Generalized anxiety disorder: Prevalence, burden, and cost to society

Depression and Anxiety

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 162-171

  Wittchen, Hans Ulrich ^a,b  

^a DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Comorbidity; Generalized anxiety disorder; Health care utilization; Prevalence

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DISABILITY; DISEASE COURSE; ECONOMIC ASPECT; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MENTAL DISEASE; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRODUCTIVITY; REMISSION; SYMPTOM; TENSION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COST OF ILLNESS; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; SEX DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0036907780     PISSN: 10914269     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/da.10065     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Akiskal HS. 2001. Dysthymia and cyclothymia in psychiatric practice a century after Kraeplin. J Affect Disord 62:17-31.
2. Allgulander C, Hackett D, Salinas E. 2001. Venlafaxine extended release (ER) in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder: Twenty-four-week placebo-controlled dose-ranging study. Br J Psychiatry. 179:15-22.
3. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
4. Andrews G, Sanderson K, Slade T, Issakidis C. 2000. Why does the burden of disease persist? Relating the burden of anxiety and depression to effectiveness of treatment. Bull World Health Organ 78:446-454.
5. Bakish D. 1999. The patient with comorbid depression and anxiety: The unmet need. J Clin Psychiatry 60:20-24.
6. Ballenger JC, Davidson JRT, Lecrubier Y, Nutt DJ, Borkovec TD, Rickels K, Stein DJ, Wittchen H-U. 2001. Consensus statement on generalized anxiety disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 62:53-58.
7. Beebe KL, Pitts CD, Ruggiero L, Ramming SR, Oldham M, Zaninelli R. 2000. Paroxetine in the treatment of PTSD: A 12 week, placebo-controlled, multicenter study [Abstract F604]. San Antonio, Texas: Proceedings of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. 16-19 November.
8. Bellew KM, McCafferty JP, Iyengar M, Zaninelli R. 2000. Short-Term Efficacy of Paroxetine in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial. Chicago, IL: American Psychiatrist Association. May 13-18.
9. Bland RC, Newman SC, On H. 1997. Help-seeking for psychiatric disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 42:935-942.
10. Brawman-Mintzer O, Lydiard RB, Emmanuel N, Payeur R, Johnson M, Roberts J, Jarrel MP, Ballenger JC. 1993. Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 150:1216-1218.
11. Carter RM, Wittchen H-U, Pfister H, Kessler RC. 2001. One-year prevalence of subthreshold and threshold DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in a nationally representative sample. Depress Anxiety. 13:78-88.
12. Davidson JR, Dupont RL, Hedges D, Haskins JT. 1999. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of venlafaxine extended release and buspirone in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 60:528-525.
13. Davidson RT. 2000. Pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: Treatment options, long-term follow-up, and predictors of outcome. J Clin Psychiatry 61:52-56.
14. Davidson JRT. 2001. Pharmacotherapy of generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 62:46-50.
15. DiNardo P, Moras K, Barlow DH, Rapee RM, Brown TA. 1993. Reliability of DSM-III-R anxiety disorder categories: Using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule - Revised (ADIS - R). Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:251-256.
16. DuPont RL, Rice DP, Miller LS, Shiraki SS, Rowland CR, Harwood HJ. 1996. Economic costs of anxiety disorders. Anxiety 2:167-172.
17. Fava M, Rankin MA, Wright EC, Alpert JE, Nierenberg AA, Pava J, Rosenbaum JE 2000. Anxiety disorders in major depression. Compr Psychiatry 41:97-102.
18. Feighner JP. 1999. Overview of antidepressants currently used to treat anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 60:18-22.
19. Gelenberg AJ, Lydiard RB, Rudolph RL, Aguiar L, Haskins JT, Salinas E. 2000. Efficacy of venlafaxine extended-release capsules in nondepressed outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder: A 6-month randomized controlled trial. JAMA 283:3082-3088.
