Examination, conservation and analysis of a gilded Egyptian bronze Osiris

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 333-345

  Scott, David A ^a   Swartz Dodd, Lynn ^b  

^a GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036820251     PISSN: 12962074     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01238-4     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. E. Dondelinger, Papyrus Ani BM 10.470, Vollstandige Faksimile-Ausgabe im Originalformat des Totenbuches aus dem Besitz des British Museum Codices selecti phototypice impressi, 62, Akademische Druck-u, Verlagsanstalt, 1978-1979.
2. L.S. Dodd [trans] (1998) cf. F. Abitz, Pharao als Gott in den Unterweltsbüchern des Neuen Reiches, No. 146, Orbis biblicus et orientalis, Universitätsverlag, Freiburg, 1995. And Hornung E., Der ägyptische Mythos von der Himmelskuh: Eine Ätiologie des Unvolkommenen. Second ed. 1991.
3. The Pelizaeus-Museum, in: A. Eggebrecht (Ed.), Pelizaeus-Museum, Hildesheim: The Egyptian Collection, Phillip von Zabern, Mainz, 1996, Fig. 78, small gold on silver amulet, 8.65 cm.
4. Mathaf al-Misr-i, Egyptian treasures from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. 1999, F. Tiradritti, Editor. H. N. Abrams, New York. Statuette of Maat: CG38707, 362, far left, 36 cm high, limestone with gilding, Ptolemaic 304-30 BC; Isis nursing Horus, JE91327, 362, left, gilded bronze, 22.1 cm high, Late Period, 712-332 BC; Saqqara; Inlaid statue of Nefertum, 363, possibly JE39483, 46.5 cm high, bronze with remnants of possible blue inlay in lotus blossom on head; Statue of a kneeling king holding a wedjat eye, JE91436, 26 cm high, Saqqara; Late Period, 712-332 BC; the kilt and wedjat eye and white crown are gilt. And also JE94436, 26 cm complete: 359.
5. G. Roeder, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin: Mitteilungen aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung (vol. 6) (1956) Ägyptische Bronzefiguren. Berlin. §206f, plate 25 a-d Berlin 8671. Osiris with blue, and red and white alternating inlays. Possibly traces of green.
6. M. Wuttmann, B. Bousquet, B. M. Chauveau, P. Dils, S. Marchand, A. Schweitzer, L. Volay, First preliminary report on the work at the Site of 'Ayn Manâwîr (Kharga Oasis), Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale 96 (2000) 385-451.
7. W. B. Emery, Preliminary report on the excavations at North Saqqara, 1968-9, J. Egyptian Archaeology 56 (1970) 5-10.
8. J. Ogden, Metals, in: P.T. Nicholson, I. Shaw (Eds.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 153.
9. G. Roeder, Ägyptische Bronzewerke, J.J. Augustin, Gluckstadt (1937).
10. J. Josephson, Egyptian Royal Sculpture of the Late Period. 400-246 B.C., Verlag P. von Zabern, Mainz on Rhine, 1997.
11. P. S. Griffin, The selective use of gilding on Egyptian polychromed bronzes, in: T. Drayman-Weisser (Ed.), Gilded Metals: History, Technology and Conservation, Archetype Publications, London, 2000, pp. 104-120.
12. Abd el-Hamid, Ma'arouf, Trouvailles récentes faites à Karnak et en dehors de l'enceinte d'Amon, Karnak IX (1989-1992), Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris, Cahiers de Karnak, IX, 1993, pp. 213-221 Fig. 4. Note that the existence of sculptural blocks from the Taharqa Osirieon at Karnak throws doubt on a contention that the broken Osiris at Karnak must be New Kingdom due to the lack of any Osiris cult presence there in the later periods.
13. E. Hofmann, Statuetten, Gefässe und Geräte, in: Wissenschaftliche Kataloge. Ägyptische Bildwerke, Verlag Gutenberg, Melsungen, 1991, II, Kat. Nr. 129. Inv. Nr. 1766.
14. J. Baines, A bronze statuette of Atum, J. Egyptian Archaeology 56 (1970) 135-140.
15. B.V. Bothmer, Antiquities from the Collection of Christos G, Verlag P. von Zabern, Mainz on Rhine, Bastis, New York, 1987 fig. 10 (catalog,... et al., Ed. E.S. Hall; photography, J. Justin Kerr, David A. Loggie, S. Wells).
16. E. Russmann, Eternal Egypt, Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum, University of California Press, California, 2001 128.
17. B. Bryan, Portrait sculpture of Thutmosis III, J. Am. Res. Center Egypt 24 (1987) 3-20.
18. D. Spanel, Through Ancient Eyes, Egyptian Portraiture, Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, 1988 127.
19. D. A. Scott, The application of scanning X-ray fluorescence microanalysis in the examination of cultural materials, Archaeometry 43 (2001) 475-482.
