Confluent paranoia in African American psychiatric patients: An empirical study of Ridley's typology

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 111, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 568-577

  Whaley, Arthur L ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; CULTURAL FACTOR; EMPIRICISM; FEMALE; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEGRO; PARANOIA; PATHOLOGY; RATING SCALE; SELF ESTEEM; SYMPTOM; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 0036830376     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.568     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Adebimpe, V. R. (1981). White norms and psychiatric diagnosis: Overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 279-285.
2. Ashby, H. U. (1986). Mislabeling the Black client: A reply to Ridley. American Psychologist, 41, 224-225.
3. Baskin, D. (1984). Cross-cultural categorizations of mental illness. Psychiatric Forum, 12, 36-44.
4. Bronstein, P. (1986). Self-disclosure, paranoia, and unaware racism: Another look at the Black client and the White therapist. American Psychologist, 41, 225-226.
5. Cohen, P., & Cohen, J. (1984). The clinician's illusion. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 1178-1182.
6. Collins, J. L., Rickman, L. E., & Mathura, C. B. (1980). Frequency of schizophrenia and depression in a Black inpatient population. Journal of the National Medical Association, 72, 851-856.
7. Dahlstrom, W. G., Welsh, G. S., & Dahlstrom, L. E. (1972). An MMPI Handbook: Vol. 1. Clinical Interpretation (Rev. Ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
8. Dohrenwend, B. P. (1989). "The problem of validity in field studies of psychological disorders" revisited. In L. N. Robins & J. E. Barrett (Eds.), The Validity of Psychiatric Diagnosis (pp. 35-55). New York: Raven Press.
9. Dohrenwend, B. S., Dohrenwend, B. P., Link, B. G., & Levav, I. (1983). Social functioning of psychiatric patients in contrast with community cases in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1174-1182.
10. Dohrenwend, B. P., Levav, I., & Shrout, P. (1986). Screening scales from the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview (PERI). In M. M. Weissman, J. K. Myers, & C. E. Ross (Eds.), Community Surveys of Psychiatric Disorders (pp. 349-375). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
11. Dohrenwend, B. P., Shrout, P., Egri, G., & Mendelsohn, F. S. (1980). Measures of nonspecific psychological distress and other dimensions of psychopathology in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1229-1236.
12. Dohrenwend, B. P., Yager, T. J., Egri, G., & Mendelsohn, F. S. (1978). The Psychiatric Status Schedule as a measure of dimensions of psychopathology in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 731-737.
13. Fenigstein, A., & Vanable, P. A. (1992). Paranoia and self-consciousness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 129-138.
14. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1996). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders - Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0). New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
15. Greene, R. L. (1991). The MMPI-2/MMPI: An Interpretive Manual. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
16. Grier, W. H., & Cobbs, P. M. (1968). Black Rage. New York: Basic Books.
17. Jones, B. E., & Gray, B. A. (1986). Problems in diagnosing schizophrenia and affective disorders among Blacks. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 37, 61-65.
18. Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996). African American Acculturation: Deconstructing Race and Reviving Culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
19. Lesser, J., & O'Donohue, W. (1999). What is a delusion? Epistemological dimensions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 687-694.
20. Levin, J. R., & Neumann, E. (1999). Testing for predicted patterns: When interest in the whole is greater than in some of its parts. Psychological Methods, 4, 44-57.
21. Mirowsky, J. (1985). Disorder and its context: Paranoid beliefs as thematic elements of thought problems, hallucinations, and delusions under threatening social conditions. In J. R. Greenley (Ed.), Research in Community Mental Health (Vol. 5, pp. 185-204). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
22. Mitchell, J., & Vierkant, A. D. (1989). Delusions and hallucinations as a reflection of the subcultural milieu among psychotic patients of the 1930s and 1980s. Journal of Psychology, 123, 269-274.
23. Mukherjee, S., Shukla, S., Woodle, J., Rosen, A. M., & Olarte, S. (1983). Misdiagnosis of schizophrenia in bipolar patients: A multiethnic comparison. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1571-1574.
24. Neighbors, H. W., Trierweler, S. J., Munday, C., Thompson, E. E., Jackson, J. J., Binion, V. J., & Gomez, J. (1999). Psychiatric diagnosis of African Americans: Diagnostic divergence in clinician-structured and semistructured interviewing conditions. Journal of the National Medical Association, 91, 601-612.
