메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 298, Issue 5595, 2002, Pages 1012-1015

Stronger constraints on the anthropogenic indirect aerosol effect

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUDS; WEATHER SATELLITES;

EID: 0036830661     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1075405     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (158)

References (27)
  • 7
  • 10
    • 2142649815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 865nm).
  • 14
    • 2142769366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • ECHAM4 solves prognostic equations for the mass mixing ratio of dimethyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide, sulfate aerosols, methane sutfonic acid, hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic and black carbon aerosols, respectively, dust and sea salt aerosols; cloud liquid water and cloud ice mixing ratio; and number concentrations of cloud droplets and ice crystals. Transport, dry, and wet deposition, and chemical transformations of the aerosols and gaseous precursors are calculated online with the GCM. We used the autoconversion rate of cloud droplets to form rain drops and the accretion rates of cloud droplets by (26).
  • 15
    • 2142770821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The reference simulation ECHAM-CTL and the preindustrial climate simulation ECHAM-PI are 5-year integrations after an initial adjustment of 3 months, whereas the simulations with no aerosol indirect effects, ECHAM-NO-AIE, and cloud lifetime effect (second indirect effect) only, ECHAM-2ND-AIE, were integrated for 3 years after the initial 3-month adjustment.
  • 16
    • 2142717954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • It is not possible to only include the cloud albedo effect in a present-day simulation because if CDNC is constant in the cloud microphysics, then the precipitation efficiency, the cloud lifetime, and the cloud liquid water path of water clouds change. This has a stronger implication for cloud radiative effects than expected from the cloud albedo effect alone. Furthermore, all simulations include aerosol direct effects.
  • 17
    • 2142658475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • There is no black carbon in the preindustrial simulation, and carbonaceous aerosol emissions from forest fires are neglected. Carbon dioxide levels are held constant at their present-day values.
  • 22
    • 2142770820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • More and smaller cloud droplets over land are caused by more vigorous updrafts and more aerosol particles.
  • 27
    • 2142829101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We thank F.-M. Bréon for providing the POLDER data and S. Ghan and one anonymous reviewer for helpful comments and suggestions. Supported by the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Science collaborative research grants. We thank the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum for computing time.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.