Catalytic combustion of methane over palladium-based catalysts

Catalysis Reviews - Science and Engineering

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 593-649

  Ciuparu, Dragos ^a   Lyubovsky, Maxim R ^b   Altman, Eric ^a   Pfefferle, Lisa D ^a   Datye, Abhaya ^c  

^a Yale University   (United States)

^b Precision Combustion Incorporated   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

Inhibitory effects; Methane combustion; Oxidation reduction mechanisms; Restructuring; Supported palladium catalyst

Indexed keywords

CATALYTIC CONVERTERS; CHEMICAL ACTIVATION; COMBUSTION; METHANE; OXIDATION; PALLADIUM;

INHIBITORY EFFECTS;

CATALYST ACTIVITY;

EID: 0036827459     PISSN: 01614940     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/CR-120015482     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Lee, J.H.; Trimm, D.L. Catalytic Combustion of Methane. Fuel Process. Technol. 1995, 42 (2-3), 339-359.
2. Pfefferle, L.D.; Pfefferle, W.C. Catalysis in Combustion. Catal. Rev. 1987, 29 (2-3), 219-267.
3. Beebe, T.P.; Goodman, D.W.; Kay, B.D.; Yates, J.T. Kinetics of the Activated Dissociative Adsorption of Methane on the Low Index Planes of Nickel Single-Crystal Surfaces. J. Chem. Phys. 1987, 87 (4), 2305-2315.
4. Wang, Y.N.; Herman, R.G.; Klier, K. Dissociative Adsorption of Methane on Pd(679) Surface. Surf. Sci. 1992, 279 (1-2), 33-48.
5. Anderson, R.B.; Stein, K.C.; Feenan, J.J.; Hofer, L.J.E. Catalytic Oxidation of Methane. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1961, 53 (10), 809-812.
6. Burch, R.; Urbano, F.J. Investigation of the Active State of Supported Palladium Catalysts in the Combustion of Methane. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 1995, 124 (1), 121-138.
7. Burch, R.; Crittle, D.J.; Hayes, M.J. C-H Bond Activation in Hydrocarbon Oxidation on Heterogeneous Catalysts. Catal. Today 1999, 47 (1-4), 229-234.
8. Baldwin, T.R.; Burch, R. Catalytic Combustion of Methane over Supported Palladium Catalysts. 1. Alumina Supported Catalysts. Appl. Catal. 1990, 66 (2), 337-358.
9. Baldwin, T.R.; Burch, R. Catalytic Combustion of Methane over Supported Palladium Catalysts. 2. Support and Possible Morphological Effects. Appl. Catal. 1990, 66(2), 359-381.
10. Briot, P.; Primet, M. Catalytic-Oxidation of Methane over Palladium Supported on Alumina - Effect of Aging Under Reactants. Appl. Catal. 1991, 68 (1-2), 301-314.
11. 3. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 1993, 75, 1887-1890.
12. Farrauto, R.J.; Hobson, M.C.; Kennelly, T.; Waterman, E.M. Catalytic Chemistry of Supported Palladium for Combustion of Methane. Appl. Catal. a-Gen. 1992, 81 (2), 227-237.
13. Farrauto, R.J.; Lampert, J.K.; Hobson, M.C.; Waterman, E.M. Thermal-Decomposition and Reformation of PdO Catalysts - Support Effects. Appl. Catal. B - Environ. 1995, 6 (3), 263-270.
14. Oh, S.H.; Mitchell, P.J.; Siewert, R.M. Methane Oxidation over Alumina-Supported Noble-Metal Catalysts with and without Cerium Additives. J. Catal. 1991, 132 (2), 287-301.
15. Oh, S.H.; Mitchell, P.J. Effects of Rhodium Addition on Methane Oxidation Behavior of Alumina-Supported Noble-Metal Catalysts. Appl. Catal. B - Environ. 1994, 5 (1-2), 165-179.