25. Newhill, C. E. (1990). The role of culture in the development of paranoid symptomatology. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 176-185.
26. Pavkov, T. W., Lewis, D. A., & Lyons, J. S. (1989). Psychiatric diagnoses and racial biases: An empirical investigation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 6, 364-368.
27. Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (1992). When small effects are impressive. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 160-164.
28. Ridley, C. R. (1984). Clinical treatment of the nondisclosing Black client: A therapeutic paradox. American Psychologist, 39, 1234-1244.
29. Rosenberg, M. (1989). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image (Rev. Ed.). Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University.
30. Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1985). Contrast Analysis: Focused Comparisons in the Analysis of Variance. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
31. Shrout, P. E., Lyons, M., Dohrenwend, B. P., Skodol, A. E., Solomon, M., & Kass, F. (1988). Changing time frames on symptom inventories: Effects on the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 267-272.
32. Smari, J., Stefansson, S., & Thorgilsson, H. (1994). Paranoia, self-consciousness, and social cognition in schizophrenics. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 387-399.
33. Snowden, L. R., & Cheung, F. K. (1990). Use of inpatient mental health services by members of ethnic minority groups. American Psychologist, 45, 347-355.
34. Strakowski, S. M., Hawkins, J. M., Keck, P. E., McElroy, S. L., West, S. A., Bourne, M, L., et al. (1997). The effects of race and information variance on disagreement between psychiatric emergency room service and research diagnoses in first-episode psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58, 457-463.
35. Terrell, F., & Barrett, R. K. (1979). Interpersonal trust among college students as a function of race, sex, and socioeconomic class. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 48, 1194.
36. Terrell, F., & Terrell, S. L. (1981). An inventory to measure cultural mistrust among Blacks. Western Journal of Black Studies, 5, 180-184.
37. Terrell, F., & Terrell, S. L. (1984). Race of counselor, client sex, cultural mistrust level, and premature termination from counseling among Black clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 371-375.
38. Toch, H., Adams, K., & Greene, R. (1987). Ethnicity, disruptiveness, and emotional disorder among prison inmates. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 14, 93-109.
39. Trierweiler, S. J., Neighbors, H. W., Munday, C., Thomoson, E. E., Binion, V. J., & Gomez, J, P. (2000). Clinician attributions associated with the diagnosis of schizophrenia in African American and non-African American patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 171-175.
40. Trower, P., & Chadwick, P. (1995). Pathways to defense of self: A theory of two types of paranoia. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2, 263-278.
41. Westermeyer, J. (1987). Cultural factors in clinical assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 471-478.
42. Whaley, A. L. (1997). Ethnicity/race, paranoia, and psychiatric diagnoses: Clinician bias versus sociocultural differences. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 19, 1-20.
43. Whaley, A. L. (1998). Cross-cultural perspective on paranoia: A focus on the Black American experience. Psychiatric Quarterly, 69, 325-343.
44. Whaley, A. L. (1999). Multidimensional scaling analysis of paranoid symptoms in the context of depressive and psychotic disorders. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 72, 33-49.
45. Whaley, A. L. (2001). Cultural mistrust and the clinical diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia in African American patients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 93-100.
46. Whaley, A. L. (2002a). A two-stage method for the study of cultural bias in the diagnosis of schizophrenia in African Americans. Manuscript submitted for publication.
47. Whaley, A. L. (2002b). Psychometric analysis of the Cultural Mistrust Inventory with a Black psychiatric inpatient sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 383-396.
48. Whaley, A. L. (2002c). Symptom clusters in the diagnosis of affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia in African Americans. Journal of the National Medical Association, 94, 313-319.
49. Whaley, A. L., & Smyer, D. A. (1998). Self-evaluation processes of American American youth in a high school completion program. Journal of Psychology, 132, 317-327.
50. Zigler, E., & Glick, M. (1988). Is paranoid schizophrenia really camouflaged depression? American Psychologist, 43, 284-290.
51. Zubin, J., Magaziner, J., & Steinhauer, S. R. (1983). The metamorphosis of schizophrenia: From chronicity to vulnerability. Psychological Medicine, 13, 551-571.