Syncope in athletes

Cardiovascular Reviews and Reports

Volumn 23, Issue 11, 2002, Pages 625-632

  Link, Mark S ^a   Homoud, Munther K ^a   Wang, Paul J ^a   Estes III, N A Mark ^a  

^a TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIGOXIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ISOPRENALINE; MIDODRINE; NITRATE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SOTALOL;

ANAMNESIS; ATHLETE; BRADYCARDIA; BRUGADA SYNDROME; CATHETER ABLATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPETITION; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEFIBRILLATOR; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EXERCISE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART PACING; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE DYSPLASIA; HEART SUPRAVENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HOLTER MONITORING; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; LONG QT SYNDROME; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; REENTRY TACHYCARDIA; REVIEW; RISK; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; SODIUM RESTRICTION; SPORT; SUDDEN DEATH; SYNCOPE; TILT TABLE TEST; WOLFF PARKINSON WHITE SYNDROME;

EID: 0036846058     PISSN: 01973118     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Kramer MR, Drori Y, Lev B. Sudden death in young soldiers: high incidence of syncope prior to death. Chest. 1988;93: 345-347.
2. Estes NAM III, Link MS, Cannom D, et al. Report of the NASPE policy conference on arrhythmias and the athlete. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001;12:1208-1219.
3. Levine BD. Exercise physiology for the clinician. In: Thompson PD, ed. Exercise and Sports Cardiology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:3-29.
4. Charlton GA, Crawford MH. Physiologic consequences of training. Cardiol Clin. 1997;15:345-354.
5. Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, et al. Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(19):1355-1361.
6. Mittleman MA, MaClure M, Tofler GH, et al. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1677-1683.
7. Katcher MS, Salem DN, Wang PJ, et al. Mechanisms of sudden cardiac death in the athlete. In: Estes NAM III, Salem DN, Wang PJ, eds. Sudden Cardiac Death in the Athlete. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Company, Inc.; 1998:3-24.
8. Tofler GH. Triggers of sudden cardiac death in the athlete. In: Estes NAM III, Salem DN, Wang PJ, eds. Sudden Cardiac Death in the Athlete. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Company, Inc.; 1998:221-234.
9. Thompson PD. The cardiovascular risks of exercise. In: Thompson PD, ed. Exercise and Sports Cardiology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001:127-145.
10. Kapoor WN. Evaluation and outcome of patients with syncope. Medicine (Baltimore). 1990;69:160-175.
11. Calkins H, Shyr Y, Frumin H, et al. The value of the clinical history, in the differentiation of syncope due to ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular block, and neurocardiogenic syncope. Am J Med. 1995;98:365-373.
12. Alboni P, Brignole M, Menozzi C, et al. Diagnostic value of history, in patients with syncope with or without heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1921-1928.
13. McGovern BA, Liberthson R. Arrhythmias induced by exercise in athletes and others. S Afr Med J. 1996;86:C78-C82.
14. Corrado D, Thiene G, Nava A, et al. Sudden death in young competitive athletes: Clinicopathologic correlations in 22 cases. Am J Med. 1990;89:588-596.
15. Sneddon JF, Scalia G, Ward DE, et al. Exercise induced vasodepressor syncope. Br Heart J. 1994;71:554-557.
16. Sakaguchi S, Shultz JJ, Remole SC, et al. Syncope associated with exercise, a manifestation of neurally mediated syncope. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:476-481.
17. Calkins H, Siefert M, Morady F. Clinical presentation and long-term follow-up of athletes with exercise-induced vasodepressor syncope. Am Heart J. 1995; 129:1159-1164.
18. Kosinski D, Grubb BP, Kip K, et al. Exercise-induced neurocardiogenic syncope. Am Heart J. 1996;132:451-452.
19. Eichna LW, Horvath S, Bean WB. Post-exertional orthostatic hypotension. Am J Med Sci. 1947;213:641-654.
20. Holtzhausen LM, Noakes TD. The prevalence and significance of post-exercise (postural) hypotension in ultramarathon runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27:1595-1601.
21. Link MS, Wang PJ, Estes NAM III. Ventricular arrhythmias in the athlete. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2001;16:30-39.
22. Maron BJ, Shirani J, Poliac LC, et al. Sudden death in young competitive athletes: Clinical, demographic, and pathologic profiles. JAMA. 1996;276:199-204.
23. Graham TP Jr, Bricker JT, James FW, et al. Task force 1: Congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:867-873.
24. Maron BJ, Epstein SE, Roberts WC. Causes of sudden death in competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7:204-214.
25. Foote CB, Michaud G. The athletes electrocardiogram: Distinguishing normal from abnormal. In: Estes NAM III, Salem D, Wang PJ, eds. Sudden Cardiac Death in the Athlete. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Company, Inc.; 1998:101-114.
26. Link MS, Homoud MK, Wang PJ, et al. Screening young and not so young athletes. Am J Med Sports. 2000;2:236-245.
27. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Culasso F, et al. Clinical significance of abnormal electrocardiographic patterns in trained athletes. Circulation. 2000;102:278-284.
28. Serra-Grima R, Estorch M, Carrio I, et al. Marked ventricular repolarization abnormalities in highly trained athletes' electrocardiograms: Clinical and prognostic implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1310-1316.
29. Zehender M, Meinertz T, Keul J, et al. ECG variants and cardiac arrhythmias in athletes: Clinical relevance and prognostic importance. Am Heart J. 1990;119:1378-1391.
30. Oakley CM. The electrocardiogram in the highly trained athlete. Cardiol Clin. 1992;10:295-302.
31. Balady GJ, Cadigan JB, Ryan TJ. Electrocardiogram of the athlete: An analysis of 289 professional football players. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:1339-1343.
32. Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92:1680-1692.