16. Garbowski, E.; Feumijantou, C.; Mouaddib, N.; Primet, M. Catalytic Combustion of Methane over Palladium Supported on Alumina Catalysts - Evidence for Reconstruction of Particles. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 1994, 109 (2), 277-291.
17. Mouaddib, N.; Feumijantou, C.; Garbowski, E.; Primet, M. Catalytic-Oxidation of Methane over Palladium Supported on Alumina-Influence of the Oxygen-to-Methane Ratio. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 1992, 87 (1), 129-144.
18. Chang, Y.F.; McCarty, J.G.; Wachsman, E.D.; Wong, V.L. Catalytic Decomposition of Nitrous-Oxide over Ru-Exchanged Zeolites. Appl. Catal. B - Environ. 1994, 4 (4), 283-299.
19. McCarty, J.G. Kinetics of PdO Combustion Catalysis. Catal. Today 1995, 26 (3-4), 283-293.
20. Hicks, R.F.; Qi, H.H.; Young, M.L.; Lee, R.G. Structure Sensitivity of Methane Oxidation over Platinum and Palladium. J. Catal. 1990, 722 (2), 280-294.
21. Hicks, R.F.; Qi, H.H.; Young, M.L.; Lee, R.G. Effect of Catalyst Structure on Methane Oxidation over Palladium on Alumina. J. Catal. 1990, 722 (2), 295-306.
22. Ribeiro, F.H.; Chow, M.; Dallabetta, R.A. Kinetics of the Complete Oxidation of Methane over Supported Palladium Catalysts. J. Catal. 1994, 146 (2), 537-544.
23. Yao, Y.F.Y. Oxidation of Alkanes over Noble-Metal Catalysts. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1980, 19 (3), 293-298.
24. Drozdov, V.A.; Tsyrulnikov, P.G.; Popovskii, V.V.; Bulgakov, N.N.; Moroz, E.M.; Galeev, T.G. Comparative-Study of the Activity of Al-Pd and Al-Pt Catalysts in Deep Oxidation of Hydrocarbons. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1985, 27 (2), 425-427.
25. Lyubovsky, M.; Pfefferle, L. Complete Methane Oxidation over Pd Catalyst Supported on Alpha-Alumina. Influence of Temperature and Oxygen Pressure on the Catalyst Activity. Catal. Today 1999, 47 (1 -4), 29-44.
26. Simone, D.O.; Kennelly, T.; Brungard, N.L.; Farrauto, R.J. Reversible Poisoning of Palladium Catalysts for Methane Oxidation. Appl. Catal. 1991, 70 (1), 87-100.
27. 2 for the Combustion of Methane. J. Catal. 1998, 775 (1), 136-142.
28. 2. J. Catal. 1995, 152 (2), 410-414.
29. Cullis, C.F.; Willatt, B.M. Oxidation of Methane over Supported Precious Metal-Catalysts. J. Catal. 1983, 83 (2), 267-285.
30. Van Giezen, J.C.; van den Berg, F.R.; Kleinen, J.L.; van Dillen, A.J.; Geus, J.W. The Effect of Water on the Activity of Supported Palladium Catalysts in the Catalytic Combustion of Methane. Catal. Today 1999, 47 (1-4), 287-293.
31. Mallika, C.; Sreedharan, O.M.; Gnanamoorthy, J.B. Determination of the Standard Free-Energy of Formation of PdO(S) from the Solid Oxide Electrolyte Emf. J. Less-Common Met. 1983, 95 (2), 213-220.
32. Ciuparu, D.; Altman, E.I.; Pfefferle, L. Contributions of Lattice Oxygen in Methane Combustion over PdO-Based Catalysts. J. Catal. 2001, 203 (1), 64-74.
33. 3. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 1997, 110, (3rd World Congress on Oxidation Catalysis, 1997), 767-776.
34. Lyubovsky, M.; Pfefferle, L.; Datye, A.; Bravo, J.; Nelson, T. TEM Study of the Microstructural Modifications of an Alumina-Supported Palladium Combustion Catalyst. J. Catal. 1999, 187 (2), 275-284.
