Changing the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: Implications for practice and clinical investigations

American Heart Journal

Volumn 144, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 957-980

  Newby, L Kristin ^a   Alpert, Joseph S ^c   Ohman, E Magnus ^b   Thygesen, Kristian ^c   Califf, Robert M ^a  

^a DUKE CLINICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; CREATINE KINASE MB; EPTIFIBATIDE; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; TROPONIN I; TROPONIN T;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ANGINA PECTORIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART INJURY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; Q WAVE; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; ST SEGMENT DEPRESSION; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION; SURVIVAL RATE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0036910856     PISSN: 00028703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1067/mhj.2002.129778     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (137)

1. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, et al. The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee. Myocardial infarction redefined - A consensus document of the Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1502-13; J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:959-69.
2. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, et al. The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee. Myocardial infarction redefined - A consensus document of the Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1502-13; J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:959-69.
3. Tunstall-Pedoe H. Redefinition of myocardial infarction by a consensus dissenter. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1472-3.
4. Tunstall-Pedoe H, for the WHO MONICA Project Principal Investigators. The World Health Organization MONICA Project (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease): A major international collaboration. J Clin Epidemiol 1988;41:105-14.
5. Alpert JS, Thygesen K. Redefinition of myocardial infarction by a consensus dissenter: Reply. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1473-4.
6. Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. In: Braunwald E, editor. Heart Disease. 5th Ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1997. p. 742-9.
7. Porela P, Helenius H, Pulkki K, et al. Epidemiological classification of acute myocardial infarction: Time for a change? Eur Heart J 1999;20:1459-64.
8. Hamm CW, Goldman BU, Heeschen C, et al. Emergency room triage of patients with acute chest pain by means of rapid testing of cardiac troponin T or troponin I. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1648-53.
9. Heeschen C, Goldmann BU, Moeller RH, et al. Analytical performance and clinical application of a new rapid bedside assay for the detection of serum cardiac troponin I. Clin Chem 1998;44:1925-30.
10. Newby LK, Kaplan AL, Granger BB, et al. Comparison of cardiac troponin T versus creatine kinase-MB for risk stratification in a chest pain evaluation unit. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:801-5.
11. The GRACE Investigators. Rationale and design of the GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) project: A multinational registry of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 2001;141:190-9.
12. Goodman S, Johnson J, Sullivan C, et al. What is an MI? prospective analysis of the diagnostic and prognostic impact of adding troponins to the definition of myocardial infarction [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:358A.
13. Jaffe AS. Elevations in cardiac troponin measurements: False false-positives. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2001;1:87-92.
14. Sans S, Kesteloot H, Kromhout D. The burden of cardiovascular diseases mortality in Europe. Eur Heart J 1997;18:1231-48.
15. Fox KA, Cokkinos DV, Deckers J, et al. The ENACT study: A pan-European survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1440-9.
16. Collinson J, Flather MD, Fox KA, et al. Clinical outcomes, risk stratification and practice patterns of unstable angina and myocardial infarction without ST elevation: Prospective Registry of Acute Ischaemic Syndromes in the UK (PRAIS-UK). Eur Heart J 2000;21:1450-7.
17. Danchin N, Vaur L, Genès N, et al. Treatment of acute myocardial infarction by primary coronary angioplasty or intravenous thrombolysis in the "real world": One-year results from a nationwide French survey. Circulation 1999;99:2639-44.
18. Fox KA. Management of acute coronary syndromes: The GRACE registry. Presented at: The European Society of Cardiology Scientific Sessions, September 3, 2001.
19. Battler A. Acute coronary syndromes, medical management and interventional therapy in Europe. Presented at: The European Society of Cardiology Scientific Sessions, September 3, 2001.
20. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology. Management of acute coronary syndromes: Acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1406-32.
21. Apple FS, Murakami M, Panteghini M, et al. International survey on the use of cardiac markers. Clin Chem 2001;47:587-8.