20. Greenberg PE, Sisitsky T, Kessler RC, Finkelstein SN, Berndt ER, Davidson JR, Ballenger JC, Fyer AJ. 1999. The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. J Clin Psychiatry 60:427-435.
21. Hoehn-Saric R, McLeod DR, Zimmerli WD. 1988. Differential effects of alprazolam and imipramine in generalized anxiety disorder: Somatic versus psychic symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 49:293-301.
22. Hoyer VJ, Krause P, Höfler M, Beesdo K, Wittchen H-U. 2001. Recognition of generalized anxiety disorder and depression and its predictors in primary care. MMW Fortschr Med 143:26-35.
23. Jacobi F, Wittchen H-U, Holting C, Sommer S, Lieb R, Hofler M, Pfister H. 2002. Estimating the prevalence of mental and somatic disorders in the community: Aims and methods of the German National Health Interview an Examination Survey. Int J Method Psych 11:1-18.
24. Judd LL, Kessler RC, Paulus MP, Zeller PV, Wittchen H-U, Kunovac JL. 1998. Comorbidity as a fundamental feature of generalized anxiety disorders: Results from the National Comorbidity Study (NCS). Acta Psychiatry Scand 393:6-11.
25. Kahn RJ, McNair DM, Lipman RS, Covi L, Rickels K, Downing R, Fisher S, Frankenthaler LM. 1986. Imipramine and chlordiazepoxide in depressive and anxiety disorders. II. Efficacy in anxious outpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 43:79-85.
26. Kennedy BL, Schwab JJ. 1997. Utilization of medical specialists by anxiety disorder patients. Psychosomatics 38:109-112.
27. Kessler RC. 1997. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. In: Wetzler S, Sanderson WC, editors. Treatment Strategies for Patients with Psychiatric Comorbidity. New York: John Wiley 19.
28. Kessler RC, Rubinow DR, Holmes C, Abelson JM, Zhao S. 1997. The epidemiology of DSM-III-R bipolar I disorder in a general population survey. Psychol Med 27:1079-1089.
29. Kessler RC, DuPont RL, Berglund P, Wittchen H-U. 1999. Impairment in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression at 12 months in two national surveys. Am J Psychiatry 156:1915-1923.
30. Kessler RC, Keller MB, Wittchen H-U. 2001a. The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am; 24:19-39.
31. Kessler RC, Mickelson KC, Barber C. 2001b. The effects of chronic medical conditions on work impairment. Rossi AS, editor. In: Caring and Doing for Others: Social Responsibility in the Domains of the Family, Work and Community (John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation series). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32. Laakmann G, Schüle C, Lorkowski G, Baghai T, Kuhn K, Ehrentraut S. 1998. Buspirone and lorazepam in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in outpatients. Psychopharmacology 136:357-366.
33. Lader M, Scotto JC. 1998. A multicentre double-blind comparison of hydroxyzine, buspirone and placebo in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychopharmacology 139:402-406.
34. Lecrubier Y, Bakker A, Judge R, for the Collaborative Paroxetine Study Investigators. 1997. A comparison of paroxetine, clomipramine and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Acta Psychiatrica 95:145-152.
35. Lydiard RB, Bobes J. 2000. Therapeutic advances: Paroxetine for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 11:99-104.
36. Lydiard RB, Laraia MT, Ballenger JC, Howell EE 1987. Emergence of depressive symptoms in patients receiving alprazolam for panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 144:664-665.
37. Lydiard RB, Ballenger JC, Rickels K for the Abecarnil Work Group. 1997. A double-blind evaluation of the safety and efficacy of abecarnil, alprazolam and placebo in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 58:11-18.
38. Lydiard RB. 2000. An overview of generalized anxiety disorder: Disease state-appropriate therapy. Clin Ther 22:A3-A19.
39. Maier W, Gaensicke M, Freyberger HJ, Linz M, Heun R, Lecrubier Y. 2000. Generalized anxiety disorder (ICD-10) in primary care from a cross-cultural perspective: A valid diagnostic entity? Acta Psychiatry Scand 101:29-36.
40. Müller N. 2001. Risiken und Vulnerabilitäten der Sozialen Angststörung. Doctoral dissertation, Bamberg.