33. Wang K, Asinger R, Hodges M. Electrocardiograms of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome simulating other conditions. Am Heart J. 1996;132:152-155.
34. Marcus FI, Fontaine G. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: A review. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1995;18:1298-1314.
35. Jackman WM, Friday KJ, Anderson JL, et al. The long QT syndromes: A critical reviews, new clinical observations and a unifying hypothesis. Progr Cardiovasc Dis. 1988;31:115-172.
36. Grubb BP, Temesy-Armos PN, Samoil D, et al. Tilt table testing in the evaluation and management of athletes with recurrent exercise-induced syncope. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25:24-28.
37. Link MS, Estes NAM III. Ventricular arrhythmias. In: Estes NAM III, Salem DN, Wang PJ, eds. Sudden Cardiac Death in the Athlete. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Co., Inc.; 1998:253-275.
38. Link MS, Wang PJ, Estes NAM III. Cardiac arrhythmias and electrophysiologic observations in the athlete. In: Richard A, Williams M, eds. The Athlete and Heart Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998:197-216.
39. Klein GJ, Bashore TM, Sellers TD, et al. Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1979;301:1080-1085.
40. Zardini M, Yee R, Thakur RK, et al. Risk of sudden arrhythmic death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: Current perspectives. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1994;17:966-975.
41. Leitch JW, Klein GJ, Yee R, et al. Prognostic value of electrophysiologic testing in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern. Circulation. 1990;82:1718-1723.
42. Sharma AD, Yee R, Guiraudon G, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of invasive and nonivasive testing for risk of sudden death in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10:373-381.
43. Brugada P, Green M, Abdollah H, et al. Significance of ventricular arrhythmias initiated by programmed ventricular stimulation: The importance of the type of ventricular arrhythmia induced and the number of premature stimuli required. Circulation. 1984;69:87-92.
44. Bigger JT, Reiffel JA, Livelli FD, et al. Sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of programmed ventricular stimulation. Circulation. 1986;73(suppl II):1173-1178.
45. Prystowsky EN. Electrophysiologic-electropharmacologic testing in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1988;11:225-251.
46. Peters S, Reil GH. Risk factors of cardiac arrest in arrhvthmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:77-80.
47. Wichter T, Martinez-Rubio A, Kottkamp H, et al. Reproducibility of programmed ventricular stimulation in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy [abstract]. Circulation. 1996;94(suppl I):I 626.
48. Anderson KP. Mason JW. Clinical value of cardiac electrophysiological studies. In: Zipes DP, Jalife J, eds. Cardiac Electrophysiol. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1995:1133-1150.
49. McLeod KA. Dysautonomia and neurocardiogenic syncope. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2001;16:92-96.
50. DiGirolamo E, Di Iorio C, Leonzio L, et al. Usefulness of a tilt training program for the prevention of refractory neurocardiogenic syncope in adolescents: A controlled study. Circulation. 1999;100:1798-1801.
51. Benditt DG, Fahy GJ, Lurie KG, et al. Pharmacotherapy of neurally mediated syncope. Circulation. 1999;100:1242-1248.
52. Zipes DP, Garson A. Task force 6. Arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:892-899.
53. Manolis AS, Wang PJ, Estes NAM III. Radiofrequency catheter ablation for cardiac tachyarrhythmias. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:452-461.
54. Klein LS, Miles WM. Ablative therapy for ventricular arrhythmias. Progr Cardiovasc Dis. 1995;37:225-242.
55. Calkins H, Kalbfleisch SJ, El-Atassi R, et al. Relation between efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation and site of origin of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71: 827-833.
56. Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, et al. Efficacy of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:365-373.
57. Maron BJ, Isner JM, McKenna WJ. Task force 3. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocarditis and other myopericardial diseases and mitral valve prolapse. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24: 880-885.
58. Corrado D, Basso C, Camerini F, et al. Is arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy a progressive heart muscle disease? A multicenter clinico-pathologic study. Circulation. 1995;92:1470.
59. Asso A, Farre J, Zayas R, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:315A.
60. Leclercq JF, Chouty F, Cauchemez B, et al. Results of electrical fulguration in arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:220-224.
61. Shoda M, Kasanuki H, Ohnishi S, et al. Recurrence of new ventricular tachycardia after successful catheter ablation in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Circulalion. 1992;86:1580.
62. Link MS, Wang PJ, Haugh CJ, et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: Clinical results with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Intern Card Electrophysiol. 1997; 1:41-48.
63. Tan HL, Hou CJY, Lauer MR, et al. Electrophysiologic mechanisms of the long QT interval syndromes and torsade de pointes. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:701-714.
64. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Effectiveness and limitations of beta-blocker therapy in congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2000;101:616-623.
65. Dec GW, Fuster V. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1564-1575.
66. Borggrefe M, Chen X, Martinez-Rubio A, et al. The role of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J. 1994;127:1145-1150.
67. AVID Investigators. A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1576-1583.
68. Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: A distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:1391-1396.
69. Gussak I, Antzelevitch C, Bjerregaard P. et al. The Brugada syndrome: Clinical, electrophysiologic and genetic aspects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:5-15.
70. Basso C, Corrado D, Thiene G. Cardiovascular causes of sudden death in young individuals including athletes. Cardiol Rev. 1999;7:127-135.