22. Meier MA, Al-Badr WH, Cooper JV, et al. The new definition of myocardial infarction: What does it mean clinically? [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:310A.
23. The Sibrafiban versus Aspirin to Yield Maximum Protection from Ischemic Heart Events Post-acute Coronary Syndromes (SYMPHONY) Investigators. Comparison of sibrafiban with aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndromes: A randomised trial. Lancet 2000;355:337-45.
24. Kramer J, Newby LK, Simes J, et al. Opportunities for enhancing the use of evidence-based medicines for acute coronary syndromes: Insights from the SYMPHONY studies [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:303A.
25. Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Christenson RH, et al. Cardiac troponin T levels for risk stratification in acute myocardial ischemia. New Engl J Med 1996;335:1333-41.
26. Bahit MC, Criger DA, Granger CB, et al. Elevation of CK-MB greater than 2 fold and troponin greater than 3 fold are the best thresholds for identifying MI associated with ECG evolution [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:115A.
27. Ottani F, Galvani M, Nicolini FA, et al. Elevated cardiac troponin levels predict the risk of adverse outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 2000;140:917-27.
28. Antman EM, Tanasijevic MJ, Thompson C, et al. Cardiac-specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1342-9.
29. Alexander JH, Sparapani RA, Mahaffey KW, et al. Association between minor elevations of creatine kinase-MB level and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. JAMA 2000;283:347-53.
30. Sobel BE, Bresnehan GF, Shell WE, et al. Estimatian of infarct size in man and its relation to prognosis. Circulation 1972;46:640-8.
31. Sobel BE, Roberts R, Larson KB. Estimation of infarct size from serum MB creatine phosphokinase activity: Applications and limitations. Am J Cardiol 1976;37:474-85.
32. Thompson PL, Fletcher EE, Katavatis V. Enzymatic indices of myocardial necrosis, influence on short-term and long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1979;59:113-9.
33. Newby LK, Christenson RH, Ohman EM, et al. The value of serial troponin T measurements for early and late risk stratification in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1998;98:1853-9.
34. Harrington RA, Lincoff AM, Califf RM, et al. Characteristics and consequences of myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: Insights from the Coronary Angioplasty Versus Excisional Atherectomy Trial (CAVEAT). J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1693-9.
35. Califf RM, Abdelmeguid AE, Kuntz RE, et al. Myonecrosis after revascularization procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:241-51.
36. Abdelmeguid AE, Topol EJ, Whitlow PL, et al. Significance of mild transient release of creatine kinase-MB fraction after percutaneous coronary interventions. Circulation 1996;94:1528-36.
37. Kong TQJ, Davidson CJ, Meyers SN, et al. Prognostic implicatian of creatine kinase elevation following elective coronary artery interventions. J Am Med Assn 1997;277:461-6.
38. Tardiff BE, Califf RM, Tcheng JE, et al. Clinical outcomes after detection of elevated cardiac enzymes in patients undergoing percutaneous intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:88-96.
39. Simoons ML, van den Brand M, Lincoff M, et al. Minimal myocardial damage during coronary intervention is associated with impaired outcomes. Eur Heart J 1999;20:1112-9.
40. Ohman EM, Tardiff BE. Periprocedural cardiac marker elevation after percutaneous coronary artery revascularization. J Am Med Assn 1997;277:495-7.
41. Saucedo JF, Mehran R, Dangas G, et al. Long-term clinical events following creatine kinase-myocardial band isoenzyme elevation after successful coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1134-41.
42. Webb JG, Carere RG, Virmani R, et al. Retrieval and analysis af particulate debris after saphenous vein graft intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:468-75.
43. Topol EJ, Yadav JS. Recognition of the importance of embolization in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Circulation 2000;101:570-80.
44. Grube E, Gerckens U, Yeung AC, et al. Prevention of distal embolization during coronary angioplasty in saphenous vein grafts and native vessels using porous filter protection. Circulation 2001;104:2436-41.
