An assessment of biodiversity surrogacy options in the Limpopo Province of South Africa

African Zoology

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 185-195

  Reyers, B ^a   Wessels, K J ^b   van Jaarsveld, A S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

^b Institute for Soil Climate and Water   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Conservation; Environmental surrogate; Landtypes

Indexed keywords

ASSESSMENT METHOD; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT;

NORTHERN PROVINCE; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0036818945     PISSN: 15627020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2002.11657174     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. ARAUJO, M.B. & HUMPHRIES, C.J. 2001. Would environmental diversity be a good surrogate for species diversity. Ecography 24: 103-110.
2. AUSTIN, M.P. & MARGULES, C.R. 1986. Assessing representativeness. In: Wildlife Conservation Evaluation, (ed.) M.B. Usher, pp. 45-67. Chapman and Hall, London.
3. BALMFORD, A. 1998. On hotspots and the use of indicators for reserve selection. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13: 409.
4. BEDWARD, M., PRESSEY, R.L. & KEITH, D.A. 1992. A new approach for selecting fully representative reserve networks: addressing efficiency, reserve design and land suitability with an iterative analysis. Biological Conservation 62: 115-125.
5. BELBIN, L. 1993. Environmental representativeness: regional partitioning and reserve selection. Biological Conservation 66: 223-230.
6. BULL, A.L., THACKWAY, R. & CRESSWELL, I.D. 1993. Assessing Conservation of the Major Murray-Darling basin Ecosystems. Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN), Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra.
7. CHRISTIAN, C.S. & STEWARD, G.A. 1968. Methodology of integrated surveys. In: Proceedings of the Toulouse Conference on Aerial and Integrated Studies, pp. 233-280. UNESCO, Paris.
8. CHURCH, R.L. STOMS, D.M. & DAVIS, F.W. 1996. Reserve selection as a maximal covering location problem. Biological Conservation 76: 105-112.
9. COWLING, R.M. & HEIJNIS, C.J. 2001. The identification of broad habitat units as biodiversity entities for systematic conservation planning in the Cape Floristic Region. South African Journal of Botany 67: 15-38.
10. CSUTI, B., POLASKY, S., WILLIAMS, P.H., PRESSEY, R.L., CAMM, J.D., KERSHAW, M., KIESTER, A.R., DOWNS, B., HAMILTON, R., MANUELA, H. & SAHR, K. 1997. A comparison of reserve selection algorithms using data on terrestrial vertebrates in Oregon. Biological Conservation 80: 83-97.
11. CURNUTT, J., LOCKWOOD, J., LUH, H.K., NOTT, P. & RUSSELL, G. 1994. Hotspots and species diversity. Nature 367: 326-327.
12. DOBSON, A.P., RODRIGUEZ, J.P., ROBERTS, W.M. & WILCOVE, D.S. 1997. Geographic distribution of endangered species in the United States. Science 275: 550-553.
13. ESRI 1998. Arc and Grid Command References. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California.
14. FAIRBANKS, D.H.K. & BENN, G.A. 2000. Identifying regional landscapes for conservation planning: a case study from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning 50: 1-19.
15. FAITH, D.P. & NORRIS, R.H. 1989. Correlation of environmental variables with patterns of distribution and abundance of common and rare freshwater macroinvertebrates. Biological Conservation 50: 77-99.
16. FAITH, D.P. & WALKER, P.A. 1996. How do indicator groups provide information about the relative biodiversity of different sets of areas?: on hotspots, complementarily and pattern-based approaches. Biodiversity Letters 3: 18-25.
17. FERRIER, S. 2002. Mapping spatial pattern in biodiversity for regional conservation planning: where to from here? Systematic Biology 51(2): 331-363.
18. FLATHER, C.H., WILSON, K.R., DEAN, D.J. & McCOMB, W.C. 1997. Identifying gaps in conservation networks: of indicators and uncertainty in geographic-based analyses. Ecological Applications 7: 531-542.
19. FREITAG, S., HOBSON, C., BIGGS, H.C. & VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. 1998. Testing for potential survey bias: the effect of roads, urban areas and nature reserves on a southern African mammal data set. Animal Conservation 1: 119-127.