35. Datye, A.K.; Bravo, J.; Nelson, T.R.; Atanasova, P.; Lyubovsky, M.; Pfefferle, L. Catalyst Microstructure and Methane Oxidation Reactivity During the Pd ↔ PdO Transformation on Alumina Supports. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 2000, 198 (1-2), 179-196.
36. Cullis, C.F.; Trimm, D.L.; Nevell, T.G. Role of Catalyst Support in Oxidation of Methane over Palladium. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1972, 68 (8), 1406-1412.
37. Ciuparu, D.; Pfefferle, L. Support and Water Effects on Palladium Based Methane Combustion Catalysts. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 2001, 209 (1-2), 415-428.
38. Zeldovich, Y. The Propagation of Shock Waves in Gas with Reversible Chemical Reactions. J. Phys. (U.S.S.R.) 1946, 10, 321-324.
39. 2 in Oxygen. J. Catal. 1995, 157 (2), 676-686.
40. Quick, L.M.; Kamitomai, S. Catalytic Combustion Reactor Design and Test Results. Catal. Today 1995, 26 (3-4), 303-308.
41. Otto, K.; Haack, L.P.; Devries, J.E. Identification of 2 Types of Oxidized Palladium on Gamma-Alumina by X-Ray Photoelectron-Spectroscopy. Appl. Catal. B - Environ. 1992, 1 (1), 1-12.
42. Schmitz, P.J.; Otto, K.; Devries, J.E. An X-Ray Photoelectron-Spectroscopy Investigation of Palladium in Automotive Catalysts - Binding-Energies and Reduction Characteristics. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 1992, 92 (1), 59-72.
43. Otto, K.; Hubbard, C.P.; Weber, W.H.; Graham, G.W. Raman-Spectroscopy of Palladium Oxide on Gamma-Alumina Applicable to Automotive Catalysts-Nondestructive, Quantitative-Analysis-Oxidation-Kinetics Fluorescence Quenching. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 1992, 1 (4), 317-327.
44. Au-Yeung, J.; Chen, K.D.; Bell, A.T.; Iglesia, E. Isotopic Studies of Methane Oxidation Pathways on PdO Catalysts. J. Catal. 1999, 188 (1), 132-139.
45. 2: Combined Pulse TG/DTA and MS Study with O-18-Labeled Catalyst. J. Phys. Chem. - Us 1996, 100 (51), 20006-20014.
46. Broclawik, E.; Haber, J.; Endou, A.; Stirling, A.; Yamauchi, R.; Kubo, M.; Miyamoto, A. Electronic Structure and Adsorption Properties of Precious Metals and Their Oxides: Density Functional Calculations. J. Mol. Catal. A - Chem. 1997, 119 (1-3), 35-44.
47. 2O Clusters. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 1997, 61 (4), 673-682.
48. Broclawik, E.; Yamauchi, R.; Endou, A.; Kubo, M.; Miyamoto, A. On the Electronic Structure of the Palladium Monoxide and the Methane Adsorption: Density Functional Calculations. J. Chem. Phys. 1996, 104 (11), 4098-4104.
49. 3 supported PdO catalysts during methane combustion. J Catalysis, submitted 2002.
50. Lyubovsky, M.R.; Ph.D. Thesis; Yale University, 1999.
51. Zheng, G.; Altman, E.I. The Oxidation of Pd(111). Surf. Sci. 2000, 462 (1-3), 151-168.
52. Ciuparu, D.; Katsikis, N.; Pfefferle, L. Temperature and Time Dependence of the Water Inhibition Effect on Supported Palladium Catalyst for Methane Combustion. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 2001, 216 (1-2), 209-215.
53. Burch, R.; Urbano, F.J.; Loader, P.K. Methane Combustion over Palladium Catalysts-The Effect of Carbon-Dioxide and Water on Activity. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 1995, 123 (1), 173-184.