20. J. Riederer, Die naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung der Bronzen des Agyptischen Museums Preussischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin, Berliner Beitraege zur Archaeometrie 3 (1978) 5-42.
21. J. Riederer, Der Beitrage der Metalluntersuchung am Rathgen Forschungslabor zur Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Jahrbuch für Preussisch Kulturerbe 9 (1980) 5-16.
22. J. Riederer, Die naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung der Agyptischen Bronzen des Pelizaeus Museums in Hildesheim, Berliner Beitraege zur Archaeometrie 9 (1984) 5-16.
23. J. Riederer, Metallanaelysen Aegyptischer Bronzestatuetten aus Deutschen Museen, Berliner Beitraege zur Archaeometrie 10 (1988) 5-20.
24. J. Riederer, Metallanalyse der Bronzestatuetten, Gott und Götter im alten Agypten, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, 1992, pp. 128-232.
25. M. Cowell, The composition of Egyptian copper-based metalwork, Science in Egyptology, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1986, pp. 463-468.
26. P. T. Craddock, Three thousand years of copper alloys: from the Bronze Age to the Industrial Revolution, in: P.A. England, Van Zelst (Eds.), Application of Science in the Examination of Works of Art, The Research Laboratory, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, 1983, pp. 59-67.
27. J. Riederer, Die naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung der Bronzen der Staatlichen Sammlung Aegyptischer Kunst in Muenchen, Berliner Beitraege zur Archaeometrie 7 (1982) 2-23.
28. E. V. Sayre, R. W. Smith, Analytical studies of ancient Egyptian glass, Recent Advances in Sciences and Technology of Materials, Plenum Press, New York, 1992 III 47-70.
29. A. Kaczmarczyk, R.E.M. Hedges, Ancient Egyptian Faience: An Analytical Survey of Egyptian Faience from Predynastic to Roman Times, Aris and Phillips, Warminster, 1983.
30. E. V. Sayre, Application of compositional analysis to the study of materials and objects of art and archaeology, in: E.V. Sayre, P. Vandiver, J. Druzik, C. Stevenson (Eds.), Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology: Proceedings of Materials Research Society Symposium, vol. 123, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 1988, pp. 41-51.
31. R.H. Brill, Chemical Analyses of Early Glasses, The Corning Museum of Glass, vol. 2, Corning, New York, 1999, pp. 27-33.
32. R. H. Brill, Scientific investigations of the Jalame glass and related finds, in: G.D. Weinberg (Ed.), Excavations at Jalame, University of Missouri Press, Columbia, 1988, pp. 257-294.
33. P. T. Nicholson, J. Henderson, Glass, in: P.T. Nicholson, I. Shaw (Eds.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 195-226.
34. W. C. McCrone, J. G. Delly, S. J. Palenik, The Particle Atlas: Light Microscopy Atlas and Techniques, vol. 5, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1973, pp. 1228 (entry no. 677).
35. D. A. Scott, A review of copper chlorides and related salts in bronze corrosion and as painting pigments, Stud. Conservation 45 (2000) 39-53.
36. D. A. Scott, Copper and Bronze in Art, Corrosion, Colorants, Conservation, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2002.
37. R. G. Thomas, The corrosion chemistry of copper, Ph.D. Thesis (unpublished), School of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, University of Wales, Cardiff, 1990.
38. M. Pourbaix, Electrochemical corrosion and reduction, in: B.F. Brown, H.C. Burnett, W.T. Chase, M. Goodway, J. Kruger, M. Pourbaix (Eds.), Corrosion and Metal Artifacts: A Dialogue between Conservators and Archaeologists and Corrosion Scientists, National Bureau of Standards, Special Publication, no. 479, US, Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1977, pp. 1-16.
39. T.L. Woods, R.M. Garrels, Phase relations of some cupric hydroxy minerals, Economic Geology 81 (1986) 1989-2007.
40. J.B. Sharkey, S.Z. Lewin, Conditions governing the formation of atacamite and paratacamite, Am. Mineralogist 56 (1971) 179-192.
41. C. Frondel, R.J. Gettens, Chalconatronite, a new mineral from Egypt, Science 122 (1955) 75-76.
42. E.E. Staffeldt, A. Paleni, Chalconatronite, A New Material from St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, Editore Poligrafico Artioli, Modena, Italy, 1978.
43. C.V. Horie, J.A. Vint, Chalconatronite: a by-product of conservation? Stud. Conservation 27 (1982) 185-186.
44. M.H.S.-C. Deville, Note sur la forme cristalline des carbonates doubles, Annales de Chimie et de Physique 35 (1852) 460-464.