20. FREITAG, S. & MANSELL, M.W. 1997. The distribution and protection status of selected antlion species (Neuroptera: Mymeleontidae) in South Africa. African Entomology 5: 205-16.
21. FREITAG, S., NICHOLLS, A.O. & VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. 1996. Nature reserve selection in the Transvaal, South Africa: what data should we be using? Biodiversity Conservation 5: 685-698.
22. FREITAG, S. & VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. 1995. Towards conserving regional mammalian species diversity: a case study and data critique. South African Journal of Zoology 30: 136-144.
23. FREITAG, S., VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. & BIGSS, H.C. 1997. Ranking priority areas: an iterative conservation value based approach. Biological Conservation 82: 263-272.
24. GASTON, K.J. 1994. Rarity. Chapman and Hall, London
25. GASTON, K.J. 1996. Species richness: measure and measurement. In: Biodiversity: A Biology of Numbers and Difference, (ed.) K.J. Gaston, pp. 77-113. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
26. GASTON, K.J. & WILLIAMS, P.H. 1993. Mapping the world's species - the higher taxon approach. Biodiversity Letters 1: 2-8.
27. HAILA, Y. & MARGULES, C.R. 1996. Survey research in conservation biology. Ecography 19: 323-331.
28. HARRISON, J.A. 1992. The South African Bird Atlas Project: five years of growth. South African Journal of Science 88: 410-413.
29. HOWARD, P.C., VISKANIC, P., DAVENPORT, T.R.B., KIGENYI, F.W., BALTZER, M., DICKINSON, C.J., LWANGA, J.S., MATTHEWS, R.A. & BALMFORD, A. 1998. Complementarity and the use of indicator groups for reserve selection in Uganda. Nature 394: 472-475.
30. HULL, H.E., CHOWN, S.L. & BELLAMY, C.L. 1998. Identification and evaluation of priority conservation areas for Buprestidae (Coleoptera) in South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland and Namibia. African Entomology 6: 265-274.
31. IUCN. 1993. Parks for Life: Report of the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland.
32. KERR, J.T. 1997. Species richness, endemism, and the choice of areas for conservation. Conservation Biology 11: 1094-100.
33. KIRKPATRICK, J.B. 1983. An iterative method for establishing priorities for the selection of nature reserves: an example from Tasmania. Biological Conservation 25: 127-134.
34. KOCH, S.O., CHOWN, S.L., DAVIS, A.L.V., ENDRÖDY-YOUNGA, S. & VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. 2000. Conservation strategies for poorly surveyed taxa: a dung beetle (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) case study from southern Africa. Journal of Insect Conservation 4: 45-56.
35. LAND TYPE SURVEY STAFF. 1986. Land types of the map 2730 Vryheid. Memoirs of Agricultural Natural Resources of South Africa No. 7.
36. LANDRES, P.B., VERNER, J. & THOMAS, J.W. 1988. Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critique. Conservation Biology 2: 316-328.
37. LAUNER, A.E. & MURPHY, D.D. 1994. Umbrella species and the conservation of habitat fragments: a case of a threatened butterfly and a vanishing grassland ecosystem. Biological Conservation 69: 145-153.
38. LAWRANCE, C.J., BYARD, R.J. & BEAVAN, P.J. 1993. Terrain Evaluation Manual. HMSO, London.
39. LAWTON, J.H., BIGNELL, D.E., BOLTON, B., BLOEMERS, G.F., EGGLETON, P., HAMMOND, P.M., HODDA, M., HOLT, R.D., LARSEN, T.B., MAWDSLEY, N.A., STORK, N.E., SRIVASTAVA, D.S. & WATT, A.D. 1998. Biodiversity inventories, indicator taxa and effects of habitat modification in tropical forest. Nature 391: 72-75.
40. LOMBARD, A.T. 1995. The problem with multi-species conservation: do hotspots, ideal reserves and existing reserves coincide? South African Journal of Zoology 30: 145-163.
41. LOMBARD, A.T., COWLING, R.M., PRESSEY, R.L. & MUSTART, P.J. 1997. Reserve selection in a species-rich and fragmented landscape on the Augulhas plain, South Africa. Conservation Biology 11: 1101-1116.
42. LOMBARD, A.T., NICHOLLS, A.O. & AUGUST, P.V. 1995. Where should nature reserves be located in South Africa? A snake's perspective. Conservation Biology 9: 363-372.
43. LOW, A.B. & REBELO, A.G. 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.