54. Ruckenstein, E.; Chen, J.J. Wetting Phenomena During Alternating Heating in O-2 and H-2 of Supported Metal Crystallites. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 1982, 86 (1), 1-11.
55. Chen, J.J.; Ruckenstein, E. Role of Interfacial Phenomena in the Behavior of Alumina-Supported Palladium Crystallites in Oxygen. J. Phys. Chem. - Us 1981, 85 (11), 1606-1612.
56. Chen, J.J.; Ruckenstein, E. Sintering of Palladium on Alumina Model Catalyst in a Hydrogen Atmosphere. J. Catal. 1981, 69 (2), 254-273.
57. Pfefferle, L.; Altman, E. DoE-BES Annual Report, 1998.
58. Chen, M.; Schmidt, L.D. Morphology and Composition of Platinum-Palladium Alloy Crystallites on Silica in Reactive Atmospheres. J. Catal. 1979, 56 (2), 198-218.
59. Monteiro, R.S.; Zemlyanov, D.; Storey, J.M.; Ribeiro, F.H. Surface Area Increase on Pd Foils After Oxidation in Excess Methane. J. Catal. 2001, 201 (1), 37-45.
60. Monteiro, R.S.; Zemlyanov, D.; Storey, J.M.; Ribeiro, F.H. Turnover Rate and Reaction Orders for the Complete Oxidation of Methane on a Palladium Foil in Excess Dioxygen. J. Catal. 2001, 199 (2), 291-301.
61. Sekizawa, K.; Machida, M.; Eguchi, K.; Arai, H. Catalytic Properties of Pd-Supported Hexaaluminate Catalysts for High-Temperature Catalytic Combustion. J. Catal. 1993, 142 (2), 655-663.
62. x) Reduction in Catalytically Stabilized Thermal Burners. Final Report, April 1, 1988-Nov 30, 1991, GRI-92/0117, 1991.
63. 3 Catalysts. Appl. Catal. B - Environ. 2000, 26 (4), 241-255.
64. Ciuparu, D.; Pfefferle, L. Methane Combustion Activity of Supported Palladium Catalysts After Partial Reduction. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 2001, 218 (1-2), 197-209.
65. Kay, B.D.; Peden, C.H.F.; Goodman, D.W. Kinetics of Hydrogen Absorption by Palladium(110). Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter 1986, 34 (2), 817-822.
66. Leary, K.J.; Michaels, J.N.; Stacy, A.M. Penetration of Hydrogen into Subsurface Sites of Silica-Supported Palladium During Temperature-Programmed Desorption. Langmuir 1988, 4 (6), 1251-1257.
67. Boudart, M.; Hwang, H.S. Solubility of Hydrogen in Small Particles of Palladium. J. Catal. 1975, 39 (1), 44-52.
68. Crozier, P.A.; Sharma, R.; Datye, A.K. Oxidation and Reduction of Small Palladium Particles on Silica. Microsc. Microanal. 1998, 4 (3), 278-285.
69. Furuya, T.; Sasaki, K.; Hanakata, Y.; Ohhashi, T.; Yamada, M.; Tsuchiya, T.; Furuse, Y. Development of a Hybrid Catalytic Combustor for a 1300 Degrees C Class Gas Turbine. Catal. Today 1995, 26 (3-4), 345-350.
70. Fukuzawa, H. Private Communication, 1996.
71. Deng, Y.Q.; Nevell, T.G. Oscillations of Methane Combustion over Alumina-Supported Palladium Catalysts Under Oxygen-Deficient Conditions. J. Mol. Catal. A - Chem. 1999, 142 (1), 51-60.
72. Orent, T.W.; Bader, S.D. LEED and ELS Study of the Initial Oxidation of Palladium (100). Surf. Sci. 1982, 115 (2), 323-334.
73. x - On the Mechanism for the Hysteresis in Activity and Oxygen-Content. Catal. Lett. 1995, 33 (1-2), 1-13.