45. The Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Stenting (EPISTENT) Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled and balloon-angioplasty-controlled trial to assess safety of coronary stenting with use of platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa blockade. Lancet 1998;352:87-92.
46. Abizaid AS, Mehran R, Dangas G, et al. Positive troponin-I predicts early and late mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:23A.
47. Bertinchant JP, Polge A, Ledermann B, et al. Relation of minor cardiac troponin T elevation to late cardiac events after uncomplicated elective successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:51-7.
48. Cantor WJ, Newby LK, Christenson RH, et al. Elevated troponin-I after percutaneous coronary intervention is a pawerful prognastic indicator [abstract]. Circulation 2000;102(Suppl):II-752.
49. Fuchs S, Kornowski R, Mehran R, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac troponin I levels following catheter-based coronary interventions. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:1077-82.
50. Genser N, Mair J, Friedrich G, et al. Uncomplicated successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty does not affect cardiac troponin T plasma concentrations. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:127-8.
51. Gruberg L, Fuchs S, Mehran R, et al. Troponin I predicts adverse outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with chronic renal failure [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:76A.
52. Hunt AC, Chow SL, Shiu MF, et al. Release of creatine kinase-MB and cardiac specific troponin-I following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Eur Heart J 1991;12:690-3.
53. Johansen O, Brekke M, Stormme JH, et al. Myocardial damage during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty as evidenced by troponin T measurements. Eur Heart J 1998;19:112-7.
54. Karim, MA, Shinn M, Oskarsson H, et al. Significance of cardiac troponin T release after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:521-3.
55. La Vecchia L, Bedogni F, Finocchi G, et al. Troponin T, troponin I and creatine kinase-MB mass after elective coronary stenting. Cor Art Dis 1996;7:535-40.
56. Ravkilde J, Nissen H, Mickley H, et al. Cardiac troponin T and CK-MB mass release after visually successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in stable angina pectoris. Am Heart J 1994;127:13-20.
57. Saadeddin SM, Habbab MA, Sobki SH, et al. Minor myocardial injury after elective uncomplicated successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with or without stenting: Detection by cardiac troponins [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:40A.
58. Shyu K, Kuan P, Cheng J, et al. Cardiac troponin T, creatine kinase and its isoform release after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with or without stenting. Am Heart J 1998;135:862-7.
59. Sribhen K, Leowattana W, Kiartivich S, et al. Cardiac troponin T concentration after coronary balloon angioplasty [letter]. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:1439.
60. Stromme JH, Johansen O, Brekke M, et al. Markers of myocardial injury in blood following PTCA: A comparison of CKMB, cardio-specific troponin T and troponin I. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1998;58:693-9.
61. The Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy (PURSUIT) Trial Investigators. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1999;339:436-43.
62. Simoons ML, for the Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO IV-ACS) Investigators. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker abciximab on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without early coronary revascularisation. Lancet 2001;357:1915-24.
63. The c7E3 Fab Antiplatelet Therapy in Unstable Refractory Angina (CAPTURE) Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: The CAPTURE study. Lancet 1997;349:1429-35.
64. The Integrilin to Minimize Platelet Aggregation and Coronary Thrombosis-II (IMPACT II) Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of eptifibatide on complications of percutaneous coronary intervention: IMPACT-II. Lancet 1997;349:1422-8.
65. The Evaluation of C73E for the Prevention of Ischemic Complications (EPIC) Investigators. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1994;330:956-61.
66. The Evaluation in PTCA to Improve Long-Term Outcome with Abciximab Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Blockade (EPILOG) Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1689-96.
67. Akkerhuis KM, Alexander JH, Tardiff BE, et al. Minor myocardial damage and prognosis: Are spontaneous and percutaneous coronary intervention-related events different? Circulation 2002;105:554-6.
68. Driscoll A, Hobika J, Etsten B, et al. Clinically unrecognized myocardial infarction following surgery. N Engl J Med 1961;264:633-9.
69. Brewer DL, Bilbro RH, Bartel AG. Myocardial infarction as a complication of coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 1973;47:58-64.