44. MACE, G.M., BALMFORD, A., BUITANI, L., COWLISHAW, G., DOBSON, A.P., FAITH, D.P., GASTON, K.J., HUMPHRIES, C.J., VANE-WRIGHT, R.I., WILLIAMS, P.H., LAWTON, J.H., MARGULES, C.R., MAY, R.M., NICHOLLS, A.O., POSSINGHAM, H.P., RAHBEK, C. & VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. 2000. It's time to work together and stop duplication conservation efforts. Nature 405: 393.
45. MACVICAR, C.N., SCOTNEY, D.M., SKINNER, T.E., NIEHAUS, H.S. & LOUBSER, J.H. 1974. A classification of land (climate, terrain form, soil) primarily for rainfed agriculture. South African Journal of Agricultural Extension 3: 21-24.
46. MADDOCK, A. & BENN, G.A. 2000. Identification of conservation-worthy areas in northern Zululand, South Africa. Conservation Biology 14: 155-166.
47. MADDOCK, A. & DU PLESSIS, M.A. 1999. Can species data only be appropriately used to conserve biodiversity. Biodiversity & Conservation 8: 603-615.
48. MARGULES, C.R., CRESSWELL, I.D. & NICHOLLS, A.O. 1994. A scientific basis for establishing networks of protected areas. In: Systematics and Conservation Evaluation, (eds) P.L. Forey, C.J. Humphries & R.I. Vane-Wright, pp. 327-350. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
49. MARGULES, C.R., NICHOLLS, A.O. & PRESSEY, R.L. 1988. Selecting networks of reserves to maximise biological diversity. Biological Conservation 43: 63-76.
50. MARGULES, C.R. & PRESSEY, R.L. 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405: 243-253.
51. MARGULES, C. R. & REDHEAD, T.D. 1995. BioRap: Guidelines for Using the BioRap Methodology and Tools. CSIRO, Australia.
52. MULLER, C. 1999. The distribution and conservation of termites (Isoptera) and butterflies (Lepidoptera) in South Africa. M.Sc. thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
53. MULLER, C., FREITAG, S., SCHOLTZ, C.H. & VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. 1997. Termite (Isoptera) distributions, endemism, species richness and priority conservation areas: consequences for land-use planning in South Africa. African Entomology 5: 261-271.
54. NICHOLLS, A.O. & MARGULES, C.R. 1993. An upgraded reserve selection algorithm. Biological Conservation 64: 165-169.
55. NOSS, R.F. 1983. A regional landscape approach to maintaining diversity. BioScience 33, 700-706.
56. NOSS, R.F. 1987. From plant communities to landscapes in conservation inventories: a look at The Nature Conservancy (USA). Biological Conservation 84: 223-234.
57. PANZER, R. & SCHWARTZ, M.W. 1998. Effectiveness of a vegetation-based approach to insect conservation. Conservation Biology 12: 693-702.
58. PIMM, S.L. & RAVEN, P. 2000. Extinction by numbers. Nature 403: 843-845.
59. PRENDERGAST, J.R., QUINN, R.M., LAWTON, J.H., EVERSHAM, B.C. & GIBBONS, D.W. 1993. Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature 356: 335-337.
60. PRESSEY, R.L. 1994. Land classifications are necessary for conservation planning but what do they tell us about fauna. In: Future of the Fauna of Western New South Wales, (eds) D. Lunney, S. Hand, P. Reed & D. Butcher, Chap. 3. The Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Australia.
61. PRESSEY, R.L., HAGER, T.C., RYAN, K.M., SCHWARZ, J., WALL, S., FERRIER, S. & CREASER, P.M. 2000. Using abiotic data for conservation assessments over extensive regions: quantitative methods applied across New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation 96: 55-82.
62. PRESSEY, R.L., HUMPHRIES, C.J., MARGULES, C.R., VANE-WRIGHT, R.I. & WILLIAMS, P.H. 1993. Beyond opportunism: key principles for systematic reserve selection. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8: 124-128.
63. PRESSEY, R.L. & LOGAN, V.S. 1995. Reserve coverage and requirements in relation to partitioning and generalisation of land-classes: analyses for Western New South Wales. Conservation Biology 9: 1506-1517.
64. PRESSEY, R.L. & LOGAN, V.S. 1997. Inside looking out: findings of research on reserve selection relevant to 'off-reserve' nature conservation. In: Conservation Outside Nature Reserves, (eds) P. Hale & D. Lamb, pp. 407-418. Centre for Conservation Biology, University of Queensland.
65. PRESSEY, R.L. & LOGAN V.S. 1998. Size of selection units for future reserves and its influence on actual vs targeted representation of features: a case study in western New South Wales. Biological Conservation 85: 305-319.