74. Goetz, J.; Volpe, M.A.; Sica, A.M.; Gigola, C.E.; Touroude, R. Low-Loaded Palladium on Alpha-Alumina Catalysts - Characterization by Chemisorption, Electron-Microscopy, and Photoelectron-Spectroscopy. J. Catal. 1995, 153 (1), 86-93.
75. 3 Catalysts. A TPR-TPD Study. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 1996, 148 (1), 81-96.
76. Widjaja, H.; Sekizawa, K.; Eguchi, K.; Arai, H. Oxidation of Methane over Pd-Supported Catalysts. Catal. Today 1997, 35 (1-2), 197-202.
77. Muller, C.A.; Maciejewski, M.; Koeppel, R.A.; Baiker, A. Combustion of Methane over Palladium/Zirconia Derived from a Glassy Pd-Zr Alloy: Effect of Pd Particle Size on Catalytic Behavior. J. Catal. 1997, 166 (1), 36-43.
78. Baiker, A.; Gasser, D.; Lenzner, J.; Reller, A.; Schlogl, R. Oxidation of Carbon-Monoxide over Palladium on Zirconia Prepared from Amorphous Pd-Zr Alloy. 1. Bulk Structural, Morphological, and Catalytic Properties of Catalyst. J. Catal. 1990, 126 (2), 555-571.
79. Schlogl, R.; Loose, G.; Wesemann, M.; Baiker, A. Oxidation of Carbon-Monoxide over Palladium on Zirconia Prepared from Amorphous Pd-Zr Alloy. 2. The Nature of the Active Surface. J. Catal. 1992, 137 (1), 139-157.
80. Ciuparu, D.; Bozon-Verduraz, F.; Pfefferle, L. Oxygen Exchange Between Palladium and Oxide Supports in Combustion Catalysts. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106 (14), 3434-3442.
81. Sekizawa, K.; Eguchi, K.; Widjaja, H.; Machida, M.; Arai, H. Property of Pd-Supported Catalysts for Catalytic Combustion. Catal. Today 1996, 28 (3), 245-250.
82. 2, Catalysts for Methane Oxidation at Low Temperatures. J. Catal. 1998, 179 (2), 431-442.
83. Wyckoff, R.W.G. Crystal Structures, 2nd Ed.; John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY; 1963; Vol. 1, 580.
84. 2). Thermochim. Acta 1975, 11 (1), 79-88.
85. Ertl, G. Oscillatory Catalytic Reactions at Single-Crystal Surfaces. Adv. Catal. 1990, 37, 213-277.
86. Peuckert, M. XPS Study on Surface and Bulk Palladium Oxide, Its Thermal-Stability, and a Comparison with Other Noble-Metal Oxides. J. Phys. Chem. - Us 1985, 89 (12), 2481-2486.
87. Voogt, E.H.; Mens, A.J.M.; Gijzeman, O.L.J.; Geus, J.W. XPS Analysis of Palladium Oxide Layers and Particles. Surf. Sci. 1996, 350 (1-3), 21-31.
88. Lam, Y.L.; Boudart, M. Oxidation of Small Palladium Particles. J. Catal. 1977, 47 (3), 393-398.
89. 4. J. Catal. 1998, 176 (1), 125-135.
90. McBride, J.R.; Hass, K.C.; Weber, W.H. Resonance-Raman and Lattice-Dynamics Studies of Single-Crystal PdO. Phys. Rev. B 1991, 44 (10), 5016-5028.
91. Kusakabe, M.; Arai, M.; Ito, Y.; Tamaki, S. The Transport Properties of AgI-AgBr System in Its Superionic Phase. Solid State Ionics 1999, 121 (1-4), 295-299.
92. Ruckenstein, E.; Chen, J.J. Spreading and Surface-Tension Gradient Driven Phenomena During Heating of Alumina-Supported Palladium Crystallites in Oxygen. J. Catal. 1981, 70 (1), 233-236.
93. Conrad, H.; Ertl, G.; Kuppers, J.; Latta, E.E. Interaction of NO and O-2 with Pd(111) Surfaces. 1. Surf. Sci. 1977, 65 (1), 235-244.