41. Noyes R Jr. 2001. Comorbidity in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 24:41-55.
42. Ormel J, VonKorff M, Üstün B, Pini S, Korten A, Oldehinkel T. 1994. Common mental disorders and disability across cultures: Results from the WHO Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care. JAMA 272:1741-1748.
43. Petracca A, Nisita C, McNair D, Melis G, Guerani G, Cassano GB. 1990. Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: Preliminary clinical experience with buspirone. J Clin Psychiatry; 51:31-39.
44. Pollack MH, Zaninelli R, Goddard A, McCafferty JP, Bellew KM, Burnham DB, Iyengar MK. 2001. Paroxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: Results of a placebo-controlled, flexible-dosage trial. J Clin Psychiatry 62:350-357.
45. Rice DP, Miller LS. 1998. Health economics and cost implications of anxiety and other mental disorders in the United States. Br J Psychiatry 173:4-9.
46. Rickels K, Downing R, Schweizer E, Hassman H. 1993. Antidepressants for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A placebo-controlled comparison of imipramine, trazodone and diazepam. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:884-895.
47. Rickels K, Pollack MH, Sheehan DV, Haskins JT. 2000. Efficacy of extended-release venlafaxine in nondepressed outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 157:968-974.
48. Rocca P, Fonzo V, Scotta M, Zanalda E, Ravizza L. 1997. Paroxetine efficacy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 95:444-450.
49. Rogers MP, Warshaw MG, Goisman RM, Goldenberg I, Rodriguez-Villa F, Mallya G, Freeman SA, Keller MB. 1999. Comparing primary and secondary generalized anxiety disorder in a long-term naturalistic study of anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 10:1-7.
50. Roy-Byrne PP, Katon W. 1997. Generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: The precursor/modifier pathway to increased health care utilization. J Clin Psychiatry 58:34-38.
51. Schonfeld WH, Verboncoeur CJ, Fifer SK, Lipschutz RC, Lubeck DP, Buesching DP. 1997. The functioning and well-being of patients with unrecognized anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 43:105-119.
52. Silverstone PH, Salinas E. 2001. Efficacy of venlafaxine extended release in patients with major depressive disorder and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 62:523-529.
53. Simon G, Ormel J, VonKorff M, Barlow W. 1995. Health care costs associated with depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care. Am J Psychiatry 152:352-357.
54. Souêtre E, Lozet H, Cimarosti I, Martin P, Chignon JM, Ades J, Tignol J, Darcourt G. 1994. Cost of anxiety disorders: Impact of comorbidity. J Psychosom Res 38:151-160.
55. Strand M, Hetta J, Rosen A, Sorensen S, Malmstrom R, Fabian C, Marits K, Veterskog K, Liljestrand AG, Hegen C. 1990. A double-blind, controlled trial in primary care patients with generalized anxiety: A comparison between buspirone and oxazepam. J Clin Psychiatry 51:40-45.
56. Üstün TB, Sartorius N (editors). 1995. Mental Illness in General Health Care: An International Study. Chichester: John Wiley 173:18-23.
57. Wittchen H-U, Kessler RC, Beeselo K, Krause P, Hofler M, Hoyer P. 2002. Generalized anxiety and depression in primary care: Prevalence, recognition and management. J Clin Psych 63:24-34.
58. Wittchen H-U, Krause P, Hoyer J, Beesdo K, Jacobi F, Höfler M, Winter S. 2001. Prevalence and correlates of GAD in primary care. MMW Fortschr Med 143:17-25.
59. Wittchen H-U, Carter RM, Pfister H, Montgomery SA, Kessler RC. 2000. Disabilities and quality of life in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 15:319-328.
60. Wittchen H-U, Nelson CB, Lachner G. 1998. Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med 28:109-126.
61. Wittchen H-U, Zhao S, Kessler RC, Eaton WW. 1994. DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 51:355-364.
62. World Health Organization. 1991. The Primary Health Care Version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview: CIDI-PHC. Geneva: World Health Organization.
63. World Health Organization. 1992. ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization.
64. Zohar J, Judge R. 1996. Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: OCD Paroxetine Study Investigators. Br J Psychiatry 169:468-474.