66. PRESSEY, R.L. & NICHOLLS, A.O. 1989a. Efficiency in conservation evaluation: scoring versus iterative procedures. Biological Conservation 50: 199-218.
67. PRESSEY, R.L. & NICHOLLS, A.O. 1989b. Application of a numerical algorithm to the selection of reserves in semi-arid New South Wales. Biological Conservation 50: 264-278.
68. PRESSEY, R.L. & TULLY, S.L. 1994. The cost of ad hoc reservation: a case study in western New South Wales. Australian Journal of Ecology 19: 375-384.
69. PURDIE, R.W., BLICK, R. & BOLTON, M.P. 1986. Selection of a conservation reserve in the Mulga biogeograpghic region of south-western Queensland, Australia. Biological Conservation 38: 369-384.
70. REBELO, A.G. & SIEGFRIED, W.R. 1992. Where should nature reserves be located in the Cape floristic region, South Africa? Models for the spatial configuration of a reserve network aimed at maximizing the protection of floral diversity. Conservation Biology 6: 243-252.
71. REID, W.V. 1998. Biodiversity hotspots. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13: 275-280.
72. REYERS, B. FAIRBANKS, D.H.K., WESSELS, K.J. & VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. 2001. Priority areas for the conservation of South African vegetation: a coarse filter approach. Diversity & Distributions 7: 77-96.
73. REYERS, B. & VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. 2000. Assessment techniques for biodiversity surrogates. South African Journal of Science 96: 406-408.
74. REYERS, B., VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. & KRÜGER, M. 2000. Complementarity as a biodiversity indicator strategy. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London (B) 267: 505-513.
75. SCOTT, J.M., CSUTI, B., ESTES, J.E. & ANDERSON, H. 1989. Status assessment of biodiversity protection. Conservation Biology 3: 85-87.
76. SCOTT, J.M., CSUTI, B., JACOBI, J.D. & ESTES, J.E. 1987. Species richness: a geographic approach to protecting future biological diversity. BioScience 37: 782-788.
77. SOULÉ, M.E. & SANJAYAN, M.A. 1998. Conservation targets: do they help? Science 279: 2060-2061.
78. UNDERHILL, L.G. 1994. Optimal and suboptimal reserve selection algorithms. Biological Conservation 70: 85-87.
79. UNEP. 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
80. VAN JAARSVELD, A.S., FREITAG, S., CHOWN, S.L., MULLER, C., KOCH, S., HULL, H., BELLAMY, C., KRÜGER, M., ENDRÖDY-YOUNGA, S., MANSELL, M.W. & SCHOLTZ, C.H. 1998. Biodiversity assessments and conservation strategies. Science 279: 2106-2108.
81. WESSELS, K.J., FREITAG, S. & VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. 1999. The use of land facets as biodiversity surrogates during reserve selection at a local scale. Biological Conservation 89: 21-38.
82. WESSELS, K.J., REYERS, B. & VAN JAARSVELD, A.S. 2000. Incorporating land cover information into regional biodiversity assessments in South Africa. Animal Conservation 3: 67-79.
83. WILLIAMS, P.H. & GASTON, K.J. 1994. Measuring more of biodiversity: can higher taxon richness predict wholesale species richness? Biological Conservation 67: 211-217.
84. WILLIAMS, P., GIBBONS, D., MARGULES, C., REBELO, A., HUMPHRIES, C. & PRESSEY, R. 1996. A comparison of richness hotspots, rarity hotspots, and complementary areas for conserving diversity of British birds. Conservation Biology 10: 155-174.
85. WILLIAMS, P.H. & HUMPHRIES, C.J. 1996. Comparing character diversity among biotas. In: Biodiversity: A Biology of Numbers and Difference, (ed.) K.J. Gaston, pp. 54-76. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
86. WILLIAMS, P.H. HUMPHRIES, C.J. & GASTON, K.J. 1994. Centres of seed-plant diversity: the family way. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London (B) 256: 67-70.
87. WILLIS, C.K., LOMBARD, A.T., COWLING, R.M., HEYDENRYCH, B.J. & BURGERS, C.J. 1996. Reserve systems for limestone endemic flora of the Cape lowland fynbos: iterative versus linear programming. Biological Conservation 77: 53-62.
88. WILSON, E.O. 1988. The current state of biological diversity. In: Biodiversity, (ed.) E.O. Wilson, pp. 3-20. National Academic Press, Washington.