94. Conrad, H.; Ertl, G.; Kuppers, J.; Latta, E.E. Interaction of NO and O-2 with Pd(111) Surfaces. 2. Surf. Sci. 1977, 65 (1), 245-260.
95. Legare, P.; Hilaire, L.; Maire, G.; Krill, G.; Amamou, A. Interaction of Oxygen and Hydrogen with Palladium. Surf. Sci. 1981, 107 (2-3), 533-546.
96. Banse, B.A.; Koel, B.E. Interaction of Oxygen with Pd(111) - High Effective 0-2 Pressure Conditions by Using Nitrogen-Dioxide. Surf. Sci. 1990, 232 (3), 275-285.
97. Palazov, A.; Kadinov, G.; Bonev, C.; Dimitrova, R.; Shopov, D. Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Carbon-Monoxide Oxidation over Alumina-Supported Palladium. Surf. Sci. 1990, 225 (1-2), 21-34.
98. Ho, Y.-S.; Wang, C.-B.; Yeh, C.-T. Calorimetric Study on Interaction of Dioxygen with Alumina Supported Palladium. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 1996, 112 (2), 287-294.
99. Bondzie, V.A.; Kleban, P.; Dwyer, D.J. XPS Identification of the Chemical State of Subsurface Oxygen in the O/Pd(110) System. Surf. Sci. 1996, 347 (3), 319-328.
100. Voogt, E.H.; Mens, A.J.M.; Gijzeman, O.L.J.; Geus, J.W. Adsorption of Oxygen and Surface Oxide Formation on Pd(111) and Pd Foil Studied with Ellipsometry, LEED, AES and XPS. Surf. Sci. 1997, 373 (2-3), 210-220.
101. Campbell, C.T.; Foyt, D.C.; White, J.M. Oxygen Penetration into Bulk of Palladium. J. Phys. Chem. - Us 1977, 81 (5), 491-494.
102. Jain, S.; Kodas, T.T.; HampdenSmith, M. Oxidation Kinetics of Calcium-Doped Palladium Powders. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997, 144 (4), 1222-1231.
103. Bader, S.D.; Richter, L.; Orent, T.W. Auger-UPS Study of Intrinsic and Silicon-Stabilized Oxides of Palladium. Surf. Sci. 1982, 115 (3), 501-512.
104. Ye, H.Q.; Ning, X.G.; Smith, D.J. Electron-Beam-Induced Surface-Reactions in Pd/PdO Films. Surf. Sci. 1991, 250 (1-3), 90-98.
105. Firth, J.G.; Holland, H.B. Catalytic Oxidation of Methane over Noble Metals. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1969, 65 (4), 1121-1127.
106. Firth, J.G.; Holland, H.B. Heterogeneous Oxidation of Methane over Palladium Catalysts. Nature 1968, 277 (5135), 1252-1253.
107. Aryafar, M.; Zaera, F. Kinetic Study of the Catalytic Oxidation of Alkanes over Nickel, Palladium, and Platinum Foils. Catl. Lett. 1997, 48 (3-4), 173-183.
108. 3 Catalyst. Effect of the Chemical State of Pd. Appl. Catal. B - Environ. 1997, 14 (1-2), 85-95.
109. Burch, R.; Hayes, M.J. C-H Bond Activation in Hydrocarbon Oxidation on Solid Catalysts. J. Mol. Catal. A - Chem. 1995, 100 (1-3), 13-33.
110. Campbell, K.D.; Morales, E.; Lunsford, J.H. Gas-Phase Coupling of Methyl Radicals During the Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Methane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109 (25), 7900-7901.
111. Campbell, K.D.; Lunsford, J.H. Contribution of Gas-Phase Radical Coupling in the Catalytic-Oxidation of Methane. J. Phys. Chem. - Us 1988, 92 (20), 5792-5796.
112. Martir, W.; Lunsford, J.H. The Formation of Gas-Phase Pi-Allyl Radicals from Propylene over Bismuth Oxide and Gamma-Bismuth Molybdate Catalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103 (13), 3728-3732.