70. Mauney FM, Ebert PA, Sabiston DC. Postoperative myocardial infarction: A study of predisposing factors, diagnosis and mortality in a high-risk group of surgical patients. Ann of Surgery 1970;172:497-503.
71. Chairman BR, Alderman EL, Sheffield LT, et al. Use of survival analysis to determine the clinical significance of new Q wave after coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 1983;67:302-9.
72. Dixon SH, Limbird LE, Roe CR, et al. Recognition of postoperative acute myocardial infarction: Application of isoenzymes technique. Circulation 1973;48,49(3 Suppl):137-40.
73. Warren SG, Wagner GS, Bethea CF, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of electrocardiographic and CPK isoenzyme changes following coronary bypass surgery: Correlation with findings at one year. Am Heart J 1977;93:189-96.
74. Kennedy JW, Kaiser GC, Fisher LD, et al. Clinical and angiographic predictors of operative mortality from the collaborative study in coronary artery surgery (CASS). Circulation 1981;63:793-802.
75. Schaff HV, Gersh BJ, Fisher LD, et al. Detrimental effect of perioperative myocardial infarction on late survival after coronary artery bypass: Report from the coronary artery surgery study-CASS. J Thor Cardiovasc Surg 1984;88:972-81.
76. Bonnefoy E, Filley S, Kirkorian G, et al. Troponin I, troponin T, or creatine kinase-MB to detect perioperative myocardial damage after coronary artery bypass surgery. Chest 1998;114:482-6.
77. Gensini GF, Fusi C, Conti AA, et al. Cardiac troponin I and Q-wave perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary bypass surgery. Crit Care Med 1998;26:1986-90.
78. Horvath KA, Parker MA, Frederiksen JW, et al. Postaperative troponin I values: Insult or injury? Clin Cardiol 2000;23:731-3.
79. Jacquet L, Noirhomme P, El Khoury G, et al. Cardiac troponin I as an early marker of myocardial damage after coronary bypass surgery. Eur J Card Surg 1998;13:378-84.
80. Greenson N, Macoviak J, Krishnaswamy P, et al. Usefulness of cardiac troponin I in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Am Heart J 2001;141:447-55.
81. Mahaffey KW, Alpert JS. Cardiac enzyme elevations after cardiac surgery: The cardiologist's perspective. Am Heart J 2001;141:321-4.
82. Force T, Hibberd P, Weeks G, et al. Perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass surgery: Clinical significance and approach to risk stratification. Circulation 1990;82:903-12.
83. Klatte K, Chaitman BR, Theroux P, et al. Increased mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery is associated with increased levels of postoperative creatine kinase-myocardial band isoenzyme release: Results from the GUARDIAN trial. J Am College Cardiol 2001;38:1070-7.
84. Mahaffey KW, Roe MT, Sparapani R, et al. Cardiac enzyme elevations after coronary artery bypass grofting associated with increased risk of death: Results from PARAGON B [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:359A.
85. Etievent JP, Chocron S, Toubin G, et al. Use of cardiac troponin I as a marker of perioperative myocardial ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;59:1192-4.
86. Alyanakian MA, Dehoux M, Chastel D, et al. Cardiac troponin I in diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction after cardiac surgery. J Card Vasc Anesth 1998;12:288-94.
87. Vermes E, Mesguich M, Houel R, et al. Cardiac troponin I release after open heart surgery: A marker of myocardial protection? Ann Thorac Surg 2000;70:2087-90.
88. Swaanenburg JCJM, Loef B, Volmer M, et al. Creatine kinase MB, troponin I, and troponin T release pattern after coronary artery bypass grafting with or without cardiopulmonary bypass and after aortic and mitral valve surgery. Clin Chem 2001;47:584-7.
89. Kilger E, Pichler B, Weis F, et al. Markers of myocardial ischemia after minimally invasive and conventional coronary operation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;70:2023-8.
