., Sakai S. 2001. Effects of jasmonic acid and ethylene on the expression of three genes for wound-inducible 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in winter squash (Cucurbita maxima). Plant Sci., 161: 67-75.
83. Wen C-M., Wu M., Goh C-J., and Pua E-C. 1993. Nucleotide Sequence of a cDNA clone encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in mustard (Brassica juncea). Plant Physiol., 103: 1019-1020.
84. Woeste K.E., Ye C., and Kieber J.J. 1999. Two Arabidopsis mutant that overproduce ethylene are affected in the posttranscriptional regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase. Plant Physiol., 119: 521-529.
85. Wong W.S., Ning W., Xu P.L., Kung S.D., Yang S.F., and Li N. 1999. Identification of two chilling-regulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase genes from citrus fruit. Plant Mol. Biol., 41: 587-6000.
86. Vahala J., Schlagnhaufer C.D. and Pell E.J. 1998. Induction of an ACC synthase cDNA by ozone in light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Physiologia Plantarum, 103: 45-50.
87. Van Der Straeten D., Rodrigues-Pousada R.A., Villarroel R., Hanley S., Goodman H.M., and Van Montagu M. 1992. Cloning, genetic mapping, and expression analysis of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene that encodes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxyate synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 9969-9973.
88. Vogel J.P., Woeste K.E., Theologis A., Kieber J.J. 1998. Recessive and dominant mutations in the ethylene biosynthetic gene ACS5 of Arabidopsis confer cytokinin insensitivity and ethylene overproduction, respectively. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 4766-4771.
89. Yamasaki S., Fujii N., Matsuura S., Mizusawa H. and Takahashi H. 2001. The M locus and ethylene-controlled sex determination in andromonoecious cucumber plants. Plant Cell Physiol., 42: 608-619.
90. Yang S.F. and Hoffman N.E. 1984. Ethylene bio-synthesis and its regulation in higher plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 35: 155-189.
91. Yi H.C., Joo S., Nam K.H., Lee J.S., Kang B.G., and Kim W.T. 1999. Auxin and brasssinosteroid differentially regulate the expression of three members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family in mung bean (Vigna radiata). Plant Mol. Biol., 41: 443-454.
92. Yip W-K., Moore T., and Yang S.F. 1992. Differential accumulation of transcripts for four tomato 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase homologs under various conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 2475-2479.
93. Yoshi H. and Imaseki H. 1982. Regulation of auxin-induced ethylene biosynthesis. Repression of inductive formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase by ethylene. Plant Cell Physiol., 23: 639-649.
94. Yoon I.S., Mori H., Kim J.H., Kang B.G., and Imaseki H. 1997. VR-ACS6 is an auxin-inducible 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene in mungbean (Vigna radiata). Plant Cell Physiol., 38: 217-224.
95. Zarembinski T.I. and Theologis A. 1993. Anaerobiosis and plant growth hormones induce two genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in rice. Mol. Biol. Cell 4: 363-373.
96. Zarembinski T. I. and Theologis A. 1994. Ethylene biosynthesis and action: Case of conservation. Plant Mol. Biol., 26: 1579-1597
97. Zarembinski T. I. and Theologis A. 1997. Expression characteristics of OS-ACS1 and OS-ACS2, two members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family in rice during partial submergence. Plant Mol. Biol., 33: 71-77.
98. Zhou Z., de Almeida Engler J., Rouan D., Michiels F., Van Montagu M., Van Der Straeten D. 2002. Tissue localization of a submergence-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase in rice. Plant Physiol., 129: 72-84.