113. Nelson, P.F.; Lukey, C.A.; Cant, N.W. Isotopic Evidence for Direct Methyl Coupling and Ethane to Ethylene Conversion During Partial Oxidation of Methane over Li/MgO. J. Phys. Chem.-Us 1988, 92 (22), 6176-6179.
114. Mims, C.A.; Hall, R.B.; Rose, K.D.; Myers, G.R. Oxidative Dimerization of Ch4/Cd4 Mixtures - Evidence for Methyl Intermediate. Catal. Lett. 1989, 2 (6), 361-368.
115. Lee, M.B.; Yang, Q.Y.; Ceyer, S.T. Dynamics of the Activated Dissociative Chemisorption of Ch4 and Implication for the Pressure Gap in Catalysis - A Molecular-Beam High-Resolution Electron-Energy Loss Study. J. Chem. Phys. 1987, 87 (5), 2724-2741.
116. Boehman, A.L.; Niksa, S. Conversion of Various Hydrocarbons over Supported Pd During Simulated Cold-Start Conditions. Appl. Catal. B - Environ. 1996, 8 (1), 41-56.
117. Carey, F.A. Organic Chemistry, Pt. 1; Tokyo Kagaku Dojin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; 1988; 580.
118. Lide, D.R.; Frederikse, H.P.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 78th Ed.; CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.; 1997; 2512.
119. Frennet, A. Chemisorption and Exchange with Deuterium of Methane on Metals. Catal. Rev. 1974, 10 (1), 37-68.
120. Winters, H.F. Activated, Dissociative Chemisorption of Methane on Tungsten. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 62 (6), 2454-2460.
121. Winters, H.F. Kinetic Isotope-Effect in Dissociative Chemisorption of Methane. J. Chem. Phys. 1976, 64 (9), 3495-3500.
122. Valden, M.; Pere, J.; Xiang, N.; Pessa, M. Influence of Preadsorbed Oxygen on Activated Chemisorption of Methane on Pd(110). Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 257 (3,4), 289-296.
123. Ceyer, S.T. Translational and Collision-Induced Activation of Ch4 on Ni(111) - Phenomena Connecting Ultra-high-Vacuum Surface Science to High-Pressure Heterogeneous Catalysis. Langmuir 1990, 6 (1), 82-87.
124. Hanley, L.; Xu, Z.; Yates, J.T. Methane Activation on Ni(111) at High-Pressures. Surf. Sci. 1991, 248 (3), L265-L273.
125. Klier, K.; Hess, J.S.; Herman, R.G. Structure Sensitivity of Methane Dissociation on Palladium Single Crystal Surfaces. J. Chem. Phys. 1997, 107 (10), 4033-4043.
126. Valden, M.; Pere, J.; Hirsimaki, M.; Suhonen, S.; Pessa, M. Activated Adsorption of Methane on Clean and Oxygen-Modified Pt{111} and Pd{110}. Surf. Sci. 1997, 377-379, 605-609.
127. 3. Activation by Noble Metals. Correlation with Oxide Basicity. J. Phys. Chem. - Us 1996, 100 (22), 9429-9438.
128. 2-Catalyst, Catalyst Activity and Stability. Appl. Catal. A 1997, 153 (1-2), 157-175.
129. Lyubovsky, M.; Pfefferle, L. Methane Combustion over the Alpha-Alumina Supported Pd Catalyst: Activity of the Mixed Pd/PdO State. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 1998, 173 (1), 107-119.
130. Groppi, G.; Cristiani, C.; Lietti, L.; Forzatti, P. Study of PdO/Pd Transformation over Alumina Supported Catalysts for Natural Gas Combustion. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 2000, 130D (International Congress on Catalysis, 2000, Pt. D), 3801-3806.
131. Zheng, G.; Altman, E.I. The Oxidation Mechanism of Pd(100). Surf. Sci. 2002, 504 (1-3), 253-270.