90. Braun SL, Barankay A, Mazzitelli D. Plasma troponin T and tropanin I after minimally invasive coronary bypass surgery. Clin Chem 2000;46:279-81.
91. Koh TW, Carr-White GS, DeSouza AC, et al. Intraoperative cardiac troponin T release and lactate metabolism during coronary artery surgery: Comparison of beating heart with conventional coronary artery surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Heart 1999;81:495-500.
92. Krejca M, Skiba J, Szmagala P, et al. Cardiac troponin T release during coronary surgery using intermittent cross-clamp with fibrillation, on-pump and off-pump beating heart. Eur J Card Surg 1999;16:337-41.
93. Birdi I, Caputo M, Hutter JA, et al. Troponin I release during minimally invasive coronary artery surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:509-10.
94. Carrier M, Pellerin M, Perrault L, et al. Troponin levels in patients with myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69:435-40.
95. Sadony V, Körber M, Albes G, et al. Cardiac troponin I plasma levels for diagnosis and quantitation of perioperative myocardial damage in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Card Surg 1998;13:57-65.
96. Barron JT. Cardiac troponin I and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: How useful is it after coronary artery bypass surgery? Crit Care Med 1998;26:1936-7.
97. Koh TW, Hooper J, Kemp M, et al. Intraoperative release of troponin T in coronary venous and arterial blood and its relation to recovery of left ventricular function and oxidative metabolism following coronary artery surgery. Heart 1998;80:341-8.
98. Eigel P, van Ingen G, Wasgenpfeil S. Predictive valve of perioperative cardiac troponin I for adverse outcome in coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Card Surg 2001;20:544-9.
99. Januzzi JL, Lewandrowski K, MacGillivray TE, et al. A comparison of cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase-MB for patient evaluation after cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1518-23.
100. Wagner D, Alspector B, Feingers J, et al. Clin Chem 1979;25:1337-9.
101. Dixon SH, Limbird LE, Roe CR, et al. Recognition of postoperative acute myocardial infarction: Application of isoenzyme techniques. Circulation 1973;47,48(3 Suppl):III-137-40.
102. Righetti A, Crawford MH, O'Rourke RA, et al. Detection of perioperative myocardial damage after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation 1977;55:173-8.
103. Isom OW, Spencer FC, Feigenbaum H, et al. Prebypass myocardial damage in patients undergoing coronary revascularization; and unrecognized vulnerable period [abstract]. Circulation 1975;51,52(2 Suppl):II-119.
104. Tomai F, De Paulis R, Penta de Peppo A, et al. Beneficial impact of isoflurane during coronary bypass surgery on troponin I release. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia 1999;29:1007-14.
105. Mentzer RM Jr, Birjiniuk V, Khuri S, et al. Adenosine myocardial protection: Preliminary results of a phase II clinical trial. Ann Surg 1999;229:643-9.
106. Fitch JC, Rollins S, Matis L, et al. Pharmacology and biological efficacy of a recombinant, humanized, single-chain antibody C5 complement inhibitor in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 1999;100:2499-506.
107. Wendel HP, Heller W, Michel J, et al. Lower cardiac troponin T levels in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and receiving high-dose aprotinin therapy indicate reduction of perioperative myocardial damage. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;109:1164-72.
108. Tünerir B, Colak O, Alatas O, et al. Measurement of troponin T to detect cardioprotective effect of trimetazidine during coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thoroc Surg 1999;68:2173-6.
109. Hendrikx M, Jiang H, Gutermann H, et al. Release of cardiac troponin I in antegrade crystalloid versus cold blood cardioplegia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:452-9.
110. Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Goldmann B, et al. Troponin concentrations for stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes in relation to therapeutic efficacy of tirofiban. Lancet 1999;354:1757-62.
111. Lindahl B, Venge P, Wallentin L. Troponin T identifies patients with unstable coronary artery disease who benefit from long-term antithrombotic protection. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:43-8.
112. Newby LK, Ohman EM, Christenson RH, et al. Benefit of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in patients with acute coronary syndromes and troponin T-positive status: The PARAGON B troponin T substudy. Circulation 2001;103:2891-6.
113. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1879-87.
114. Hudson MP, O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, et al. Ongoing myocardial necrosis among outpatients with heart failure: Implications of elevated troponin T and C-reactive protein [abstract]. Eur Heart J 2000;21 (Suppl):292.
115. Sato Y, Yamada T, Taniguchi R, et al. Persistently increased serum concentrations of cardiac troponin T in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy are predictive of adverse outcomes. Circulation 2001;103:369-74.
116. Roppolo LP, Fitzgerald R, Dillow J, et al. A comparison of troponin T and troponin I as predictors of cardiac events in patients undergoing dialysis at a Veteran's Hospital: A pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:448-54.
117. Porter GA, Norton T, Bennett WB. Troponin T (TnT), a predictor of death in chronic haemodialysis patients. Eur Heart J 1998;19(N Suppl):N34-7.
118. Apple FS, Sharkey SW, Hoeft P, et al. Prognostic value of serum cardiac troponin I and T in chronic dialysis patients: A 1-year outcomes analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;29:399-403.
119. Dierkes J, Domrose U, Westphal S, et al. Cardiac troponin T predicts mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. Circulation 2000;102;1964-9.
120. Martin GS, Becker BN, Schulman G. Cardiac troponin-I accurately predicts myocardial injury in renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:1709-12.
121. Ooi DS, Zimmerman D, Graham J, et al. Cardiac troponin T predicts long-term outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Clin Chem 2001;47:412-7.
122. Braunwald E, Atman EM, Beasley JW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:970-1062.
123. The Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management (PRISM) Study Investigators. A comparison of aspirin plus tirofiban with aspirin plus heparin for unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1498-505.
124. The Fragmin and Fast Revascularisation during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC II) Investigators. Invasive compared with non-invasive treatment in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. Lancet 1999;354:708-15.
125. The Fragmin and Fast Revascularisation during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC II) Investigators. Long-term low-molecular-mass heparin in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. Lancet 1999;354:701-7.
126. Lindahl B, Diderholm E, Lagerqvist B, et al. Mechanisms behind the prognostic value of troponin T in unstable coronary artery disease: A FRISC II substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:979-86.
127. Antman EM. Troponin measurements in ischemic heart disease: More that just a black and white picture. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:987-90.
128. Mahaffey KW, Harrington RA, Akkerhuis M, et al. Systematic adjudication of myocardial infarction end-points in an international clinical trial. Curr Controlled Trials Cardiovasc Med 2001;2:180-6.
129. Alexander JH, Sparapani RA, Mahaffey KW, et al. Eptifibatide reduces the size and incidence of myocardial infarction in patients with non-ST-elevation acute corogary syndromes [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:331A.
130. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO IIb) Angioplasty Substudy Investigators. A clinical trial comparing primary coronary angioplasty with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med 1997;336:1621-8.
131. Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. New Engl J Med 1997;337:447-52.
132. The Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. Inhibition of the platelet glyco-protein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med 1998;338:1488-97.
133. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. New Engl J Med 2001;345:494-502.
134. Cannon CP, Battler A, Brindis RG, et al. ACC key elements and data definitions for measuring the clinical management and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes: A report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Data Standards (Acute Coronary Syndromes Writing Committee). J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:2114-30.
135. Kuntz RE, Baim DS. Defining restenosis: Newer clinical and angiographic paradigms. Circulation 1993;83:1310-23.
136. Serruys PW, Kay IP, Disco C, et al. Periprocedural quantitative coronary angiography after Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation predicts the restenosis rate at six months: Results of a meta-analysis of the Belgian Netherlands Stent study (BENESTENT) I, BENESTENT II pilot, BENESTENT II and Multicenter Ultrasound Stent in Coronories (MUSIC) trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1067-74.
137. Apple FS, Wu AHB. Myocardial infarction redefined: Role of cardiac troponin testing. Clin Chem 2001;47:377-9.